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  • 328. Cognitive Radio Systems Edited by Wei Wang ISBN 978-953-307-021-6 Hard cover, 340 pages Publisher InTech Published online 01, November, 2009 Published in print edition November, 2009 Cognitive radio is a hot research area for future wireless communications in the recent years. In order to increase the spectrum utilization, cognitive radio makes it possible for unlicensed users to access the spectrum unoccupied by licensed users. Cognitive radio let the equipments more intelligent to communicate with each other in a spectrum-aware manner and provide a new approach for the co-existence of multiple wireless systems. The goal of this book is to provide highlights of the current research topics in the field of cognitive radio systems. The book consists of 17 chapters, addressing various problems in cognitive radio systems. How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Hao Hu (2009). Cyclostationary Approach to Signal Detection and Classification in Cognitive Radio Systems, Cognitive Radio Systems, Wei Wang (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-021-6, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/cognitive-radio-systems/cyclostationary-approach-to-signal-detection-andclassification-in-cognitiveradio-systems InTech Europe University Campus STeP Ri Slavka Krautzeka 83/A 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 www.intechopen.com InTech China Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China Phone: +86-21-62489820 Fax: +86-21-62489821