2. The Structural Organization of
Animals
• Individual cells are grouped
into tissues (cardiac muscle).
• Tissues combine to form
organs (heart).
• Organs are organized into
organ systems (circulatory
system).
• Organ systems make up
the entire organism (the
woman!).
3. 1. TISSUES
In most multicellular animals, cells are grouped
into tissues.
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized
cells that perform a common function in the
body
4. • 4 Types of Tissues in the Human Body
– Epithelial: covers body surfaces and lines
cavities
– Connective: supports and binds body
parts
– Muscular: moves the body and its parts
– Nervous: receives stimuli, processes that
information, and conducts impulses
5. A. Epithelial Tissue
– Consists of tightly packed cells that form a
continuous layer
– Numerous functions
• Usually protective
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Excretion
• Filtration
6. Epithelial Tissue Can Be Classified according
to:
– Cell Shape:
• Squamous: flattened cells
• Cuboidal: cubed-shaped cells
• Columnar: cells resembling rectangular
pillars or columns
– the Number of Layers in the Tissue
• Simple: Single layer of cells
• Stratified: Multiple cell layers
• Pseudostratified: appears to be layered
but each cell touches basement
membrane
7. Glandular epithelium secretes a product
• Gland: can be single or multiple cells
– Exocrine glands – secrete products into
ducts (“exit body”)
– Endocrine glands – secrete product into
bloodstream (stay in body)
Example: Pancreas is both an exocrine and
endocrine gland
16. B. Connective Tissue
Functions
– Binds organs together
– Provides support and protection
– Fills spaces
– Produces blood cells
– Stores fat
17. B. Connective Tissue
Connective tissues have a sparse population
of cells scattered through an extracellular
matrix.
The matrix consists of a web of molecules
that "glue" the cells together in the connective
tissues
The structure of connective tissue correlates
with its function.
It binds and supports other tissues.
18. Components of Connective Tissue
– Matrix: noncellular material - solid, semisolid,
or liquid
– Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
– Cells: various types
19. • Loose fibrous connective tissue
– Supports epithelium and many internal organs
– Forms a protective covering enclosing many internal
organs
• Dense fibrous connective tissue
– Contains many collagen fibers
– Found in structures such as tendons and ligaments
• Both types have cells called fibroblasts
separated by a jellylike matrix with collagen and
elastic fibers
20. Loose connective tissue
(under the skin)
Blood
Fibrous connective Tissue
(tendons)
Bone Cartilage
(at the end of the
bone)
Adipose Tissue
Fat droplets
21. 1. Loose connective tissue:
– is the most widespread connective tissue.
– It binds epithelia to underlying tissues.
– It holds organs in place.
2. Blood:
– is a connective tissue with a matrix of liquid.
– Red and white blood cells are suspended in
plasma.
3. Fibrous connective tissue:
– has a dense matrix of collagen.
– It forms tendons and ligaments.
22. 4. Adipose tissue stores fat:
– It stockpiles energy.
– It pads and insulates the body.
5. Cartilage
– Its matrix is strong but rubbery.
– It functions as a flexible, boneless skeleton.
– It forms the shock-absorbing pads that cushion
the vertebrae of the spinal column.
6. Bone:
– is a rigid connective tissue with a matrix of
rubbery fibers hardened with deposits of calcium.
23. Blood
– Unlike other types of connective tissue in that
the matrix (i.e., plasma) is not made by the
cells
– Functions
1. Transports nutrients and oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide and wastes
2. Helps distribute heat
3. Plays role in fluid, ion and pH balance
4. Protects us from disease
5. Blood clotting protects against fluid loss
24. Components of Blood
– Plasma – 55% of volume
• Variety of inorganic and organic substances dissolved or
suspended in water
– Formed elements – 45% of volume
• Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
» Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen
• White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
» Fight infection
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
» Cell fragments involved with blood clotting
26. C. Muscular Tissue
• Muscle tissue consists of bundles of
long, thin, cylindrical cells called muscle
fibers.
• Each cell has specialized proteins that
contract when the cell is stimulated by a
nerve.
– Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin
filaments
• Interaction accounts for movements
27. There is 3 kinds of muscle Tissue:
1. Cardiac muscle
2. Skeletal muscle
3. Smooth muscle
28. 1. Cardiac muscle:
– is found only in heart tissue.
– Its contraction accounts for the heartbeat.
2. Skeletal muscle:
– is attached to bones by tendons.
– It is responsible for voluntary movements.
– The contractile apparatus forms a banded
pattern in each cell or fiber.
– It is said to be striated, or striped.
3. Smooth muscle
– is named for its lack of obvious striations.
– It is found in the walls of various organs.
– It is involuntary.
30. D. Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes communication of
sensory information possible.
• Sensory input is received and processed.
• Motor output is then relayed to make body
parts respond.
Nervous tissue is found in the brain and spinal
cord.
The basic unit of nervous
tissue is the neuron, or
nerve cell. Neurons can
transmit electrical signals
rapidly over long distances.
35. Body Membranes
Line cavities and the internal spaces of organs
and tubes that open to the outside
1. Mucous membranes
2. Serous membranes
3. Synovial Membranes
4. Meninges
36. Mucous Membranes
• Line tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary,
and reproductive systems
• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective
tissue
• Goblet cells produce mucus
– Protective function
37. Serous Membranes
• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Epithelium and loose fibrous connective tissue
• Secrete watery fluid for lubrication
• Specific names according to location
– Pleurae- lines thoracic cavity and lungs
– Pericardium-encloses heart
– Peritoneum- lines abdominal cavity and covers
organs
• Mesentery supports abdominal organs and attaches
them to abdominal wall
39. 3. Synovial membranes
• Loose connective tissue
• Line freely movable joints
• Secrete synovial fluid
4. Meninges
• Line the dorsal cavity
• Protect brain and spinal cord
• Connective tissue
40. 3. ORGANS
The next level in the structural hierarchy is the
organ.
– An ORGAN consists of 2 or more tissues
packaged into one working unit that
performs a specific function.
– Examples: heart, liver, stomach, brain, and
lungs
41. Example of an Organ:
THE SMALL INTESTINE
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
(blood and lymph vessels)
Smooth muscle Tissue
(2 layers)
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
42. 4. ORGAN SYSTEMS
The organs of humans and most other animals
are organized into organ systems.
Organ systems are teams of organs that work
together to perform a vital bodily function.
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50. Which of the following are listed in the correct hierarchical order, from least
complex to most complex?
A) cell, tissue, organ
B) tissue, organ, cell
C) organ, tissue, cell
D) cell, organ, tissue
E) tissue, cell, organ
A
51. Groups of cells that perform a similar function are known as:
A) organs.
B) organ systems.
C) control centers.
D) organisms.
E) tissues.
A
52. Blood is a type of:
A) epithelial tissue.
B) muscle tissue.
C) collagen.
D) connective tissue.
E) nerve tissue.
D
53. Which organ system is NOT essential for survival of an individual?
A) digestive system
B) respiratory system
C) muscular system
D) nervous system
E) reproductive system
E
54. The skin is an example of a(n):
A) organ.
B) cell.
C) ligament.
D) tissue.
E) organ system.
A
