2. 1. Taxonomic Classification

5. The Taxonomic Hierarchy Each level of the hierarchy is referred to as a taxa : D omain K ingdom P hylum C lass O rder F amily G enus S pecies Humans eukarya animal chordates mammals primates hominids Homo sapiens K ing P hilip C an O nly F ind G reen S ocks

6. Each organisms is named using both its genus and species . A species is defined as a group of organisms that interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring. Example: horse: Equus caballus donkey: Equus asinus Same genus, different species. Their offspring, the mule, is sterile. worm: Craniella abracadabra beetle: Agra katewinsletae lichen: Caloplaca obamae Wasp: Polemistus chewbacca

7. The Major “Taxa” The 3 Domains : 4 Kingdoms of Eukarya: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals

9. 2. Viruses and Prokaryotes

12. AIDS Virus Infection The AIDS virus is a retrovirus: must convert RNA to DNA

14. Prokaryotes come in 3 Basic Shapes spherical (coccus) rod-shaped (bacillus) corkscrew-shaped (spirillum)

15. Extreme Habitats

16. 3. Protists and Fungi

18. zygote sporozoite gametocytes Sexual phase in mosquito female gamete male gamete food canal salivary gland 1. In the gut of a female Anopheles mosquito, gametes fuse, and the zygote undergoes many divisions to produce sporozoites, which migrate to her salivary gland. 2. When the mosquito bites a human, the sporozoites pass from the mosquito salivary glands into the bloodstream and then the liver of the host. liver cell 3. Asexual spores (merozoites) produced in liver cells enter the bloodstream and then the red blood cells. A sexual phase in humans 5. Merozoites and toxins pour into the bloodstream when the red blood cells rupture, causing chills and fever. 4. When the red blood cells rupture, merozoites invade and reproduce asexually inside new red blood cells. 6. Some merozoites become gametocytes, which enter the blood- stream. If taken up by a mosquito, they become gametes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MALARIA

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. fertilization zygospore meiosis Sexual Asexual sporangium mycelium + strain – strain © Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography

23. 4. Plants

24. What constitutes a Plant? Major plant phyla, classes Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic, and share characteristic modes of reproduction

34. Flower Diversity

36. 5. Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates

38. Animal Diversity

41. Invertebrates

44. Simple Sponge Anatomy Filter feeder Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. Sponge organization c. d. sponge wall pore spicule amoebocyte collar cell (choanocyte) nucleus collar flagellum amoebocyte osculum H 2 O in through pores H 2 O out central cavity epidermal cell a. Yellow tube spoge,Aplysina fistularis a: © Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc

46. Cnidarian Diversity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. Sea anemone, Corynactis c. Cup coral, Tubastrea e. Jellyfish, Aurelia d. Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia b: © Azure Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals; c: © Ron & Valerie Taylor/Bruce Coleman, Inc. ; d: © Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; e: © © Amos Nachoum/Corbis

51. The Mollusks Grouped into 3 main classes: GASTROPODS (snails & slugs) BIVALVES (clams, scallops, oysters) CEPHALOPODS (squid, octopus, cuttlefish) snail scallop

57. Vertebrates

66. YOLK: sacs that contains the nutrients CHORION: encloses all the other sacs ALLANTOIS: sac that stores the metabolic wastes AMNION: A fluid-filled sac that provides an aquatic environment to the developing embryo/ Amniotic egg structure