2. -12,000,000,000 The Big Bang
Time From 12 Billion Years Ago
-195,000
-50,000
-40,000
0
-250,000
-200,000
-150,000
-100,000
-50,000
0
Homo Sapiens African Artifacts Venus Paris Jesus
Timeline Before Christ
Years B.C.
7. 12 billion years ago
The Big Bang. The universe comes into existence. It is less than 3
times older than earth.
4.5 billion years ago
The Big Whack? Earth is struck by a planet a quarter of its size,
and forms the moon.
550 million years ago
The Cambrian Explosion. All the known animal types (phyla)
suddenly appear in less than 100 million years.
253 million years ago
The Permian extinction. An asteroid or comet 4 to 8 miles across kills
95% of all the species on earth and triggers massive volcanic activity.
This event kills the trilobites and enables dinosaurs to take over the
earth.
8. 65 million years ago
Dinosaurs are killed by an
impact event near the
Yucatan. Mammals come into
their own. The
comet/asteroid was likely
around 5 kilometers in
diameter.
17 million years ago
An impact event (likely in
Argentina) causes a great
die-off and starts a long cycle
of ice ages which only ends
recently. The comet/asteroid
was likely around 1 kilometer
in diameter.
9. 6-7 million years ago
As water becomes locked in the polar caps, mean sea level falls.
The Mediterranean becomes a desert. The Black sea becomes a
fresh water lake, considerably smaller than its present size.
5 million years ago
The Atlantic floods the Mediterranean via the Straits of Gibraltar.
10. 5 million years ago
The Rift Valley forms in Africa, altering African weather
patterns. West of the Rift remains jungle, while east of the
Rift becomes open savannah. It is likely that human
ancestors were trapped on the east side of the Rift, while
chimpanzees (our closest related species) were trapped on
the west. Those on the east had to adapt to new open range
conditions (fewer trees), which likely encouraged walking
upright, running, loss of hair, etc.
11. 4.4 Million Years Ago
Hominid (closer to human than chimp)
Skeleton Found in Ethiopia 2009 Leads to New Views
Ardi (Ardethipicus Ramidus) Oldest Hominid on Earth
(Upright)
12. 3 - 2 million years ago
Planet cooling causes more hunting.
2.5 million years ago
First evidence of tools used by human
ancestors (Homo Erectus) at roughly this
time
1.5 million years ago
First evidence of stone axes used by Homo
Erectus.
400,000 to 350,000 years ago
First paints (apparently body paints).
200,000 to 150,000 years ago
Best current guess as to time anatomically
modern humans (Homo Sapiens) arise.
Homo Habilis
More sophisticated
than chimps, used
tools
13. Modern Human
Neanderthal
(German Valley of
Neander)
Reconstruction of
70,000 Year Old
Skeleton found in
France (proof of
standing upright)
Neanderthals (Europe)
(Note overlap in time with Homo Sapiens)
15. The first modern humans with
our same DNA lived 195,000
years ago in the continent of
Africa
195,000 Years Ago
16. In Africa bone artifacts and the first art appeared
Human fishing in Blombos Cave, South Africa
Points, engraving tools, knife blades, and piercing and drilling
tools found
17. 46,000 years ago
migration into
Europe
Left sophisticated
tools, carvings,
engraved bone,
ivory, antler
paintings, Venus
figures
Language and Ice
Age caused social
change around
24,500 to 17,000
years before Christ
existed
Move to Balkans,
Italy, and around
Black Sea during Ice
Age
18. 40,000 B.C.
Venus of Brassempony found near Paris
First flutes found in Germany made of bird bones
Lion-Human carved out of ivory found in Ulm, Germany
20. 30,000 Years Before
Christ Existed (B.C.)
Hardened clay
Invented bow and arrow
Wall paint and horses
Oldest known ceramic
Rhino Chauvet Cave, France
21. 29,000 YEARS AGO
The first discovery of human remains
found in Wales
The Lady of Paviland dyed in red ochre
Turned out to be a male skeleton,
possibly tribal chief
22. 28,000 B.C.
People living in Japan
24,000 B.C.
Venus of
Petrkovice.
In Czech Republic
23,000 B.C.
Venus of Lausell
Museum in Bordeaux,
France
28. 13,000 B.C.
“Folsom points” (chipped stone)
in New Mexico – probably group
hunting
12,000 B.C.
North America populated
Wood buildings in Chile, first pottery
vessels in Japan
29. 11,000 B.C.
Evidence of humans in
Argentina
Arlington Springs man
dies on island of Santa
Rosa off the coast of
California
Human remains found
off coast of Yucatan
10,000 B.C.
Clovis Tool Technology
7300 B.C.
Kennewick Man
Yucatan Mexico
30. 10,500 B.C.
Culture developing in France,
Spain, England, Portugal,
Poland
8,000 B.C.
Agriculture and hunter-
gatherers
8,500 B.C.
Evidence of group hunting in
Colorado
10,000 B.C.
All continents populated
32. 6500 B.C.
Mound complexes built Monte Sano, Louisiana site for
religious Ceremony and cosmology
Mounds were found in Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Florida thousands of years before pyramid construction
in Egypt
Watson Brake
Louisiana
33. AFTER 4000 B.C.
Tools, Stone to bronze, writing,
records, trade
American Isolation
5,000 B.C.
Athapascan (Indians from
Canada and Alaska)
migration south through
America (Includes Navajo
and Apache)
34. 4,000 B.C.
First settled communities along Pacific coast
3,000 B.C.
Inupiat and Aleut migrations begin (Persian and
Egyptian Civilizations developing in Middle East)
36. 1,500 – 1,000 B.C.
Maize and other Mexican crops introduced into
Southwest (Greek and Roman Civilizations
developing in Mediterranean)
37. Adena cultures were related Native American societies sharing a burial
complex and ceremonial system. The Adena lived in a variety of
locations, including: Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts
of Pennsylvania and New York.
Earthquake architecture, continent
spanning trade, exchange networks
Stone, bone, textile
1000 B.C.-1000 C.E.
38. Hopewell tradition are the Native Americans sharing river
transportation networks
1000 B.C.-1000 C.E.
40. 800 B.C.
Celts (Middle Europeans)
migrate to U.K.
776 B.C.
First Olympics
games
600 B.C.
Around this time the
Old Testament is
written
500 B.C.
Greeks start to mint
coins.
Impression of Olympia
41. 399 B.C. Trial and death of Socrates
Greek explorer convicted of failing
to acknowledge the Gods that the
city acknowledged in Athens, and
introducing new philosophies
387 B.C.
Plato founds his school, the Academy, in Athens. Plato defines
the communist utopian ideal in The Republic (ultimate society
with Gold, Silver, Bronze and Iron classes creating a “best
scenario” society)
335 B.C.
Aristotle founds his school in Athens, the Lyceum, as a rival
school to the Academy (open to public)
323 B.C. - 31 B.C. .
The Hellenistic Period follows the death of Alexander the
Great in 323 B.C. – Emergence of Rome
42. 63 B.C.
Conspiracy of Catalina –Roman
senator who attempted to
overthrow the Roman
aristocratic (small privileged
ruling class) senate
60 B.C.
First Triumvirate (political
alliance of Caesar, Pompey, and
Cassus)
214 B.C.
Great Wall of China completed
206 B.C.-220 A.D.
Han dynasty in China
43. 59 B.C.
Julius Caesar made Consul (highest office) of Rome
58-51 B.C.
Conquest of Gaul (France) by Julius Caesar allowing Rome to
secure the natural border of the Rhine river
50 B.C.
Celts have become well established in Britain
54 B.C.-100 A.D.
Romans conquer Britain. In 56 B.C., Julius Caesar conducted a very
large "reconnaissance in force" through Britain. He had no cavalry,
was constantly harried by Celtic cavalry, and was forced to
ineffectually withdraw. In 55 B.C. he returned with 2,000 horsemen
from Gaul (France), and readily defeated organized resistance.
44. 49-48 B.C.
Civil war between Julius Caesar and
Pompey; ends with Pompey murdered
in Egypt
44 B.C.
The Scythians (from Iran) are gelding
horses
44 B.C.
Julius Caesar wins wars to gain land,
secures Cleopatra's thrown in Egypt,
then assassinated
43 B.C.
Roman empire begins to annex
(incorporate) Britain
45. 14-37
Tiberius rules Rome with an evil hand;
assassinated by suffocation
43 B.C.
Second Triumvirate of Augustus,
Antony, and Lepidus
43 B.C.
Cicero introduced Romans to Greek
Philosophy and Latin vocabulary, then
assassinated
30B.C.
Cleopatra takes her own life after
affair with Caesar (1 son), and affair
with Antony who takes his own life (3
children) . She had ruled Egypt with
her father, and two brothers, with
whom she married, but had no
children
46. 30
Jesus put to death
Jesus was arrested in Jerusalem following the Last Supper
with the Twelve Apostles, and forced to stand trial before the
Sanhedrin (23 appointed men from all cities of Israel),
Pontius Pilate (head of Judea, province. of Rome), and Herod
Antipas (ruler of Galilee and Perea), before being handed
over for crucifixion. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked
by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews." Jesus is Jewish
(of Judah), but Jews do not believe he is the Messiah.
Roman Empire Israel
47.
48. 50-300 A.D.
Gnosticism (material world shunned, spiritual
world embraced) battles Christianity for religious
supremacy in the Roman world
60-100 A.D.
The 4 Gospels of the New Testament are written (in
Greek) by Mark (the Rebel), Matthew (the Rabbi), Luke
(the Chronicler), and John (the Mystic)
49. 324-330
The Roman capitol is moved to Byzantium and Constantine creates
the new city of Constantinople as the capital of a new Christian
empire. Both Constantine and his sister Constantia were probably
born on the English-Scottish border at York. Constantia, who was
wife of one Emperor and sister of another, was a great advocate of
early Christianity.
64
Rome burns down. The Roman Ruler Nero blamed Christians.
Others blamed him. Could have been an accident.
70
Temple in Jerusalem
destroyed. Romans under
Titus conquer Jews.
105
The Chinese invent paper
Inside Wall Arch of Titus Rome
367-517
Celtic (Irish), Angle (Germans in Britain), and Saxon (Germans
resisting Christianity) attacks on Roman Britain
50. Monks mound is the
largest of 80 (used to
be 120)
Man made 500 years
before European
contact
600-1400 A.D.
Cahokia
(1200 A.D. High Point)
Largest population (20,000)
Mississippi
51. 829
The king of Wessex (Saxons), Egbert,
becomes the first king of England
845
Major Viking attack on Paris
871
Iceland is settled by "Vikings"
(Norwegian farmers)
650
Bow and arrow and other crude tools,
corn in Northwest
54. 1000
Tobacco in use
1000
Leif Ericson, a Viking seaman, explores
the east coast of North America and
sights Newfoundland, establishing a
short-lived settlement there
1000
Romanesque art (columns, cherubs)
56. 1215
The Magna Carta. Civil war in
England; King John is forced to
sign this document providing
guarantees of rights and
setting precedent for rule of
law. Although perhaps not that
unusual for its time, it was
taken more seriously than
most, and casts a very long
shadow to this day. It limited
power of the King, used later in
the U.S. Constitution.
57. 1360
Goth – Abbey
architecture in
monasteries and
churches
1400s
High Renaissance Europe
Davinci, Leonardo,
Michelangelo, Raphael
58. 1450
PRINTING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED IN EUROPE
- Founding of the Iroquois Confederacy in Northeast U.S.
1492
C. COLUMBUS LEADS ADVANCE SCOUTING PARTY FOR
INVASION OF AMERICA -
Columbus makes the first of four voyages to the New World,
funded by Spain, seeking a western sea route to Asia. On
October 12, sailing the Santa Maria, he lands in the Bahamas,
thinking it is an outlying Japanese island.
59. 1497
John Cabot of England explores the
Atlantic coast of Canada, claiming the
area for the English King, Henry VII.
Cabot is the first of many European
explorers to seek a Northwest Passage
(northern water route) to Asia.
1499
Italian navigator, Amerigo Vespucci,
sights the coast of South America
during a voyage of discovery for Spain.
1507
The name "America" is first used in a
geography book referring to the New
World with Amerigo Vespucci getting
credit for the discovery of the
continent.
60. 1508
Spanish Invade Puerto Rico
1513
Ponce de Leon (Spanish explorer and
conquistador) lands in Florida. He
was also the first Governor of Puerto
Rico appointed by Spain
1516
Smallpox introduced in America
1517
Martin Luther launches the
Protestant Reformation in Europe,
bringing an end to the sole authority
of the Catholic Church, resulting in
the growth of numerous Protestant
religious sects.
61. Attacked Mayan Temple
and fought the Aztecs1519
Spanish expedition led by
Cortes lands in Mexico
appointed by Governor
Velasquez of Cuba in search
of wealth
1519-1522
Ferdinand Magellan from
Portugal is the first person to
sail around the world
62. 1524
Giovanni da Verrazano, sponsored by France, lands in
the area around the Carolinas, then sails north and
discovers the Hudson River, and continues northward
into Narragansett Bay and Nova Scotia.
63. 1534
French Cartier explores the St.
Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada
1539
Desoto and deCoronado mount
expeditions from Spain and France.
Set the pace for American Lewis and
Clark expeditions
1541
Hernando de Soto of Spain discovers
the Mississippi River
- tobacco introduced in Europe
64. - SPANISH ARE FOUNDING CITIES IN PERU AND CENTRAL AND
SOUTH AMERICA BEFORE THE END OF THE 16TH CENTURY
65. 1584
Raleigh’s Roanoke Island Va. Colony
(present day North Carolina) Queen
Elizabeth I tried to colonize. Last
group never returned during Anglo-
Spanish war. Called “The Lost
Colony.”
1588
In Europe, the defeat of the Spanish
Armada by the English results in
Great Britain replacing Spain as the
dominant world power and leads to a
gradual decline of Spanish influence
in the New World and the widening of
English imperial interests.
1565
Spanish found St.
Augustine, Florida, the
oldest continuous
European settlement in
North America.
67. 1607
English found Jamestown, Virginia,
first permanent English settlement in
continental US
1608
French found Quebec Canada
1609
Spanish found Santa
Fe, New Mexico
68. 1613
A Dutch trading post is set up on lower
Manhattan Island
1619
DUTCH DELIVER FIRST SLAVES TO
VIRGINIA
69. 1620
November 9, the Mayflower ship lands
at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with 101
colonists. On November 11, the
Mayflower Compact is signed by the
41 men, establishing a form of local
government in which the colonists
agree to abide by majority rule and to
cooperate for the general good of the
colony. The Compact sets the
precedent for other colonies as they
set up governments.
72. Plantation Era 1700
The plantation era, also loosely referred to as the Antebellum Era,
was a period in the history of the Southern United States, from the
early 18th century until the start of the American Civil War in 1860
(which ended slavery in the United States and destroyed much of the
economic landscape of the South), marked by the economic growth
of the South, based on slave-driven plantation farming.
The First Awakening (or The Great Awakening) was a Christian
revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British
America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and
1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion.
The First Great Awakening 1730s and 1740s
73. American Revolution 1775
The American Revolution was a political upheaval during the last half
of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined
together to break from the British Empire, combining to become the
United States of America.
74. The 1783 Treaty of Paris
with Great Britain defined the original borders of the United
States. There were ambiguities in the treaty regarding the
exact border with Canada that led to disputes that were
resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842
75. Acknowledging the United States (viz. the Colonies) to be free, sovereign and independent states, and
that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, property,
and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof;
Establishing the boundaries between the United States and British North America;
Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland
and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence;
Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side;
The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the
rightful owners of all confiscated lands "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and
properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects [Loyalists]";
United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists;
Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released and all property left by the British army in the
United States unmolested (including slaves);
Great Britain and the United States were each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River;
Territories captured by Americans subsequent to treaty will be returned without compensation;
Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months from the signing by the contracting parties.
76. The Treaty of Paris,
signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary
War between Great Britain on one side and the United States of
America and its allies on the other. The other combatant nations,
France, Spain and the Dutch Republic had separate agreements;
for details of these, and the negotiations which produced all four
treaties, see Peace of Paris (1783). Its territorial provisions were
"exceedingly generous" to the United States in terms of enlarged
boundaries.
77. US Constitution Written 1787
The Constitution originally consisted of seven Articles. The first
three Articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers,
whereby the federal government is divided into three branches:
the legislature, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the
executive, consisting of the President; and the judiciary,
consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. The
fourth and sixth Articles frame the doctrine of federalism,
describing the relationship between State and State, and
between the several States and the federal government. The
fifth Article provides the procedure for amending the
Constitution. The seventh Article provides the procedure for
ratifying the Constitution. It has been amended 27 times.
78. In 1789,
Washington was elected the first President. He defined
how a person should act as President and retired after
two terms. During Washington's term, there was a
Whiskey Rebellion, where country farmers tried to stop
the government from collecting taxes on whiskey. In
1795, Congress passed the Jay Treaty, which allowed for
increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British
giving up their forts on the Great Lakes. However, Great
Britain was still doing things that hurt the U.S., such as
impressment (making American sailors join the British
Royal Navy).[
79. Bill of Rights
(First 10 Amendments to the Constitution) 1791
Amendment I (1): Freedom of religion, speech, and the press; rights of assembly and petition
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II (2): Right to bear arms
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
Arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment III (3): Housing of soldiers
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV (4): Search and arrest warrants
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V (5): Rights in criminal cases
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual
service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without
just compensation.
80. Amendment VI (6): Rights to a fair trial
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial
jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be
confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
Amendment VII (7): Rights in civil cases
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII (8): Bails, fines, and punishments
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments
inflicted.
Amendment IX (9): Rights retained by the people
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people.
Amendment X (10): Powers retained by the states and the people
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
83. The Second Great Awakening 1800
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement
during the early 19th century in the United States. Membership
rose rapidly among Baptists and Methodists.
First Wave Feminism 1800
First-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity during the
19th and early twentieth century throughout the world, particularly in
the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States.
It focused on de jure (officially mandated) inequalities, primarily on
gaining women's suffrage (the right to vote).
85. $15 $7
$20 $25 $25
$370
$118
$552
$456
$506
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
Mexico Russia Spain Denmark France
Then
Now
Paid From U.S. To Acquire Land
(Net In Millions *Some Debts Claims Settled)
$92 Million Total At The Time of Purchases
Equivalent to Around $2 Billion Today
87. The Louisiana Purchase
was the acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of
828,000 square miles (2,140,000 km2) of France's claim to the
territory of Louisiana. The U.S. paid 50 million francs
($11,250,000) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs
($3,750,000), for a total sum of 15 million dollars (less than 3
cents per acre) for the Louisiana territory ($230 million in 2012
dollars, less than 42 cents per acre). President Jefferson sent Lewis
and Clark to scout territory.
88. The Lewis and Clark Expedition,
also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition
to cross what is now the western portion of the United States, departing in May,
1804 from St. Louis on the Mississippi River, making their way westward through the
continental divide to the Pacific coast.
The expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson shortly after the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803, consisting of a select group of U.S. Army volunteers
under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second
Lieutenant William Clark. The duration of their perilous journey lasted from May
1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and map the newly
acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and
establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European
powers tried to claim it.
The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the
area's plants, animal life, and geography, and establish trade with local Indian tribes.
With maps, sketches and journals in hand, the expedition returned to St. Louis to
report their findings to Jefferson.
89. West Florida West Florida was
declared to be a U.S. possession
in 1810 by President James
Madison. The Army then took
control
Red River The parts of Rupert's
Land and the Red River Colony
south of the 49th parallel in the
basin of the Red River of the
North were acquired in 1818
from Britain under the Anglo-
American Convention of 1818.
90. Manifest Destiny 1812
In the United States in the 19th century, Manifest destiny was the widely held belief that
American settlers were destined to expand across the continent. The belief has been
described as follows:
Historians have for the most part agreed that there are three
basic themes to Manifest Destiny. 1. The special virtues of the
American people and their institutions; 2. America's mission to
redeem and remake the world in the image of America; 3. A
divine destiny under God's direction to accomplish this wonderful
task
91. The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the
political history of the United States that reflected a
sense of national purpose and a desire for unity
among Americans in the aftermath of the
Napoleonic Wars. The era saw the collapse of the
Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan
disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-
Republican Party during the First Party System.
Era of Good Feelings 1817
92. East Florida The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
with Spain resulted in Spain's cession of East Florida and the Sabine Free State
and Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country. Article III of the
treaty, when properly surveyed, resulted in the acquisition of a small part of
central Colorado.
93. Most of the Native American population was vastly decreased
through diseases like chicken pox brought from the colonists.
During the American Revolution, the newly proclaimed United
States competed with the British for the allegiance of Native
American nations east of the Mississippi River. Most Native
Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, based
both on their trading relationships and hopes that colonial defeat
would result in a halt to further colonial expansion onto Native
American land. Many native communities were divided over which
side to support in the war and others wanted to remain neutral.
The first native community to sign a treaty with the new United
States Government was the Lenape. For the Iroquois Confederacy,
based in New York, the American Revolution resulted in civil war.
The British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris
(1783), through which they ceded vast Native American territories
to the United States without informing or consulting with the
Native Americans.
94. In 1831,
the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, and Seminole
(sometimes collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes) were
living as autonomous nations in what would be called the American
Deep South. The process of cultural transformation (proposed by
George Washington and Henry Knox) was gaining momentum,
especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw. Andrew Jackson
continued and renewed the political and military effort for the
removal of the Native Americans from these lands with the passage
of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
95. In 1831
the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model
for all other removals. After the Choctaw, the Seminole were removed
in 1832, the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and finally
the Cherokee in 1838. After removal, some Native Americans remained
in their ancient homelands - the Choctaw are found in Mississippi, the
Seminole in Florida, the Creek in Alabama, and the Cherokee in North
Carolina. A limited number of non-native Americans (including
African-Americans - usually as slaves) also accompanied the Native
American nations on the trek westward. By 1837, 46,000 Native
Americans from these southeastern states had been removed from
their homelands thereby opening 25 million acres (100,000 km2) for
predominantly white settlement.
96. The Trail of Tears
is a name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native
American nations from southeastern parts of the United States
following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The removal included
many members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole,
Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations, among others in the United
States, from their homelands to Indian Territory in eastern sections
of the present-day state of Oklahoma. The phrase originated from
a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831.
97. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease
and starvation on the route to their destinations. Many
died, including 60,000 of the 130,000 relocated Cherokee,
intermarried and accompanying European-Americans, and
the 2,000 African-American free blacks and slaves owned
by the Cherokee they took with them.
98. The Slave Power
(often called the "Slaveocracy") was a
term used in the United States ca.
1840-1865 to denounce the political
power of the slaveholding class in the
South. The argument was that this
small group of rich men had seized
political control of their own states and
was trying to take over the national
government in an illegitimate fashion
in order to expand and protect slavery.
99. Along Canadian border
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Britain split the
disputed territory in Maine and New Brunswick and
finalized the border with Canada, including the disputed
Indian Stream territory. In 1850 Britain ceded to the U.S.
less than one acre of underwater rock (Horseshoe Reef) in
Lake Erie near Buffalo for a lighthouse.
100. Stream territory
Texas Annexation of 1845:
The independent Republic of Texas long sought to join the U.S.,
despite Mexican claims and the warning by Mexican leader Antonio
López de Santa Anna warned that this would be "equivalent to a
declaration of war against the Mexican Republic." Congress approved
the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. On December 29,
1845, Texas became the 28th state. Texas had claimed New Mexico
east of the Rio Grande but had only made one unsuccessful attempt
to occupy it; New Mexico was captured by the U.S. Army in August
1846 and then administered separately from Texas. Mexico
acknowledged the loss of territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo of 1848.
101. Oregon Country,
the area of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific, was
jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain following the Anglo-
American Convention of 1818 until June 15, 1846 when the
Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel (see
Oregon boundary dispute). The San Juan Islands were claimed
and jointly occupied by the U.S. and the U.K. from 1846–72 due
to ambiguities in the treaty (see Northwestern Boundary
Dispute). Arbitration led to the sole U.S. possession of the San
Juan Islands since 1872.
102. Mexican Cession
lands were captured in the Mexican-American War in 1846–48,
and ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where
Mexico agreed to the present Mexico – United States border
except for the later Gadsden Purchase. The United States paid
$15 million (equivalent to $370 million in present day terms)
and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against
Mexico which amounted to more than $3 million (equivalent to
$74 million today).
103. The California Gold Rush
1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by
James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.[1] The first to
hear confirmed information of the Gold Rush were the people in
Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and Latin America, who were
the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848. All told, the news of
gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the
United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived
by sea and half came from the east overland on the California Trail and
the Gila River trail.
104. Gadsden Purchase
of 1853, United States purchased a strip of land along the
U.S.-Mexico border for $10 million (equivalent to
$276 million in present day terms), now in New Mexico and
Arizona. This territory was intended for a southern
transcontinental railroad.
105. Fought 1861-1865, The American Civil War
was the result of decades of sectional tensions between the North and
South. Focused on slavery and states rights, these issues came to a
head following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Over the next
several months eleven southern states seceded and formed the
Confederate States of America. During the first two years of the war,
Southern troops won numerous victories but saw their fortunes turn
after losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863. From then on,
Northern forces worked to conquer the South, forcing them to
surrender in April 1865.
106. Causes & Secession:
The roots of the Civil War can be traced to increasing
differences between North and South and their growing
divergence as the 19th century progressed. Chief among
the issues were expansion of slavery into the territories,
the South's declining political power, states rights, and
the retention of slavery. Though these issues had existed
for decades, they exploded in 1860 following the election
of Abraham Lincoln who was against the spread of
slavery. As the result of his election, South Carolina,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the
Union.
107. Fort Sumter & First Bull Run:
On April 12, 1861, the war began when Gen. P.G.T.
Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston
harbor forcing its surrender. In response to the attack,
President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to
suppress the rebellion. While Northern states responded
quickly, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas refused, opting to join the Confederacy
instead. In July, Union forces commanded by Gen. Irvin
McDowell began marching south to take the rebel
capital of Richmond. On the 21st, they met a
Confederate army near Manassas and were defeated.
108. War in the West, 1861-1863:
In February 1862, forces under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
captured Forts Henry & Donelson. Two months later he
defeated a Confederate army at Shiloh, TN. On April 29,
Union naval forces captured New Orleans. To the east,
Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg attempted to invade
Kentucky, but was repelled at Perryville on October 8. That
December he was beaten again at Stones River, TN. Grant
now focused his attention on capturing Vicksburg and
opening the Mississippi River. After a false start, his
troops swept through Mississippi and laid siege to the
town on May 18, 1863.
109. War in the East, 1862-1863:
Following the defeat at Bull Run, Gen. George McClellan
was given command of the new Union Army of the
Potomac. In early 1862, he shifted the army south to attack
Richmond via the Peninsula. Moving slowly, he was
defeated and forced to retreat after the Seven Days Battles.
This campaign saw the rise of Robert E. Lee to the
command of Confederate forces in the East. Shortly
thereafter, a second Union army was defeated by Lee at the
Second Battle of Bull Run. In September, Lee began to
move north into Maryland. McClellan was sent to intercept
and met Lee at Antietam on the 17th.
110. Despite having a larger force and knowledge of Lee's
positions, McClellan was overcautious and failed to
achieve a decisive victory. The win at Antietam permitted
Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which
freed slaves in the South and altered the Union's war aims.
Unhappy with McClellan, Lincoln gave command to Gen.
Ambrose Burnside. In December, Burnside was beaten at
Fredericksburg and replaced by Gen. Joseph Hooker. The
following May, Hooker engaged Lee near Chancellorsville.
Though outnumbered 2-to-1, Lee outmaneuvered Hooker
and forced him to retreat. (War in the East, 1862-1863).
111. Turning Points - Gettysburg & Vicksburg:
In June 1863, Lee began to move north towards
Pennsylvania with Union troops in pursuit. Following the
defeat at Chancellorsville, Lincoln turned to Gen. George
Meade to take over the Army of the Potomac. On July 1,
elements of the two armies clashed at Gettysburg, PA.
After three days of heavy fighting, Lee was defeated and
forced to retreat. A day later on July 4, Grant
successfully concluded the siege of Vicksburg, opening
the Mississippi to shipping and cutting the South in two.
Combined these victories were the beginning of the end
for the Confederacy.
112. War in the East, 1863-1865:
In March 1864, Grant was given command of all Union
armies and came east to deal with Lee. Grant's campaign
began in May, with the armies clashing at the Wilderness.
Despite heavy casualties, Grant pressed south, fighting at
Spotsylvania C.H. and Cold Harbor. Unable to get through
Lee's army to Richmond, Grant attempted to cut the city off
by taking Petersburg. Lee arrived first and a siege began. On
April 2/3, 1865, Lee was forced to evacuate the city and
retreat west, allowing Grant to take Richmond. On April 9,
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
113. War in the West, 1863-1865:
In summer 1863, Union troops under Gen. William Rosecrans
advanced into Georgia and were defeated at Chickamauga.
Fleeing north, they were besieged at Chattanooga. Grant was
ordered to save the situation and did so winning victories at
Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. The following
spring Grant departed and gave command to Gen. William
Sherman. Moving south, Sherman took Atlanta and then
marched to Savannah. After reaching the sea, he moved
north pushing Confederate forces until their commander,
Gen. Joseph Johnston surrendered at Durham, NC on April
18, 1865.
114. Aftermath & Casualties:
On April 14, five days after Lee's surrender, President
Lincoln was assassinated while attending a play at
Ford's Theater in Washington. The assassin, John
Wilkes Booth, was killed by Union troops on April 26
while fleeing south. Lincoln's death cast a pall across
the nation and elevated Vice President Andrew
Johnson to the presidency.
115. During the war, Union forces suffered approximately
360,000 killed (140,000 in battle) and 282,000 wounded.
Confederates armies lost approximately 258,000 killed
(94,000 in battle) and an unknown number of wounded. The
total killed in the war exceeds the total deaths from all other
US wars combined.
116. Alaska
Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million (2
cents per acre) on March 30, 1867 (equivalent to $118 million
in present day terms), as a vital refueling station for ships
trading with Asia. The land went through several
administrative changes before becoming an organized
territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on
January 3, 1959.
117. Reconstruction Era
has two senses: the first covers the complete
history of the entire U.S. from 1865 to 1877
following the Civil War; the second sense focuses
on the transformation of the Southern United
States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by
Washington, with the reconstruction of state and
society.
118. With the end of fighting a period known as
Reconstruction began, with Union troops
occupying Southern states and overseeing
their gradual reintegration into the Union.
Following the war, three amendments were
added to the Constitution:
13th: Abolished slavery
14th: Extension of legal protection regardless
of race
15th: Abolished all racial restrictions on
voting
Reconstruction Period
119. The Gilded Age
was the period following roughly from
the 1870s to the turn of the twentieth
century. The term was coined by
writers Mark Twain and Charles Dudley
Warner in The Gilded Age: A Tale of
Today, satirizing what they believed to
be an era of serious social problems
hidden by a thin gold gilding.
120. The Gilded Age
was an era of enormous growth, especially in the North and West. This attracted millions of
emigres from Europe. However, the Gilded Age was also an era of enormous poverty. The average
annual income for most families was $380, well below the poverty line. Railroads were the major
industry, but the factory system, mining, and labor unions also increased in importance. Two
major nationwide depressions known as the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 interrupted
growth. The South remained economically devastated; its economy became increasingly tied to
cotton and tobacco production, which suffered low prices. African-Americans in the South were
stripped of political power and voting rights. The political landscape was notable in that despite
some corruption, turnout was very high and elections between the evenly matched parties were
close. The dominant issues were cultural (especially regarding prohibition, education and ethnic
and racial groups), and economics (tariffs and money supply). Reformers crusaded against child
labour and for the 8-hour working day, civil service reform, prohibition, and women's suffrage.
State & local governments built schools, colleges and hospitals that sometimes received donations
from philanthropists and various diverse religious denominations structured the social and
cultural lives of many Americans.
121. The Jim Crow Laws
were state and local laws in the United States enacted between
1876 and 1965. They mandated racial segregation in all public
facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with,
starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African
Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for
African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for
white Americans, systematizing a number of economic,
educational and social disadvantages. De jure segregation mainly
applied to the Southern United States. Northern segregation was
generally de facto, with patterns of segregation in housing
enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job
discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for
decades.
122. The “Nadir of American Race Relations"
was the period in History of the Southern United
States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877
through the early 20th century, when racism in
the country is deemed to have been worse than
in any other period after the American Civil War.
During this period, African Americans lost many
civil rights gains made during Reconstruction.
Anti-black violence, lynchings, segregation,
legal racial discrimination, and expressions of
white supremacy increased.
123. The Progressive Era
was a period of social activism and political reform in the United
States that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s. One main
goal of the Progressive movement was purification of
government, as Progressives tried to eliminate corruption by
exposing and undercutting political machines and bosses. Many
(but not all) Progressives supported prohibition in order to
destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons. At
the same time, women's suffrage was promoted to bring a "purer"
female vote into the arena. A second theme was building an
Efficiency movement in every sector that could identify old ways
that needed modernizing, and bring to bear scientific, medical
and engineering solutions.
124. The Gay Nineties
is an American nostalgic term that
refers to the decade of the 1890s. It
is known in the United Kingdom as
the Naughty Nineties, and refers
there to the decade of supposedly
decadent art by Aubrey Beardsley,
the witty plays and trial of Oscar
Wilde, society scandals and the
beginning of the suffragette
(women’s rights) movement.
Holloway Prison London, 1896
Youth and Adult Women
125. Hawaii
The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary
work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s. In 1893 business
leaders overthrew the Queen and sought annexation.
President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved, so Hawaii
set up an independent republic. Southern Democrats in
Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition. President
William McKinley, a Republican, secured a Congressional
resolution in 1898, and the small republic joined the U.S. All
its citizens became full U.S. citizens. One factor was the
need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese
ambitions. The Hawaiian Islands officially became a territory
of the U.S. in 1900. Following 94% voter approval of the
Admission of Hawaii Act, on August 21, 1959 the Territory
of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii, the 50th state.
With Hawaii came the Palmyra Atoll which had been
annexed by the U.S. in 1859 but later abandoned, then later
claimed by Hawaii.
126. Allgeyer v. Louisiana,
(1897), was a landmark United States Supreme Court
case in which a unanimous court struck down a
Louisiana statute on grounds that it violated an
individual's "liberty to contract." This was the first case
in which the Supreme Court interpreted the word liberty
in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
to mean economic liberty.
127. Spanish American War
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States
compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $552 million in present
day terms), ceded by Spain after the Spanish-American War in the 1898
Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, but
did not cede it to the United States, so it became a protectorate. All four
of these areas were under United States Military Government (USMG) for
extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902, and the
Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.
This era also saw the first scattered protests against American
imperialism. Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully
against these ventures. Opponents of the war, including Twain and
Andrew Carnegie, organized themselves into the American Anti-
Imperialist League.
During this same period the American people continued to strongly
chastise the European powers for their imperialism. The Second Boer War
was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo-
American relations. The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels
between America in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer
War.
128. Cuba
Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain relinquished all claim of
sovereignty over and title to Cuba, with the island to be occupied
by the United States. Under the Teller Amendment Congress had
already decided against annexation. Cuba gained formal
independence on 20 May 1902. Under the new Cuban
constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in
Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations
through the Platt Amendment; this, however, was later renounced
as part of Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy.[9] Under the
Platt Amendment (1901), Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S.
the naval base at Guantánamo Bay. The naval base occupies land
which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903 "... for the time
required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations." The two
governments later agreed that, "So long as the United States of
America shall not abandon the said naval station of Guantanamo
or the two Governments shall not agree to a modification of its
present limits, the station shall continue to have the territorial
area that it now has, with the limits that it has on the date of the
signature of the present Treaty."
129. Puerto Rico
On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico
was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an
outcome of the war, Jones-Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants
of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto
Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948.
In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic
referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans
desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the
unincorporated territory status with the U.S..A local constitution
was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952,
ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July
3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25,
1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico
adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as
"Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as
Commonwealth, for its body politic.
130. Guam
In Guam, settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first. After World
War II showed the strategic value of the island, construction of a huge
military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of
the world. Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000. The
indigenous Chamorros make up 37% of the population. The rest of the
population consists mostly of Whites and Filipinos, with smaller groups of
Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians, Vietnamese and Indians. Guam
today is almost totally Americanized. The situation is somewhat similar to
that in Hawaii, but attempts to change Guam's status as an 'unincorporated'
U.S. territory have yet to meet with success.
131. The Philippine Revolution
against Spain began in April 1896. The Spanish-American War came to the Philippines on May 1,
1898, when the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron, commanded by Commodore George
Dewey, defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during
the Battle of Manila Bay. On June 12, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and
establishment of the First Philippine Republic. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris which
ended the Spanish-American war was signed. The treaty transferred control of the Philippines
from Spain to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine
revolutionaries, who declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899. The Philippine-
American War ensued. In 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the Malolos Republic, was
captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government. The U.S. unilaterally declared
an end to the conflict in 1902. Scattered fighting continued, however, until 1913.
.
132. The Philippine Organic Act
of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house
consisting of the Philippine Commission, an appointed body with both American and Filipino
members. and a popularly elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. The Philippines became a
U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe's New Imperialism, with benevolent colonial practices. English
joined Spanish as an official language, and English language education was made compulsory. In
1916, the United States passed the Philippine Autonomy Act and committed itself to granting
independence to the Philippines, "...as soon as a stable government can be established therein."[17]
As a step to full independence in 1946, partial autonomy as a Commonwealth was granted in 1935.
Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the Philippines
during World War II. The United States suffered a total of 62,514 casualties, including 13,973 deaths
in its attempt to liberate the Philippines from Imperial Japanese rule during the hard-fought
Philippines campaign from 1944-1945. Full independence came with the recognition of Philippine
sovereignty by the U.S. in 1946
133. Wake Island
Wake Island was annexed as empty territory by the United States in 1899 (the claim is currently
disputed by the Marshall Islands).
134. American Samoa
Germany, the United States, and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands. The nations came into
conflict in the Second Samoan Civil War and the nations resolved their issues, establishing
American Samoa as per the Treaty of Berlin, 1899. The U.S. took control of its allotted region
on June 7, 1900, with the Deed of Cession. Tutuila Island and Aunuu Island were ceded by
their chiefs in 1900, then added to American Samoa. Manua was annexed in 1904, then
added to American Samoa. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), then
added to American Samoa. (The claim is currently disputed by Tokelau, a colonial territory of
New Zealand.) American Samoa was under the control of the U.S. Navy from 1900 to 1951.
American Samoa was made a formal territory in 1929. From 1951 until 1977, Territorial
Governors were appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Immigration of Americans was
never as strong as it was, for instance, in Hawaii; indigenous Samoans make up 89% of the
population. The islands have been reluctant to separate from the U.S. in any manner.
135. Panama Canal Zone
The Panama Canal Zone was an unorganized US territory located within the Republic of Panama.
It was established under the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903 and disestablished in 1979 under
the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Panama gained full control over the Panama Canal in 1999.
136. Virgin Islands
In 1917, the United States purchased the former Danish colony of St. Croix, St. John
and St. Thomas, which is now the U.S. Virgin Islands. The United States - which had
made an earlier approach in 1902 -purchased these islands because they feared that
the islands might be seized as a submarine base during World War I. After several
months of secret negotiations, a sales price of $25 million was agreed. A non-
binding referendum in Denmark held in late 1916 confirmed the decision to sell by a
wide margin. The U.S. took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 a few days
before the U.S entered the war. The deal was ratified and finalized on January 17,
1917, when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty
ratifications. The territory was renamed the U.S. Virgin Islands. U.S. citizenship was
granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927.
137. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was a United Nations trust
territory in Micronesia (western Pacific) administered by the United States from
July 18, 1947, comprising the former League of Nations Mandate administered
by Japan and taken by the U.S. in 1944. The various island groupings in the
Trust Territory were later divided up. The Marshall Islands, and the Federated
States of Micronesia achieved independence on October 21, 1986. Palau did so
in 1994. All three nations signed Compacts of Free Association with the United
States.
138. Mexican boundary
The Boundary Treaty of 1970 transferred 823 acres (3.33 km2)
of Mexican territory to the U.S., in areas near Presidio and
Hidalgo, Texas, to build flood control channels. In exchange,
the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres (8.81 km2) to Mexico, including five
parcels near Presidio, the Horcon Tract containing the little town
of Rio Rico, Texas, and Beaver Island near Roma, Texas. The last
of these transfers occurred in 1977.
139. On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio
Grande to Mexico, totaling 107.81 acres (0.43629 km2). At the
same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 cuts to the U.S.,
totaling 63.53 acres (0.25710 km2). This transfer, which had
been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article
III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.
The Chamizal Treaty of 1963, which ended a hundred-year
dispute between the two countries near El Paso, Texas,
transferred 630 acres (2.55 km2) from the U.S. to Mexico in
1967. In return, Mexico transferred 264 acres (1.068 km2) to
the U.S.
140. The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and
stabilized the 155 miles (249 km) of river boundary through the
highly developed El Paso-Juárez Valley. Numerous parcels of land
(174) were transferred between the two countries during the
construction period, 1935 – 1938. At the end, each nation had
ceded an equal area of land (2,560.5 acres (10.3620 km2)) to the
other.
141. The Banco Convention of 1905
resulted in many exchanges of bancos (land
surrounded by bends in the river that became
segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due
to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel)
between the two nations, most often in the Lower Rio
Grande Valley. Under the treaty, the following
transfers involving Texas occurred from 1910 – 1976
143. In 1927 under the same 1905 Convention,
the U.S. acquired two bancos from Mexico at the Colorado River border with
Arizona. Farmers Banco, covering 583.4 acres (2.361 km2), a part of the Cocopah
Indian Reservation at 32°37′27″N 114°46′45″W32.62417°N 114.77917°W, was
ceded to the U.S. with controversy. Fain Banco (259 acres (1.05 km2))
at 32°31′32″N 114°47′28″W32.52556°N 114.79111°W also became U.S. soil.
•Proposed: Based on aerial surveys in 2008, there are 138 cases where the
widest channel of normal flow of the Rio Grande has shifted from previous
surveys. Therefore, the International Boundary Line is to be changed under Article
III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty. The result is 138 proposed transfers of territory
that remain pending further evaluation and approval by the International Boundary
and Water Commission and the two governments. Upon resolution, the U.S. is to
cede 7 islands and 60 cuts in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 1,251.2 acres
(5.0634 km2), while Mexico is to cede 3 islands and 68 cuts to the U.S., totaling
1,275.9 acres (5.1634 km2).
144. Canada
1925, to correct an unintended effect from an earlier
treaty, the U.S. ceded to Canada two enclaves comprising
two and one-half acres of water territory in the Lake of
the Woods.
145. Northern Mariana Islands
The Northern Mariana Islands were part of the former Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands but decided in the 1970s not to seek
independence. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
in political union with the United States was established in 1978.
148. The Great Migration
was the movement of 6 million
African Americans out of the
rural Southern United States to
the Northeast, Midwest, and
West for most of the 20th
century. Some historians
differentiate between the first
Great Migration (1910–1930),
numbering about 1.6 million
migrants who left mostly rural
areas to migrate to northern
and midwestern industrial
cities, and, after a lull during
the Great Depression, a Second
Great Migration (1940 to
1970), in which 5 million or
more people moved, including
many to California and other
western cities.
149. World War I 1914
World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11
November 1918. It was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until the
start of World War II in 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter.[5][6][7] It involved all the
world's great powers,[8] which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple
Entente of the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers of Germany and
Austria-Hungary. Although Italy had also been a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and
Austria-Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the
terms of the alliance.[9] These alliances were both reorganized and expanded as more nations entered the
war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria the Central
Powers. Ultimately, more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were
mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because
of technological advancements that led to enormous increases in the lethality of weapons without
corresponding improvements in protection or mobility, causing both sides to resort to large-scale human
wave attacks, which proved extremely costly in terms of casualties. It was the fifth-deadliest conflict in
world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes, such as revolutions in many of
the nations involved.
150. The First Red Scare
was a period during the early 20th-
century history of the United States
marked by a widespread fear of
Bolshevism (communism) and
anarchism (anti-state). At its height in
1919–1920, concerns over the effects
of radical political agitation in
American society and the alleged
spread of communism and anarchism
in the American labor movement
fueled a general sense of paranoia.
151. U.S. 1920-1933 Prohibition of alcohol,
often referred to simply as prohibition,
is the legal act of prohibiting the
manufacture, transportation and sale
of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
The term can also apply to the periods
in the histories of the countries during
which the prohibition of alcohol was
enforced. Use of the term as applicable
to a historical period is typically
applied to countries of European
culture.
152. The Roaring Twenties
is a term sometimes used to refer to the 1920s, characterizing the decade's
distinctive cultural edge in New York City, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, London, and
many other major cities during a period of sustained economic prosperity. French
speakers called it the "années folles" ("Crazy Years"), emphasizing the era's social,
artistic, and cultural dynamism. "Normalcy" returned to politics in the wake of
hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz music blossomed, the
flapper redefined modern womanhood, and Art Deco peaked. Economically, the
era saw the large-scale diffusion and use of automobiles, telephones, motion
pictures, and electricity, unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer
demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The
media focused on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars, as cities
rooted for their home team and filled the new palatial cinemas and gigantic
stadiums. In most major countries women were given the right to vote for the
first time. Finally the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ended the era, as the Great
Depression set in worldwide, bringing years of worldwide gloom and hardship.
153. Flappers
were a "new breed" of young Western women in the
1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair,
listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what
was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers
were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup,
drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking,
driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social
and sexual norms. Flappers had their origins in the
liberal period of the Roaring Twenties, the social,
political turbulence and increased transatlantic
cultural exchange that followed the end of World
War I, as well as the export of American jazz culture
to Europe.
154. The Jazz Age
was a feature of the 1920s (ending
with The Great Depression) when jazz
music and dance became popular. This
occurred particularly in the United
States, but also in Britain, France and
elsewhere. Jazz played a significant
part in wider cultural changes during
the period, and its influence on pop
culture continued long afterwards.
155. The Great Depression
was a severe worldwide economic
depression in the decade preceding
World War II. The timing of the Great
Depression varied across nations, but
in most countries it started in 1930
and lasted until the late 1930s or
middle 1940s. It was the longest, most
widespread, and deepest depression of
the 20th century.
156. The Dust Bowl, or the Dirty Thirties,
was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and
agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands in the
1930s. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought combined with a
failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion.[1]
Extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains in the
preceding decade had displaced the natural deep-rooted grasses that
normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods
of drought and high winds. Rapid mechanization of farm implements,
especially small gasoline tractors and widespread use of the combine
harvester, were significant in the decisions to convert arid grassland
(much of which received no more than 10 inches (250 mm) of
precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.
157. The New Deal
was a series of domestic economic programs enacted in the United
States between 1933 and 1936. They involved presidential
executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term
of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response
to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3
Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed
and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of
the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
158. World War II 1939-1945
World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a
global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of
the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually
forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was
the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people
serving in military units from over 30 different countries. In a state of
"total war", the major participants placed their entire economic,
industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort,
erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by
mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (1million Jews
murdered in Auchwitz, Poland alone, 6 million in all) and the only use of
nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85
million fatalities. These deaths make it likely that World War II is the
deadliest conflict in human history.
159. The Second Great Migration
was the migration of more than
five million African Americans
from the South to the North,
Midwest and West. It took place
from 1941, through World War II,
and lasted until 1970. It was
much larger and of a different
character than the first Great
Migration (1910–1940). Some
historians prefer to distinguish
between the movements for
those reasons.
160. The Cold War,
often dated from 1947 to 1991, was a sustained state of
political and military tension between powers in the
Western Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO
among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc,
dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact.
This began after the success of their temporary wartime
alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US
as two superpowers with profound economic and political
differences. A neutral faction arose with the Non-Aligned
Movement founded by Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this
faction rejected association with either the US-led West or
the Soviet-led East.
161. McCarthyism
is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or
treason without proper regard for evidence. It also means "the
practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative
techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political
criticism."The term has its origins in the period in the United States
known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from 1950 to 1956
and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on
American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally
coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of Republican U.S.
Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, "McCarthyism" soon took on
a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. The
term is also now used more generally to describe reckless,
unsubstantiated accusations, as well as demagogic attacks on the
character or patriotism of political adversaries.
162. The Space Race
was a mid-to-late 20th century competition between the Soviet Union (USSR)
and the United States (US) for supremacy in space exploration. Between 1957
and 1975, the Cold War rivalry between the two nations focused on attaining
firsts in space exploration, which were seen as necessary for national security
and symbolic of technological and ideological superiority. The Space Race
involved pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, sub-orbital and orbital
human spaceflight around the Earth, and piloted voyages to the Moon. It
effectively began with the Soviet launch of the Sputnik 1 artificial satellite on
4 October 1957, and concluded with the co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
joint human spaceflight mission in July 1975. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
came to symbolize détente, a partial easing of strained relations between the
USSR and the US. Apollo 15 first to walk on moon, Neil Armstrong.
163. Second-wave feminism
is a period of feminist activity that first began in the early 1960s
in the United States, and eventually spread throughout the
Western world. In the United States the movement was initially
called the Women's Liberation Movement and lasted through the
early 1980s. It later became a worldwide movement that was
strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel,
where it began in the 1980s, and it began at other times in
other countries.
164. The Vietnam War,
although in Vietnam this period of American involvement is known as the
American War, also known as the Second Indochina War, was a Cold War-era
military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November
1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina
War and was fought between North Vietnam—supported by China and other
communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the
United States and other anti-communist countries. The Viet Cong (also known as
the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a lightly armed South Vietnamese
communist common front directed by the North, largely fought a guerrilla war
against anti-communist forces in the region. The Vietnam People's Army (North
Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large
units into battle. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and
overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving
ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes.
165. The New Great Migration
is the term for demographic changes from 1965 to the present
which are a reversal of the previous 35-year trend of black
migration within the United States. Since 1965, deindustrialization
of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth
of jobs in the "New South" with lower costs of living, family and
kinship ties, and improving racial relations have all acted to attract
African Americans to the Southern United States in substantial
numbers. As early as 1975-1980, seven southern states were net
black migration gainers. African-American populations continue to
drop throughout much of the Northeast, particularly with black
emigration out of the state of New York, as well as out of Northern
New Jersey, as they rise in the Southern United States.
166. Détente (meaning "relax")
is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation.
The term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-
political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States
which began in 1971, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard
Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a 'thawing out' or 'un-freezing'
at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.
167. The 1970s energy crisis
was a period in which the economies of the major
industrial countries of the world, particularly the United
States, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New
Zealand were heavily affected and faced
substantial petroleum shortages, real and perceived, as
well as elevated prices. The two worst crises of this period
were the 1973 oil crisis, caused by the US production peak
in 1971, and the 1979 energy crisis, caused by the Iranian
Revolution.
168. Ronald Wilson Reagan ( February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was
the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). Before
that, he was the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975), and
a radio, film and television actor.
As president, Reagan implemented sweeping new political and
economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies,
dubbed "Reaganomics", advocated reducing tax rates to spur
economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce
inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing
government spending. In his first term he survived an
assassination attempt, took a hard line against labor unions,
announced a new War on Drugs, and ordered an invasion of
Grenada. He was re-elected in a landslide in 1984, proclaiming
that it was "Morning in America". His second term was
primarily marked by foreign matters, such as the ending of the
Cold War, the 1986 bombing of Libya, and the revelation of the
Iran–Contra affair.
169. The Gulf War
(2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991),
codenamed Operation Desert Storm
(17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991)
was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized
coalition force from 34 nations led by
the United States, against Iraq in
response to Iraq's invasion and
annexation of Kuwait.
170. The dot-com bubble (also referred to
as the dot-com boom, the Internet
bubble and the information
technology bubble was a
historic speculative bubble covering
roughly 1997–2000 (with a climax on
March 10, 2000, with
the NASDAQ peaking at 5408.60 in
intraday trading before closing at
5048.62) during which stock
markets in industrialized nations saw
their equity value rise rapidly from
growth in the Internet sector and
related fields. While the latter part was
a boom and bust cycle, the Internet
boom is sometimes meant to refer to
the steady commercial growth of the
Internet with the advent of the World
Wide Web, as exemplified by the first
release of the Mosaic web browser in
1993, and continuing through the
1990s.
171. The United States housing bubble
is an economic bubble affecting many
parts of the United States housing
market in over half of American states.
Housing prices peaked in early 2006,
started to decline in 2006 and 2007,
and reached new lows in 2012. On
December 30, 2008 the Case-Shiller
home price index reported its largest
price drop in its history. The credit
crisis resulting from the bursting of
the housing bubble is — according to
"general consensus" — "the primary
cause" of the 2007–2009 recession in
the United States
172. The War on Terror (also known as
the Global War on Terrorism) is a term
commonly applied to an international
military campaign which started as a
result of the 11 September 2001
terrorist attacks on the United States.
This resulted in an international
military campaign to eliminate al-
Qaeda and other militant
organizations. The United Kingdom
and many other NATO and non-NATO
nations participate in the conflict.
173. 1700
Rococo – Feminine,
light hearted (Shabby
Chic France)
1837-1901
Victorian – Queen
Victoria England
1890-1910
Art Neuveaou –
Nature, curved lines
1901-1910
Edwardian – King
Edward son of Queen
Victoria
1920
Art Deco - Geometric
Architecture/Art Styles
174. Famous Paintings
Birth of Venus
Botticelli-
Rennaisance 1485 Italy
The Last Supper
da Vinci –
Realist 1498 Italy
Mona Lisa
da Vinci-
Realist 1503 Italy
The Creation of Adam
Michelangelo-
Rennaisance 1511 Italy
Night Watch
Rembrandt-
Baroque 1642 Netherlands
175. Girl With the Pearl Earring
Vermeer-
Baroque 1665 Netherlands
Bal du Moulin de la Galette
Renoir -
Impressionism 1881 France
Starry Night
Van Gogh- Post
Impressionism 1889 Netherlands
The Scream
Munch –
Modern Art 1893 Norway
Water Lilies
Monet -
Impressionism 1920 Paris
Guernica
Picasso –
Cubism 1937 Spain/Paris
176. Religions of The World 2010
U.S. Religion 2010European Religion 1900 2010
