Affective Interaction

 Fieldof research in Human-Computer
Interaction

“An affective human-computer interaction is one in
which emotional information is communicated by the user
in a natural and comfortable way, recognized by the

computer, and used to help improve the interaction.”

(Reynolds, Picard)

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CARRANCA, Mário - Affective Interaction

 Adaptabilityis essential
 Paradox of adaptability and stability
 Pleasing the user
versus
satisfying the user’s needs

 Artificial Intelligence as part of HCI

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Adaptability

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Explicitly requesting too much information from the user will
result in deterioration of her relationship with the application

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 Aim on instinctive HCI
Reading the user


instead of
prompting the user.
 Technological obstacles
Standard HCI technology based on user initiative

and conscious, rational, non-instinctive decisions

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A cognitive approach

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 Analysis
of a Human-Computer Interface
from an Affective perspective consists on
analyzing the impacts of this interaction on
the user’s emotional state.
Emotion: short-term subconscious reaction to stimuli


Moods: longer-term settlement of an emotion or chain


of emotions.

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 Moods affect:
memory;

cognition;

evaluation;

expectations;

opinions;

motor behaviour;

what emotions are experienced (hence what

other moods can be experienced)
 (Derbaix,1999)
 Moods lead the user in a certain direction

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 The X-Factors (Subbaraman, 2007):
Emotions

Sensations

Moods

Beauty

Expectations

Evaluations

 Heuristicevaluation methods for these
factors in an interface:
Psychological (most common in usability evaluation)


Physiological


Behavioural


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 Triggeringuser’s moods through stimuli
 Capture user’s emotions and use them to
improvise and manage situations
 Generate more ideas and metaphors to
trigger emotional reactions in the interfaces

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 How accurate are these evaluation methods?
 How intrusive are these evaluation methods?
 In what emotion should the designer focus?
 Should the designer actively attempt to
manipulate the user’s mood?

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Real World approaches to Affective Interaction

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 Input:
Motion and pressure sensors

Cameras

Microphones

Biomedical devices and sensors

Standard input technologies…

 Output:
VR

Robotics

LEDs

Standard output technologies…


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 Concept introduced by Picard and Healey
(1997)
 Computational objects as part of clothes and
wearable accessories
 The idea is for these objects to be in
constant contact with the wearer, preferably
in a way that isn’t disruptive of her activities
 The applications of this concept precede
Picard and Healey by many years

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 Developed by Norbert Wiener, acclaimed
mathematician and the father of
Cybernetics.
 The glove intercepted sound stimuli through
electromagnetic components
 The stimuli were converted into analogous
tactile stimuli for the deaf wearer to feel
 Wiener defended that:
“Analogy is communication, and communication is

analogy”

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Developed at MIT as part of

Cythia Breazeal’s doctoral
research project (late 1990s)
 Capable of demonstrating
facial expressions and
vocalizations
 Equipped with several
multi-purpose cameras and
a microphone
 Stimuli processed by several computers using MIT
cross-department software over different
operating systems

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 Developed at MIT Media Lab by Jocelyn
Scheirer and Rosalind Picard
 Glove equipped with a LED measures skin
conductivity, or electrodermal response to
stimuli, a reliable indicator of psychological
arousal
“Arousal has been found to be a strong predictor of

attention and memory”
 The
LED’s intensity changes according to the
wearer’s electrodermal response

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Developments in Affective Interaction

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Supporting

Affective
Interactions for
Real-Time
Applications
Developed by GAIPS at INESC-ID.

Researchers searched to inspire themselves in the way

humans make decisions, and compute algorithms that
simulate it
It was the first project in this area under the European

Commission’s support

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 The SAFIRA Toolkit is aimed at developing
affective applications.
 Its simple structure allows for easy
integration:
1. Affective Acquisition


2. Emotion Processing


3. Affective Expression


4. Inter-component Messaging


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 Evaluator
user in an MIT feedback mechanism
experiment:
“I liked it being set up such that as soon as I realized

there was a problem, I could gripe.”
 Users like to be able to convey their feelings
about an interface without wasting time or
losing their reduced attention span
 Affective interaction is an area with many
possibilities to be explored
 Technology is still a barrier, but the progress
in micro and nanotechnology has proved
useful

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Subbamaran, Karthi, http://www.slideshare.net/ESS/affective-

interaction
Amadeu, Flávia, “Humano-Computador em Interações Afetivas”

Bynum, Terrell Ward, “Norbert Wiener’s Vision: The Impact of “the

Automatic Age” on Our Moral Lives”
Picard, Rosalind, “Affective Computing”

Ferreira, Cristina Alexandra, “Abordar a computação afectiva sob várias

perspectivas”
Paiva et al., “SAFIRA- Supporting Affective Interactions in Real-time

Applications”
Paiva et al., “SenToy in FantasyA: Designing an Affective Sympathetic

Interface to a Computer Game”, 2002
Derbaix, C., Pecheux, C.: “Mood and children: Proposition of a

measurement scale”, 1999
Starner et al, “Augmented Reality Through Wearable Computing”, 1997

Post et al, “E-broidery: Design and fabrication of textile-based

computing”, 2000
Picard and Scheirer, “The Galvactivator: A glove that senses and

communicates skin conductivity”, 1997

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Affective Interaction

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