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OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT




                        1
   CENTRAL HUB CONCEPT
     ENABLES SERVICE TO MORE LOCATIONS WITH FEWER
      AIRCRAFT
     ENABLES MATCHING OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHTS WITH PACKAGE
      LOADS
     REDUCES   MISHANDLING AND
      DELAY IN TRANSIT BECAUSE
      THERE IS TOTAL CONTROL OF
      PACKAGES FROM PICKUP TO
      DELIVERY
                                                          2
   THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION
   FACTORS THAT AFFECT LOCATION DECISION
   METHODS OF EVALUATING LOCATION ALTERNATIVES
   SERVICE LOCATION STRATEGY




                                                  3
• ONE OF THE MOST
                     IMPORTANT DECISIONS A
THE OBJECTIVE
                     FIRM MAKES
OF LOCATION      •   INCREASINGLY GLOBAL IN
STRATEGY IS          NATURE
 TO MAXIMIZE     •   SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON
                     FIXED AND VARIABLE
THE BENEFIT OF
                     COSTS
 LOCATION TO     •   DECISIONS MADE
   THE FIRM          RELATIVELY INFREQUENTLY
LOCATION OPTION INCLUDES:

  EXPANDING AN EXISTING FACILITY INSTEAD OF
                  MOVING

   MAINTAINING CURRENT SITES WHILE ADDING
      ANOTHER FACILITY ELSEWHERE, OR

  CLOSING THE EXISTING FACILITY AND MOVING
           TO ANOTHER LOCATION
 LOCATION DECISIONS BASED ON LOW COST
  REQUIRE CAREFUL CONSIDERATION
   ONCE IN PLACE, LOCATION-RELATED COSTS
    ARE FIXED IN PLACE AND DIFFICULT TO
    REDUCE
   DETERMINING OPTIMAL FACILITY LOCATION IS
    A GOOD INVESTMENT
                                               6
FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES WHEN STRATEGY IS
        BASED ON INNOVATION

       HIGH-QUALITY AND SPECIALIZED INPUTS
        AN ENVIRONMENT THAT ENCOURAGES
          INVESTMENT AND LOCAL RIVALRY

          A SOPHISTICATED LOCAL MARKET
         LOCAL PRESENCE OF RELATED AND
             SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES
                                             7
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
                COUNTRY      POLITICAL RISKS, GOVERNMENT
GLOBALIZATION




                DECISION      RULES, ATTITUDES, INCENTIVES
                             CULTURAL     AND     ECONOMIC
                 REGION /       ISSUES
                COMMUNITY      LOCATION OF MARKETS
                 DECISION      LABOR TALENT, ATTITUDES,
                                PRODUCTIVITY & COSTS
                               AVAILABILITY OF SUPPLIES,
                   SITE         COMMUNICATIONS, ENERGY
                 DECISION      EXCHANGE       RATES   AND
                                CURRENCY RISKS
                                                          8
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
                             CORPORATE DESIRES
                             ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGION
GLOBALIZATION




                             LABOR AVAILABILITY AND COSTS
                 REGION /    COSTS AND AVAILABILITY OF
                COMMUNITY       UTILITIES
                 DECISION      ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
                               GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND
                                FISCAL POLICIES
                               PROXIMITY TO RAW MATERIALS
                                AND CUSTOMERS
                               LAND/CONSTRUCTION COSTS
                                                         9
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
                COUNTRY      SITE SIZE AND COST
GLOBALIZATION




                DECISION
                             AIR, RAIL, HIGHWAY,      AND
                 REGION /    WATERWAY SYSTEMS
                COMMUNITY    ZONING RESTRICTIONS
                 DECISION    PROXIMITY    OF     SERVICES/
                             SUPPLIES NEEDED
                   SITE
                 DECISION    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ISSUES


                                                          10
THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX 2011-2012 RANKINGS
© 2011 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM | www.weforum.org/gcr
                                                GCI 2010-
                              GCI 2011-2012
                                                  2011
     COUNTRY/ECONOMY          RANK     SCORE      RANK      CHANGE
SWITZERLAND                      1      5.74        1          0
SINGAPORE                        2      5.63        3          1
UNITED STATES                    5      5.43        4         -1
JAPAN                           9       5.40        6         -3
UNITED KINGDOM                  10      5.39       12          2
AUSTRALIA                       20      5.11       16         -4
MALAYSIA                        21      5.08      26           5
THAILAND                        39      4.52       38         -1
VIETNAM                         65      4.24      59          -6
PHILIPPINES                     75      4.08      85          10
CHAD                           142      2.87      139         -3
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                        WAGE RATES ARE NOT
  EXCHANGE RATES &         THE ONLY COST
  CURRENCY RISK

   COSTS                LOWER PRODUCTIVITY
   POLITICAL            MAY INCREASE TOTAL
   RISK, VALUES &
   CULTURE                     COST
   PROXIMITY TO
   MARKETS
                      LABOR COST
  PROXIMITY TO          PER DAY          COST
  SUPPLIERS                         =   PER UNIT
                      PRODUCTIVITY
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS
                     (UNITS PER DAY)
                                                12
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                             CONNECTICUT
  EXCHANGE RATES &        $70 = $1.17 PER UNIT
  CURRENCY RISK :
      EXAMPLE
IF QUALITY COILS PAYS   60 UNITS
   $70 PER 60 UNITS
   COSTS
 PRODUCED PER DAY IN
                                Juarez
                          $25
 CONNECTICUTISK,WILL
    POLITICAL R , IT
    VALUES & CULTURE            = $1.25 PER UNIT
 SPEND LESS ON LABOR    20 units
  THAN AT A MEXICAN
   PROXIMITY TO
   MARKETS
 PLANT THAT PAYS $25     LABOR COST
  PROXIMITY TO
     PER DAY WITH          PER DAY          COST
  SUPPLIERS
  PRODUCTION OF 20                     =   PER UNIT
                         PRODUCTIVITY
PROXIMITY TO DAY
     UNITS PER
COMPETITORS
                        (UNITS PER DAY)
                                                   13
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY

  EXCHANGE RATES &     CAN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT
  CURRENCY RISK
                          IMPACT ON COSTS
   COSTS

    POLITICAL RISK,     RATES CHANGE OVER
    VALUES & CULTURE
                               TIME
   PROXIMITY TO
   MARKETS
  PROXIMITY TO
  SUPPLIERS
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS
                                            14
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                         TANGIBLE : EASILY
  EXCHANGE RATES &      MEASURED COSTS SUCH
  CURRENCY RISK                    AS
   COSTS               UTILITIES, LABOR, MATERI
                               ALS, TAXES
    POLITICAL RISK,
    VALUES & CULTURE
                         INTANGIBLE : LESS
   PROXIMITY TO         EASY TO QUANTIFY AND
   MARKETS
                               INCLUDE
  PROXIMITY TO            EDUCATION, PUBLIC
  SUPPLIERS
                       TRANSPORTATION, COMM
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS             UNITY, QUALITY-OF-LIFE
                                              15
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                       •   NATIONAL, STATE,
  EXCHANGE RATES &         LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
  CURRENCY RISK            ATTITUDES TOWARD
   COSTS                   PRIVATE AND
                           INTELLECTUAL
    POLITICAL RISK,        PROPERTY, ZONING,
    VALUES & CULTURE
                           POLLUTION,
   PROXIMITY TO            EMPLOYMENT
   MARKETS
                           STABILITY MAY BE IN
  PROXIMITY TO             FLUX
  SUPPLIERS
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS
                                                 16
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2011

                                    SOURCE: TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
                                     THE GLOBAL COALITION AGAINST CORRUPTION
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                       •   WORKER     ATTITUDES
  EXCHANGE RATES &         TOWARDS
  CURRENCY RISK            TURNOVER, UNIONS, AB
   COSTS                   SENTEEISM

    POLITICAL RISK,
    VALUES & CULTURE
                       •   GLOBALLY     CULTURES
                           HAVE        DIFFERENT
   PROXIMITY TO            ATTITUDES    TOWARDS
   MARKETS
                           PUNCTUALITY, LEGAL, A
  PROXIMITY TO             ND ETHICAL ISSUES
  SUPPLIERS
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS
                                               18
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                        VERY IMPORTANT TO
  EXCHANGE RATES &           SERVICES
  CURRENCY RISK

   COSTS
                        JIT SYSTEMS OR HIGH
    POLITICAL RISK,
    VALUES & CULTURE   TRANSPORTATION COSTS
   PROXIMITY TO        MAY MAKE IT IMPORTANT
   MARKETS
                        TO MANUFACTURERS
  PROXIMITY TO
  SUPPLIERS
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS
                                              19
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                        PERISHABLE GOODS,
  EXCHANGE RATES &     HIGH TRANSPORTATION
  CURRENCY RISK
                       COSTS, BULKY PRODUCTS
   COSTS

    POLITICAL RISK,
    VALUES & CULTURE
   PROXIMITY TO
   MARKETS
  PROXIMITY TO
  SUPPLIERS
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS
                                             20
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
                        CALLED CLUSTERING
  EXCHANGE RATES &
  CURRENCY RISK         OFTEN    DRIVEN  BY
   COSTS                 RESOURCES    SUCH      AS
   POLITICAL             NATURAL
   RISK, VALUES &
   CULTURE               RESOURCES, INFORMATIO
   PROXIMITY TO
   MARKETS               N, CAPITAL, TALENT

  PROXIMITY TO          FOUND       IN       BOTH
  SUPPLIERS
                         MANUFACTURING        AND
PROXIMITY TO
COMPETITORS              SERVICE INDUSTRIES
                                                 21
INDUSTRY       LOCATIONS         REASON FOR
                                   CLUSTERING
              NAPA VALLEY (US) NATURAL RESOURCES
WINE MAKING   BORDEAUX REGION OF LAND AND CLIMATE
              (FRANCE)
                                TALENT RESOURCES OF
SOFTWARE      SILICON VALLEY, BRIGHT GRADUATES IN
FIRMS         BOSTON,           SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL
              BANGALORE (INDIA) AREAS, VENTURE
                               CAPITALISTS NEARBY
RACE CAR      HUNTINGTON/NOR CRITICAL MASS OF
              TH HAMPTON       TALENT AND
BUILDERS
              REGION (ENGLAND) INFORMATION

                                                    22
INDUSTRY        LOCATIONS          REASON FOR
                                     CLUSTERING
THEME PARKS                       A HOT SPOT FOR
(DISNEY WORLD, ORLANDO, FLORIDA   ENTERTAINMENT, WARM
UNIVERSAL                         WEATHER, TOURISTS,
STUDIOS)                        AND INEXPENSIVE LABOR
ELECTRONICS    NORTHERN MEXICO  NAFTA, DUTY FREE
FIRMS                           EXPORT TO US
                                HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL
                                PENETRATION RATE AND
COMPUTER
                                PER CAPITA GDP,
HARDWARE      SINGAPORE, TAIWAN SKILLED/EDUCATED
MANUFACTURERS
                                WORKFORCE WITH LARGE
                                POOL OF ENGINEERS
                                                        23
FACTOR-RATING METHOD

LOCATIONAL
BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS


CENTER-OF-GRAVITY METHOD


TRANSPORTATION MODEL

                           24
POPULAR BECAUSE A WIDE VARIETY OF FACTORS CAN
BE INCLUDED (FROM EDUCATION, TO EDUCATION TO
LABOR SKILLS) IN THE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE:
     FIVE FLAGS OVER FLORIDA, A U.S. CHAIN OF 10
FAMILY-ORIENTED THEME PARKS, HAS DECIDED TO
EXPAND OVERSEAS BY OPENING ITS FIRST THEME
PARK IN EUROPE. IT WISHES TO SELECT BETWEEN
FRANCE & DENMARK.
                                                   25
KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100)      WEIGHTED SCORES
   FACTORS           FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE                  DENMARK
LABOR
AVAILABILITY    0.25   70       60      (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0
AND ATTITUDE
PEOPLE-TO-      0.05   50       60      (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0
CAR RATIO
PER CAPITAL      0.1   85       80      (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0
INCOME
TAX             0.39   75       70      (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3
STRUCTURE
EDUCATION       0.21   60       70      (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7
AND HEALTH
                   1                          70.4               68

1ST: DEVELOP       A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED KEY
SUCCESS FACTORS                                                        26
KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100)      WEIGHTED SCORES
   FACTORS           FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE                  DENMARK
LABOR
AVAILABILITY    0.25   70       60      (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0
AND ATTITUDE
PEOPLE-TO-      0.05   50       60      (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0
CAR RATIO
PER CAPITAL      0.1   85       80      (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0
INCOME
TAX             0.39   75       70      (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3
STRUCTURE
EDUCATION       0.21   60       70      (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7
AND HEALTH
                   1                          70.4               68

1ST: :DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS
2ND ASSIGN A WEIGHT TO EACH FACTOR                         CALLED KEY
SUCCESS FACTORS                                                         27
KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100)      WEIGHTED SCORES
   FACTORS           FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE                  DENMARK
LABOR
AVAILABILITY    0.25   70       60      (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0
AND ATTITUDE
PEOPLE-TO-      0.05   50       60      (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0
CAR RATIO
PER CAPITAL      0.1   85       80      (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0
INCOME
TAX             0.39   75       70      (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3
STRUCTURE
EDUCATION       0.21   60       70      (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7
AND HEALTH
                   1                          70.4               68

1ST: : DEVELOP A SCALE FOR EACH FACTOR
3RD DEVELOP LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS                       CALLED KEY
SUCCESS FACTORS                                                        28
KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100)      WEIGHTED SCORES
   FACTORS           FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE                  DENMARK
LABOR
AVAILABILITY    0.25   70       60      (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0
AND ATTITUDE
PEOPLE-TO-      0.05   50       60      (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0
CAR RATIO
PER CAPITAL      0.1   85       80      (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0
INCOME
TAX             0.39   75       70      (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3
STRUCTURE
EDUCATION
AND HEALTH      0.21   60       70      (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7
                   1                          70.4               68

1ST: :DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED
4TH SCORE EACH LOCATION FOR EACH FACTOR                               KEY
SUCCESS FACTORS                                                        29
KEY SUCCESS
   FACTORS   WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100)      WEIGHTED SCORES
                     FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE                  DENMARK
LABOR
AVAILABILITY    0.25   70       60      (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0
AND ATTITUDE
PEOPLE-TO-      0.05   50       60      (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0
CAR RATIO
PER CAPITAL      0.1   85       80      (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0
INCOME
TAX             0.39   75       70      (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3
STRUCTURE
EDUCATION
AND HEALTH      0.21   60       70      (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7
                   1                          70.4               68

1ST: : DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANTFOR EACH FACTOR FOR
5TH MULTIPLY SCORE BY WEIGHTS FACTORS CALLED KEY
EACH LOCATION
SUCCESS FACTORS                                                         30
KEY SUCCESS
   FACTORS   WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100)      WEIGHTED SCORES
                     FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE                  DENMARK
LABOR
AVAILABILITY    0.25   70       60      (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0
AND ATTITUDE
PEOPLE-TO-      0.05   50       60      (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0
CAR RATIO
PER CAPITAL      0.1   85       80      (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0
INCOME
TAX             0.39   75       70      (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3
STRUCTURE
EDUCATION
AND HEALTH      0.21   60       70      (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7
                   1                          70.4               68

1ST: :DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED KEY
6TH RECOMMEND THE LOCATION WITH THE HIGHEST POINT
SCORE
SUCCESS FACTORS                                                         31
METHOD   OF COST-VOLUME ANALYSIS TO MAKE AN
ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF LOCATION ALTERNATIVES


EXAMPLE:
    JOHN KROS, OWNER OF CAROLINA IGNITIONS
MANUFACTURING NEEDS TO EXPAND HIS CAPACITY.
HE IS CONSIDERING THREE LOCATIONS—AKRON,
BOWLING & CHICAGO—FOR A NEW PLANT. THE
COMPANY WISHES TO FIND THE MOST ECONOMICAL
LOCATION FOR AN EXPECTED VOLUME OF 2,000
UNITS PER YEAR

                                               32
AKRON BOWLING GREEN CHICAGO
FIXED COST    30,000   60,000     110,000
VARIABLE COST   75        45         25
SELLING PRICE  120       120        120

TOTAL COST = FIXED COST + (VARIABLE COST X VOLUME)
AKRON             30,000 + (75*2000)    = 180,000
BOWLING GREEN     60,000 + (45*2000)    = 150,000
CHICAGO           110,000 + (25*2000)   = 160,000
1ST: DETERMINE   FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTS FOR
EACH LOCATION
                                                 33
–
                           $180,000 –
                                      –
                           $160,000 –
                           $150,000 –
                                      –
                           $130,000 –
             ANNUAL COST




                                      –
                           $110,000 –
                                      –
                                      –
                            $80,000 –
                                      –
                            $60,000 –
                                      –
                                      –
                            $30,000 –
                                      –
                            $10,000 –
                                    |      |      |       |            |     |       |
                                      –
                                   0      500   1,000   1,500     2,000    2,500   3,000
FIGURE 8.2
                                                              VOLUME

2ND: PLOT THE COST FOR EACH LOCATION
–
                           $180,000 –
                                      –
                           $160,000 –
                           $150,000 –
                                      –
                           $130,000 –
             ANNUAL COST




                                      –
                           $110,000 –
                                      –
                                      –
                            $80,000 –
                                      –
                            $60,000 –
                                      –
                                      –
                                          AKRON                                        CHICAGO
                            $30,000 –                      BOWLING GREEN
                                          LOWEST                                      LOWEST COST
                                      –                     LOWEST COST
                                           COST
                            $10,000 –
                                    |       |        |       |            |     |          |
                                      –
                                   0       500     1,000   1,500     2,000    2,500     3,000
FIGURE 8.2
                                                                 VOLUME
3RD: SELECT LOCATION WITH LOWEST TOTAL COST
FOR EXPECTED PRODUCTION VOLUME
THE CROSSOVER POINT FOR AKRON & BOWLING GREEN IS:
                     30,000 + 75X = 60,000 + 45X
                              30X = 30,000
                                X = 1,000

THE CROSSOVER POINT FOR BOWLING GREEN & CHICAGO IS:
                     60,000 + 45X = 110,000 + 25X
                              20X = 50,000
                                X = 2,500


                                                      36
FINDS   LOCATION OF DISTRIBUTION CENTER THAT
MINIMIZES DISTRIBUTION COSTS


CONSIDERS:
   LOCATION OF MARKETS
   VOLUME OF GOODS SHIPPED TO THOSE MARKETS
   SHIPPING COST (OR DISTANCE)

                                               37
 PLACE   EXISTING LOCATIONS ON A COORDINATE
  GRID
    GRID ORIGIN AND SCALE IS ARBITRARY
    MAINTAIN RELATIVE DISTANCES

 CALCULATE X   AND   Y   COORDINATES FOR ‘CENTER
  OF GRAVITY’
    ASSUMES COST IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO
      DISTANCE AND VOLUME SHIPPED
∑dixQi
                               i
            x - COORDINATE =       ∑Qi
                                   i

                               ∑diyQi
                               i
            y - COORDINATE =       ∑Qi
                                   i


WHERE   dix = x- COORDINATE OF LOCATION i
        diy = y- COORDINATE OF LOCATION i
        Qi = QUANTITY OF GOODS MOVED TO OR FROM
              LOCATION i
NORTH-SOUTH
                                                NEW YORK (130, 130)
         CHICAGO (30, 120)
 120 –
                                                 PITTSBURGH (90, 110)
  90 –


  60 –


  30 –
                         ATLANTA (60, 40)

     –
     |               |          |           |           |        |
                                                                        EAST-WEST
                  30           60           90        120       150
         ARBITRARY
         ORIGIN
                                                                              FIGURE 8.3
NUMBER OF CONTAINERS
           STORE LOCATION                  SHIPPED PER MONTH

           CHICAGO (30, 120)                     2,000
           PITTSBURGH (90, 110)                  1,000
           NEW YORK (130, 130)                   1,000
           ATLANTA (60, 40)                      2,000

                   (30)(2000) + (90)(1000) + (130)(1000) + (60)(2000)
X-COORDINATE =
                               2000 + 1000 + 1000 + 2000
              = 66.7
                    (120)(2000) + (110)(1000) + (130)(1000) + (40)(2000)
Y-COORDINATE =
                                 2000 + 1000 + 1000 + 2000
              = 93.3
NORTH-SOUTH
                                                NEW YORK (130, 130)
         CHICAGO (30, 120)
 120 –
                                                 PITTSBURGH (90, 110)
  90 –                              +       CENTER OF GRAVITY (66.7, 93.3)

  60 –


  30 –
                         ATLANTA (60, 40)

     –
     |               |          |           |           |        |
                                                                        EAST-WEST
                  30           60           90        120       150
         ARBITRARY
         ORIGIN
                                                                              FIGURE 8.3
   FINDS   AMOUNT TO BE SHIPPED FROM SEVERAL
    POINTS OF SUPPLY TO SEVERAL POINTS OF DEMAND
   SOLUTION WILL MINIMIZE TOTAL PRODUCTION AND
    SHIPPING COSTS
   A   SPECIAL CLASS OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING
    PROBLEMS



                                                   43
Figure 8.4
 PURCHASING POWER OF CUSTOMER-DRAWING AREA
 SERVICE AND IMAGE COMPATIBILITY WITH DEMOGRAPHICS
  OF THE CUSTOMER-DRAWING AREA
 COMPETITION IN THE AREA
 QUALITY OF THE COMPETITION
 UNIQUENESS OF THE FIRM’S AND COMPETITORS’
  LOCATIONS
 PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF FACILITIES AND NEIGHBORING
  BUSINESSES
 OPERATING POLICIES OF THE FIRM
 QUALITY OF MANAGEMENT
                                                  45
SERVICE/RETAIL/PROFESSIONAL        GOODS-PRODUCING LOCATION
           LOCATION
         REVENUE FOCUS                     COST FOCUS
VOLUME/REVENUE                    TANGIBLE COSTS
 DRAWING AREA; PURCHASING          TRANSPORTATION COST OF RAW
 POWER                             MATERIAL
 COMPETITION; ADVERTISING/PRICING SHIPMENT COST OF FINISHED GOODS
                                   ENERGY AND UTILITY COST; LABOR;
PHYSICAL QUALITY                   RAW MATERIAL; TAXES, AND SO ON
 PARKING/ACCESS;
 SECURITY/LIGHTING;
 APPEARANCE/IMAGE                INTANGIBLE AND FUTURE COSTS
COST DETERMINANTS                  ATTITUDE TOWARD UNION
 RENT                              QUALITY OF LIFE
 MANAGEMENT CALIBER                EDUCATION EXPENDITURES BY STATE
 OPERATIONS POLICIES (HOURS,       QUALITY OF STATE AND LOCAL
 WAGE RATES)                       GOVERNMENT                     46
SERVICE/RETAIL/PROFESSIONAL        GOODS-PRODUCING LOCATION
             LOCATION
          REVENUE FOCUS
            TECHNIQUES                        COST FOCUS
                                              TECHNIQUES
VOLUME/REVENUE                    TANGIBLE COSTS
REGRESSION MODELS TO DETERMINE
  DRAWING AREA; PURCHASING          TRANSPORTATION COST OF RAW
  POWER                           T MATERIAL
                                    RANSPORTATION METHOD
IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS
  COMPETITION; ADVERTISING/PRICING SHIPMENT COST OF FINISHED GOODS
FACTOR-RATING METHOD              FACTOR-RATING METHOD ; LABOR;
                                    ENERGY AND UTILITY COST
PRAFFIC COUNTS
THYSICAL QUALITY                    RAW MATERIAL; TAXES, AND SO ON
                                  LOCATIONAL BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
  PARKING/ACCESS;
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DRAWING
  SECURITY/LIGHTING;
  APPEARANCE/IMAGE                CROSSOVER CHARTS
                                  INTANGIBLE AND FUTURE COSTS
AREA
COST DETERMINANTS                   ATTITUDE TOWARD UNION
PURCHASING POWER ANALYSIS OF
  RENT                              QUALITY OF LIFE
  MANAGEMENT CALIBER
AREA                                EDUCATION EXPENDITURES BY STATE
CENTER-OF-GRAVITY METHOD ,
  OPERATIONS POLICIES (HOURS
  WAGE RATES)
                                    QUALITY OF STATE AND LOCAL
                                    GOVERNMENT
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
                                                                 47
SERVICE/RETAIL/PROFESSIONAL    GOODS-PRODUCING LOCATION
             LOCATION
          REVENUE FOCUS
           ASSUMPTIONS                   COST FOCUS
                                        ASSUMPTIONS
VOLUME/REVENUE                TANGIBLE COSTS
LOCATION ISAREA; PURCHASING
 DRAWING A MAJOR DETERMINANT LOCATION IS A MAJOR DETERMINANT
                               TRANSPORTATION COST OF RAW
 POWER
OF REVENUE                         MATERIAL
                                 OF COST
 COMPETITION; ADVERTISING/PRICING SHIPMENT COST OF FINISHED GOODS
HIGH CUSTOMER-CONTACT ISSUES ARE MENERGY AND UTILITY COST; LABOR;
                                   OST MAJOR COSTS CAN BE
PHYSICAL QUALITY                   RAW MATERIAL; TAXES, AND SO ON
CRITICAL                         IDENTIFIED EXPLICITLY FOR EACH SITE
COSTS ARE RELATIVELY CONSTANT FOR
                                  LOW CUSTOMER CONTACT ALLOWS
A GIVEN AREA; THEREFORE, THE
                                  FOCUS ON THE IDENTIFIABLE COSTS
REVENUE FUNCTION IS CRITICAL
                                  INTANGIBLE COSTS CAN BE EVALUATED



                                                                    48
 LOCATION IS A STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT DECISION
  IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
 LA QUINTA      STARTED   WITH     35   INDEPENDENT
  VARIABLES AND WORKED TO REFINE A REGRESSION
  MODEL TO PREDICT PROFITABILITY
 THE FINAL MODEL HAD ONLY FOUR VARIABLES
  •   PRICE OF THE INN                     R2 = .51
                                         51% OF THE
  •   MEDIAN INCOME LEVELS             PROFITABILITY IS
  •   STATE POPULATION PER INN        PREDICTED BY JUST
  •   LOCATION OF NEARBY COLLEGES   THESE FOUR VARIABLES!
REQUIRES NEITHER FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT
      NOR MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS


   HAS VERY BROAD LOCATION OPTIONS

 TRADITIONAL VARIABLES ARE NO LONGER
               RELEVANT

COST AND AVAILABILITY OF LABOR MAY DRIVE
          LOCATION DECISIONS

                                           50
 IMPORTANT TOOL TO HELP IN LOCATION ANALYSIS
 ENABLES MORE COMPLEX DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
 AVAILABLE DATA BASES INCLUDE
      DETAILED CENSUS DATA
      DETAILED MAPS
      UTILITIES
      GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES
      LOCATIONS OF MAJOR SERVICES
53

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Location Strategies

  • 2. CENTRAL HUB CONCEPT  ENABLES SERVICE TO MORE LOCATIONS WITH FEWER AIRCRAFT  ENABLES MATCHING OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHTS WITH PACKAGE LOADS  REDUCES MISHANDLING AND DELAY IN TRANSIT BECAUSE THERE IS TOTAL CONTROL OF PACKAGES FROM PICKUP TO DELIVERY 2
  • 3. THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION  FACTORS THAT AFFECT LOCATION DECISION  METHODS OF EVALUATING LOCATION ALTERNATIVES  SERVICE LOCATION STRATEGY 3
  • 4. • ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DECISIONS A THE OBJECTIVE FIRM MAKES OF LOCATION • INCREASINGLY GLOBAL IN STRATEGY IS NATURE TO MAXIMIZE • SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON FIXED AND VARIABLE THE BENEFIT OF COSTS LOCATION TO • DECISIONS MADE THE FIRM RELATIVELY INFREQUENTLY
  • 5. LOCATION OPTION INCLUDES: EXPANDING AN EXISTING FACILITY INSTEAD OF MOVING MAINTAINING CURRENT SITES WHILE ADDING ANOTHER FACILITY ELSEWHERE, OR CLOSING THE EXISTING FACILITY AND MOVING TO ANOTHER LOCATION
  • 6.  LOCATION DECISIONS BASED ON LOW COST REQUIRE CAREFUL CONSIDERATION  ONCE IN PLACE, LOCATION-RELATED COSTS ARE FIXED IN PLACE AND DIFFICULT TO REDUCE  DETERMINING OPTIMAL FACILITY LOCATION IS A GOOD INVESTMENT 6
  • 7. FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES WHEN STRATEGY IS BASED ON INNOVATION HIGH-QUALITY AND SPECIALIZED INPUTS AN ENVIRONMENT THAT ENCOURAGES INVESTMENT AND LOCAL RIVALRY A SOPHISTICATED LOCAL MARKET LOCAL PRESENCE OF RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES 7
  • 8. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS COUNTRY  POLITICAL RISKS, GOVERNMENT GLOBALIZATION DECISION RULES, ATTITUDES, INCENTIVES  CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC REGION / ISSUES COMMUNITY  LOCATION OF MARKETS DECISION  LABOR TALENT, ATTITUDES, PRODUCTIVITY & COSTS  AVAILABILITY OF SUPPLIES, SITE COMMUNICATIONS, ENERGY DECISION  EXCHANGE RATES AND CURRENCY RISKS 8
  • 9. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS  CORPORATE DESIRES  ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGION GLOBALIZATION  LABOR AVAILABILITY AND COSTS REGION /  COSTS AND AVAILABILITY OF COMMUNITY UTILITIES DECISION  ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS  GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND FISCAL POLICIES  PROXIMITY TO RAW MATERIALS AND CUSTOMERS  LAND/CONSTRUCTION COSTS 9
  • 10. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS COUNTRY  SITE SIZE AND COST GLOBALIZATION DECISION  AIR, RAIL, HIGHWAY, AND REGION / WATERWAY SYSTEMS COMMUNITY  ZONING RESTRICTIONS DECISION  PROXIMITY OF SERVICES/ SUPPLIES NEEDED SITE DECISION  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ISSUES 10
  • 11. THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX 2011-2012 RANKINGS © 2011 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM | www.weforum.org/gcr GCI 2010- GCI 2011-2012 2011 COUNTRY/ECONOMY RANK SCORE RANK CHANGE SWITZERLAND 1 5.74 1 0 SINGAPORE 2 5.63 3 1 UNITED STATES 5 5.43 4 -1 JAPAN 9 5.40 6 -3 UNITED KINGDOM 10 5.39 12 2 AUSTRALIA 20 5.11 16 -4 MALAYSIA 21 5.08 26 5 THAILAND 39 4.52 38 -1 VIETNAM 65 4.24 59 -6 PHILIPPINES 75 4.08 85 10 CHAD 142 2.87 139 -3
  • 12. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY WAGE RATES ARE NOT EXCHANGE RATES & THE ONLY COST CURRENCY RISK COSTS LOWER PRODUCTIVITY POLITICAL MAY INCREASE TOTAL RISK, VALUES & CULTURE COST PROXIMITY TO MARKETS LABOR COST PROXIMITY TO PER DAY COST SUPPLIERS = PER UNIT PRODUCTIVITY PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS (UNITS PER DAY) 12
  • 13. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY CONNECTICUT EXCHANGE RATES & $70 = $1.17 PER UNIT CURRENCY RISK : EXAMPLE IF QUALITY COILS PAYS 60 UNITS $70 PER 60 UNITS COSTS PRODUCED PER DAY IN Juarez $25 CONNECTICUTISK,WILL POLITICAL R , IT VALUES & CULTURE = $1.25 PER UNIT SPEND LESS ON LABOR 20 units THAN AT A MEXICAN PROXIMITY TO MARKETS PLANT THAT PAYS $25 LABOR COST PROXIMITY TO PER DAY WITH PER DAY COST SUPPLIERS PRODUCTION OF 20 = PER UNIT PRODUCTIVITY PROXIMITY TO DAY UNITS PER COMPETITORS (UNITS PER DAY) 13
  • 14. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY EXCHANGE RATES & CAN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT CURRENCY RISK IMPACT ON COSTS COSTS POLITICAL RISK, RATES CHANGE OVER VALUES & CULTURE TIME PROXIMITY TO MARKETS PROXIMITY TO SUPPLIERS PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS 14
  • 15. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY TANGIBLE : EASILY EXCHANGE RATES & MEASURED COSTS SUCH CURRENCY RISK AS COSTS UTILITIES, LABOR, MATERI ALS, TAXES POLITICAL RISK, VALUES & CULTURE INTANGIBLE : LESS PROXIMITY TO EASY TO QUANTIFY AND MARKETS INCLUDE PROXIMITY TO EDUCATION, PUBLIC SUPPLIERS TRANSPORTATION, COMM PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS UNITY, QUALITY-OF-LIFE 15
  • 16. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY • NATIONAL, STATE, EXCHANGE RATES & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS CURRENCY RISK ATTITUDES TOWARD COSTS PRIVATE AND INTELLECTUAL POLITICAL RISK, PROPERTY, ZONING, VALUES & CULTURE POLLUTION, PROXIMITY TO EMPLOYMENT MARKETS STABILITY MAY BE IN PROXIMITY TO FLUX SUPPLIERS PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS 16
  • 17. CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2011 SOURCE: TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL THE GLOBAL COALITION AGAINST CORRUPTION
  • 18. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY • WORKER ATTITUDES EXCHANGE RATES & TOWARDS CURRENCY RISK TURNOVER, UNIONS, AB COSTS SENTEEISM POLITICAL RISK, VALUES & CULTURE • GLOBALLY CULTURES HAVE DIFFERENT PROXIMITY TO ATTITUDES TOWARDS MARKETS PUNCTUALITY, LEGAL, A PROXIMITY TO ND ETHICAL ISSUES SUPPLIERS PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS 18
  • 19. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY VERY IMPORTANT TO EXCHANGE RATES & SERVICES CURRENCY RISK COSTS JIT SYSTEMS OR HIGH POLITICAL RISK, VALUES & CULTURE TRANSPORTATION COSTS PROXIMITY TO MAY MAKE IT IMPORTANT MARKETS TO MANUFACTURERS PROXIMITY TO SUPPLIERS PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS 19
  • 20. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PERISHABLE GOODS, EXCHANGE RATES & HIGH TRANSPORTATION CURRENCY RISK COSTS, BULKY PRODUCTS COSTS POLITICAL RISK, VALUES & CULTURE PROXIMITY TO MARKETS PROXIMITY TO SUPPLIERS PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS 20
  • 21. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY  CALLED CLUSTERING EXCHANGE RATES & CURRENCY RISK  OFTEN DRIVEN BY COSTS RESOURCES SUCH AS POLITICAL NATURAL RISK, VALUES & CULTURE RESOURCES, INFORMATIO PROXIMITY TO MARKETS N, CAPITAL, TALENT PROXIMITY TO  FOUND IN BOTH SUPPLIERS MANUFACTURING AND PROXIMITY TO COMPETITORS SERVICE INDUSTRIES 21
  • 22. INDUSTRY LOCATIONS REASON FOR CLUSTERING NAPA VALLEY (US) NATURAL RESOURCES WINE MAKING BORDEAUX REGION OF LAND AND CLIMATE (FRANCE) TALENT RESOURCES OF SOFTWARE SILICON VALLEY, BRIGHT GRADUATES IN FIRMS BOSTON, SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL BANGALORE (INDIA) AREAS, VENTURE CAPITALISTS NEARBY RACE CAR HUNTINGTON/NOR CRITICAL MASS OF TH HAMPTON TALENT AND BUILDERS REGION (ENGLAND) INFORMATION 22
  • 23. INDUSTRY LOCATIONS REASON FOR CLUSTERING THEME PARKS A HOT SPOT FOR (DISNEY WORLD, ORLANDO, FLORIDA ENTERTAINMENT, WARM UNIVERSAL WEATHER, TOURISTS, STUDIOS) AND INEXPENSIVE LABOR ELECTRONICS NORTHERN MEXICO NAFTA, DUTY FREE FIRMS EXPORT TO US HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL PENETRATION RATE AND COMPUTER PER CAPITA GDP, HARDWARE SINGAPORE, TAIWAN SKILLED/EDUCATED MANUFACTURERS WORKFORCE WITH LARGE POOL OF ENGINEERS 23
  • 25. POPULAR BECAUSE A WIDE VARIETY OF FACTORS CAN BE INCLUDED (FROM EDUCATION, TO EDUCATION TO LABOR SKILLS) IN THE ANALYSIS EXAMPLE: FIVE FLAGS OVER FLORIDA, A U.S. CHAIN OF 10 FAMILY-ORIENTED THEME PARKS, HAS DECIDED TO EXPAND OVERSEAS BY OPENING ITS FIRST THEME PARK IN EUROPE. IT WISHES TO SELECT BETWEEN FRANCE & DENMARK. 25
  • 26. KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100) WEIGHTED SCORES FACTORS FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE DENMARK LABOR AVAILABILITY 0.25 70 60 (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0 AND ATTITUDE PEOPLE-TO- 0.05 50 60 (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0 CAR RATIO PER CAPITAL 0.1 85 80 (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0 INCOME TAX 0.39 75 70 (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3 STRUCTURE EDUCATION 0.21 60 70 (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7 AND HEALTH 1 70.4 68 1ST: DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED KEY SUCCESS FACTORS 26
  • 27. KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100) WEIGHTED SCORES FACTORS FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE DENMARK LABOR AVAILABILITY 0.25 70 60 (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0 AND ATTITUDE PEOPLE-TO- 0.05 50 60 (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0 CAR RATIO PER CAPITAL 0.1 85 80 (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0 INCOME TAX 0.39 75 70 (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3 STRUCTURE EDUCATION 0.21 60 70 (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7 AND HEALTH 1 70.4 68 1ST: :DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS 2ND ASSIGN A WEIGHT TO EACH FACTOR CALLED KEY SUCCESS FACTORS 27
  • 28. KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100) WEIGHTED SCORES FACTORS FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE DENMARK LABOR AVAILABILITY 0.25 70 60 (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0 AND ATTITUDE PEOPLE-TO- 0.05 50 60 (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0 CAR RATIO PER CAPITAL 0.1 85 80 (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0 INCOME TAX 0.39 75 70 (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3 STRUCTURE EDUCATION 0.21 60 70 (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7 AND HEALTH 1 70.4 68 1ST: : DEVELOP A SCALE FOR EACH FACTOR 3RD DEVELOP LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED KEY SUCCESS FACTORS 28
  • 29. KEY SUCCESS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100) WEIGHTED SCORES FACTORS FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE DENMARK LABOR AVAILABILITY 0.25 70 60 (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0 AND ATTITUDE PEOPLE-TO- 0.05 50 60 (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0 CAR RATIO PER CAPITAL 0.1 85 80 (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0 INCOME TAX 0.39 75 70 (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3 STRUCTURE EDUCATION AND HEALTH 0.21 60 70 (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7 1 70.4 68 1ST: :DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED 4TH SCORE EACH LOCATION FOR EACH FACTOR KEY SUCCESS FACTORS 29
  • 30. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100) WEIGHTED SCORES FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE DENMARK LABOR AVAILABILITY 0.25 70 60 (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0 AND ATTITUDE PEOPLE-TO- 0.05 50 60 (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0 CAR RATIO PER CAPITAL 0.1 85 80 (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0 INCOME TAX 0.39 75 70 (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3 STRUCTURE EDUCATION AND HEALTH 0.21 60 70 (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7 1 70.4 68 1ST: : DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANTFOR EACH FACTOR FOR 5TH MULTIPLY SCORE BY WEIGHTS FACTORS CALLED KEY EACH LOCATION SUCCESS FACTORS 30
  • 31. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS WEIGHT SCORES (OUT OF 100) WEIGHTED SCORES FRANCE DENMARK FRANCE DENMARK LABOR AVAILABILITY 0.25 70 60 (.25)(70) = 17.5 (.25)(60) = 15.0 AND ATTITUDE PEOPLE-TO- 0.05 50 60 (.05)(50) = 2.5 (.05)(60) = 3.0 CAR RATIO PER CAPITAL 0.1 85 80 (.10)(85) = 8.5 (.10)(80) = 8.0 INCOME TAX 0.39 75 70 (.39)(75) = 29.3 (.39)(70) = 27.3 STRUCTURE EDUCATION AND HEALTH 0.21 60 70 (.21)(60) = 12.6 (.21)(70) = 14.7 1 70.4 68 1ST: :DEVELOP A LIST OF RELEVANT FACTORS CALLED KEY 6TH RECOMMEND THE LOCATION WITH THE HIGHEST POINT SCORE SUCCESS FACTORS 31
  • 32. METHOD OF COST-VOLUME ANALYSIS TO MAKE AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF LOCATION ALTERNATIVES EXAMPLE: JOHN KROS, OWNER OF CAROLINA IGNITIONS MANUFACTURING NEEDS TO EXPAND HIS CAPACITY. HE IS CONSIDERING THREE LOCATIONS—AKRON, BOWLING & CHICAGO—FOR A NEW PLANT. THE COMPANY WISHES TO FIND THE MOST ECONOMICAL LOCATION FOR AN EXPECTED VOLUME OF 2,000 UNITS PER YEAR 32
  • 33. AKRON BOWLING GREEN CHICAGO FIXED COST 30,000 60,000 110,000 VARIABLE COST 75 45 25 SELLING PRICE 120 120 120 TOTAL COST = FIXED COST + (VARIABLE COST X VOLUME) AKRON 30,000 + (75*2000) = 180,000 BOWLING GREEN 60,000 + (45*2000) = 150,000 CHICAGO 110,000 + (25*2000) = 160,000 1ST: DETERMINE FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTS FOR EACH LOCATION 33
  • 34. $180,000 – – $160,000 – $150,000 – – $130,000 – ANNUAL COST – $110,000 – – – $80,000 – – $60,000 – – – $30,000 – – $10,000 – | | | | | | | – 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 FIGURE 8.2 VOLUME 2ND: PLOT THE COST FOR EACH LOCATION
  • 35. $180,000 – – $160,000 – $150,000 – – $130,000 – ANNUAL COST – $110,000 – – – $80,000 – – $60,000 – – – AKRON CHICAGO $30,000 – BOWLING GREEN LOWEST LOWEST COST – LOWEST COST COST $10,000 – | | | | | | | – 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 FIGURE 8.2 VOLUME 3RD: SELECT LOCATION WITH LOWEST TOTAL COST FOR EXPECTED PRODUCTION VOLUME
  • 36. THE CROSSOVER POINT FOR AKRON & BOWLING GREEN IS: 30,000 + 75X = 60,000 + 45X 30X = 30,000 X = 1,000 THE CROSSOVER POINT FOR BOWLING GREEN & CHICAGO IS: 60,000 + 45X = 110,000 + 25X 20X = 50,000 X = 2,500 36
  • 37. FINDS LOCATION OF DISTRIBUTION CENTER THAT MINIMIZES DISTRIBUTION COSTS CONSIDERS:  LOCATION OF MARKETS  VOLUME OF GOODS SHIPPED TO THOSE MARKETS  SHIPPING COST (OR DISTANCE) 37
  • 38.  PLACE EXISTING LOCATIONS ON A COORDINATE GRID  GRID ORIGIN AND SCALE IS ARBITRARY  MAINTAIN RELATIVE DISTANCES  CALCULATE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR ‘CENTER OF GRAVITY’  ASSUMES COST IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO DISTANCE AND VOLUME SHIPPED
  • 39. ∑dixQi i x - COORDINATE = ∑Qi i ∑diyQi i y - COORDINATE = ∑Qi i WHERE dix = x- COORDINATE OF LOCATION i diy = y- COORDINATE OF LOCATION i Qi = QUANTITY OF GOODS MOVED TO OR FROM LOCATION i
  • 40. NORTH-SOUTH NEW YORK (130, 130) CHICAGO (30, 120) 120 – PITTSBURGH (90, 110) 90 – 60 – 30 – ATLANTA (60, 40) – | | | | | | EAST-WEST 30 60 90 120 150 ARBITRARY ORIGIN FIGURE 8.3
  • 41. NUMBER OF CONTAINERS STORE LOCATION SHIPPED PER MONTH CHICAGO (30, 120) 2,000 PITTSBURGH (90, 110) 1,000 NEW YORK (130, 130) 1,000 ATLANTA (60, 40) 2,000 (30)(2000) + (90)(1000) + (130)(1000) + (60)(2000) X-COORDINATE = 2000 + 1000 + 1000 + 2000 = 66.7 (120)(2000) + (110)(1000) + (130)(1000) + (40)(2000) Y-COORDINATE = 2000 + 1000 + 1000 + 2000 = 93.3
  • 42. NORTH-SOUTH NEW YORK (130, 130) CHICAGO (30, 120) 120 – PITTSBURGH (90, 110) 90 – + CENTER OF GRAVITY (66.7, 93.3) 60 – 30 – ATLANTA (60, 40) – | | | | | | EAST-WEST 30 60 90 120 150 ARBITRARY ORIGIN FIGURE 8.3
  • 43. FINDS AMOUNT TO BE SHIPPED FROM SEVERAL POINTS OF SUPPLY TO SEVERAL POINTS OF DEMAND  SOLUTION WILL MINIMIZE TOTAL PRODUCTION AND SHIPPING COSTS  A SPECIAL CLASS OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS 43
  • 45.  PURCHASING POWER OF CUSTOMER-DRAWING AREA  SERVICE AND IMAGE COMPATIBILITY WITH DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE CUSTOMER-DRAWING AREA  COMPETITION IN THE AREA  QUALITY OF THE COMPETITION  UNIQUENESS OF THE FIRM’S AND COMPETITORS’ LOCATIONS  PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF FACILITIES AND NEIGHBORING BUSINESSES  OPERATING POLICIES OF THE FIRM  QUALITY OF MANAGEMENT 45
  • 46. SERVICE/RETAIL/PROFESSIONAL GOODS-PRODUCING LOCATION LOCATION REVENUE FOCUS COST FOCUS VOLUME/REVENUE TANGIBLE COSTS DRAWING AREA; PURCHASING TRANSPORTATION COST OF RAW POWER MATERIAL COMPETITION; ADVERTISING/PRICING SHIPMENT COST OF FINISHED GOODS ENERGY AND UTILITY COST; LABOR; PHYSICAL QUALITY RAW MATERIAL; TAXES, AND SO ON PARKING/ACCESS; SECURITY/LIGHTING; APPEARANCE/IMAGE INTANGIBLE AND FUTURE COSTS COST DETERMINANTS ATTITUDE TOWARD UNION RENT QUALITY OF LIFE MANAGEMENT CALIBER EDUCATION EXPENDITURES BY STATE OPERATIONS POLICIES (HOURS, QUALITY OF STATE AND LOCAL WAGE RATES) GOVERNMENT 46
  • 47. SERVICE/RETAIL/PROFESSIONAL GOODS-PRODUCING LOCATION LOCATION REVENUE FOCUS TECHNIQUES COST FOCUS TECHNIQUES VOLUME/REVENUE TANGIBLE COSTS REGRESSION MODELS TO DETERMINE DRAWING AREA; PURCHASING TRANSPORTATION COST OF RAW POWER T MATERIAL RANSPORTATION METHOD IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS COMPETITION; ADVERTISING/PRICING SHIPMENT COST OF FINISHED GOODS FACTOR-RATING METHOD FACTOR-RATING METHOD ; LABOR; ENERGY AND UTILITY COST PRAFFIC COUNTS THYSICAL QUALITY RAW MATERIAL; TAXES, AND SO ON LOCATIONAL BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS PARKING/ACCESS; DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DRAWING SECURITY/LIGHTING; APPEARANCE/IMAGE CROSSOVER CHARTS INTANGIBLE AND FUTURE COSTS AREA COST DETERMINANTS ATTITUDE TOWARD UNION PURCHASING POWER ANALYSIS OF RENT QUALITY OF LIFE MANAGEMENT CALIBER AREA EDUCATION EXPENDITURES BY STATE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY METHOD , OPERATIONS POLICIES (HOURS WAGE RATES) QUALITY OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 47
  • 48. SERVICE/RETAIL/PROFESSIONAL GOODS-PRODUCING LOCATION LOCATION REVENUE FOCUS ASSUMPTIONS COST FOCUS ASSUMPTIONS VOLUME/REVENUE TANGIBLE COSTS LOCATION ISAREA; PURCHASING DRAWING A MAJOR DETERMINANT LOCATION IS A MAJOR DETERMINANT TRANSPORTATION COST OF RAW POWER OF REVENUE MATERIAL OF COST COMPETITION; ADVERTISING/PRICING SHIPMENT COST OF FINISHED GOODS HIGH CUSTOMER-CONTACT ISSUES ARE MENERGY AND UTILITY COST; LABOR; OST MAJOR COSTS CAN BE PHYSICAL QUALITY RAW MATERIAL; TAXES, AND SO ON CRITICAL IDENTIFIED EXPLICITLY FOR EACH SITE COSTS ARE RELATIVELY CONSTANT FOR LOW CUSTOMER CONTACT ALLOWS A GIVEN AREA; THEREFORE, THE FOCUS ON THE IDENTIFIABLE COSTS REVENUE FUNCTION IS CRITICAL INTANGIBLE COSTS CAN BE EVALUATED 48
  • 49.  LOCATION IS A STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT DECISION IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY  LA QUINTA STARTED WITH 35 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND WORKED TO REFINE A REGRESSION MODEL TO PREDICT PROFITABILITY  THE FINAL MODEL HAD ONLY FOUR VARIABLES • PRICE OF THE INN R2 = .51 51% OF THE • MEDIAN INCOME LEVELS PROFITABILITY IS • STATE POPULATION PER INN PREDICTED BY JUST • LOCATION OF NEARBY COLLEGES THESE FOUR VARIABLES!
  • 50. REQUIRES NEITHER FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT NOR MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS HAS VERY BROAD LOCATION OPTIONS TRADITIONAL VARIABLES ARE NO LONGER RELEVANT COST AND AVAILABILITY OF LABOR MAY DRIVE LOCATION DECISIONS 50
  • 51.  IMPORTANT TOOL TO HELP IN LOCATION ANALYSIS  ENABLES MORE COMPLEX DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS  AVAILABLE DATA BASES INCLUDE  DETAILED CENSUS DATA  DETAILED MAPS  UTILITIES  GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES  LOCATIONS OF MAJOR SERVICES
  • 52.
  • 53. 53