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Nature v. Nurture 
Genetic Influences on Behavior
The Nature Argument 
(is sometimes compelling) 
This guy will never be…. This guy!!! 
Why does Brad Pitt look the way he does?
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
Genes: Their Location and 
Composition 
In the nucleus of every cell we have 46 chromosomes……
Chromosome Breakdown 
Chromosomes DNA 
Genes Nucleotides
Evolutionary psychology 
The science that seeks to explain why 
humans act the way they do 
Focused on how evolution has shaped 
the mind and behavior. 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJdc9zGYVjU
Evolutionary Psychology: 
Explaining Universal Behaviors 
Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that 
our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the 
problem-solving mechanisms they created to meet those 
particular challenges. 
From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the 
science then attempts to establish the common roots of our 
ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots 
are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of 
the planet. 
The goal is to understand human behavior that is universally 
aimed at the passing of one's genes into the next 
generation.
Natural Selection at Work 
•1959 Russian Fox story 
•40 Males, 100 Females- mated-then 
kept only tamest of bunch. 
•Mated the tames. 
•40 years later--new breed of 
fox 
•As a result of selective 
breeding, the new foxes 
became tamer and more dog-like.
Evolutionary Psychology at Work 
•If we wanted to create a whole population of brainy 
teachers, we could take some brainy teachers & have them 
mate 
•Then have the brainiest offspring mate amongst each 
other, and for countless generations keep doing the same 
thing. 
•After 200 years, what would the population be like or what 
are the chances that the 40th generation of offspring be 
brainy.
Look at our Behaviors… 
Can you answer these questions using 
evolutionary psychology? 
• Why do infants fear strangers when they 
become mobile? 
• Why are most parents devoted to their 
children? 
• Why do we divide people into categories? 
• Why do we have more phobias about spiders 
and snakes than electricity and nuclear 
weapons? 
Now, the big one?
How and why do men and women 
differ sexually?
Of course, there are other 
differences….
Sexuality and the Evolutionary 
Psychologist 
• Casual sex is more 
accepted by men. 
• When average men 
and women randomly 
ask strangers for 
sex tonight, 75% of 
men agreed, almost 
no women agreed. 
WHY?
Sperm is Cheap 
Eggs are not
What do men and women want? 
(According to Evolutionary 
Psychology) 
Men want: 
•Healthy 
•Young 
•Waist 1/3 
narrower than 
hips. 
Women want: 
•Wealth 
•Power 
•Security
Can this change? 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB7ClUNL3Ak
Behavior Genetics 
The study of the power and 
limitations of genes on who 
we are.
Twin Studies
What are the 
different 
types of 
twins?
Twin Studies: The results 
• To summarize the countless amount of 
studies: twins (especially identical), whether 
or not they are raised in the same 
environment are very much alike in many ways.
Temperament Studies 
• A person’s 
characteristic 
emotional 
reactivity and 
intensity. 
• They remain 
relatively stable 
over time.
Heritability 
• The proportion of variation among individuals 
that we can attribute to genes. 
• It is a mathematical formula.
Nature v. Nurture 
What do you think so far? 
Does Nature and Nurture interact 
and grow off of each other? 
Lets find out soon by examining Nurture in detail….
Nurture 
Environmental Influences on Behavior
Types of Environmental Influences 
Parents Prenatal Experience 
Peer Influence Culture Gender
How Much Credit ( or Blame ) 
Do Parents Deserve? 
Are children clay 
to be molded by 
their parents? 
•You and your siblings grow 
up in the same environment, 
are you all the same? 
•Parents effect your belief 
systems and values much 
more than your personality. 
•Parents take too much 
credit for success and too 
much blame for failures. 
•Extreme environmentalism 
can be VERY dangerous, 
why?
Lets look at perhaps our first environmental influence…. 
Prenatal Environment
Two Placental Arrangements in 
Identical Twins
Brain cells is an impoverished environment.
Brain cells in an enriched environment.
What does this mean for humans? 
• If children from impoverished 
environments given stimulating infant 
care, they score better on intelligence 
tests by age 12 than counterparts. 
Use it or lose it
A Trained Brain 
A well-learned finger-tapping task activates more 
motor cortex neurons (right) than were active in the 
same brain before training (left)
Peer Influence 
•“Selection effect” we 
seek out people with 
similar interests- that 
may explain why we 
seem to conform to our 
peers.
Culture 
• Behaviors, 
attitudes, 
traditions etc… 
of a large group 
that have been 
passed down 
from one 
generation to 
the next.
Cultural Variations 
• To understand how cultures effect who 
we are it is important to recognize our 
cultural norms: an understood rule for 
acceptable behavior. 
• Individual v. Collectivistic Cultures 
•Why is it so hard to identify our own cultural norms?
Variations over Time 
• Different generations of the same 
culture may also have differing 
norms.
Memes 
• Self-replicating ideas, fashions 
or innovations passed from 
person to person.
Gender 
• We already know the 
nature differences. 
• XX v XY 
• But that focuses on 
SEX: 
• We are going to 
discuss GENDER: 
What is the 
difference?
Gender Roles 
• A set of 
expected 
behaviors for 
males and 
females 
• List some of your 
gender roles. 
What gender role is she breaking?
Changing Attitudes about Gender Roles
Gender Identity 
• Our own sense of 
male or female. 
• Personalized to us 
• We realize our 
gender identity 
through gender-typing: 
acquiring 
our gender 
identity.
Two Theories of Gender-typing
Social Learning Theory 
Lets use Sammy as an example.
Social Learning Theory 
Sammy’s dad 
plays Baseball. 
Sammy imitates 
his behavior. 
Dad rewards 
Sammy. 
Sammy’s Mom 
puts on makeup. 
Sammy copies her. 
Dad punishes 
Sammy.
Gender Schema Theory 
• Schema: a concept or framework of 
how we organize information. 
• Develop schemas for gender. 
• See the world through the lens of 
your gender schemas. 
Boy’s don’t do this, 
that’s for girls. 
Yeah, that’s cool!!!! 
I want to do that.
• Which concept (nature or nurture) do you 
agree with and why?

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Ap psychology nature_vs_nurture

  • 1. Nature v. Nurture Genetic Influences on Behavior
  • 2. The Nature Argument (is sometimes compelling) This guy will never be…. This guy!!! Why does Brad Pitt look the way he does?
  • 4. Genes: Their Location and Composition In the nucleus of every cell we have 46 chromosomes……
  • 5. Chromosome Breakdown Chromosomes DNA Genes Nucleotides
  • 6. Evolutionary psychology The science that seeks to explain why humans act the way they do Focused on how evolution has shaped the mind and behavior. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJdc9zGYVjU
  • 7. Evolutionary Psychology: Explaining Universal Behaviors Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the problem-solving mechanisms they created to meet those particular challenges. From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the science then attempts to establish the common roots of our ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of the planet. The goal is to understand human behavior that is universally aimed at the passing of one's genes into the next generation.
  • 8. Natural Selection at Work •1959 Russian Fox story •40 Males, 100 Females- mated-then kept only tamest of bunch. •Mated the tames. •40 years later--new breed of fox •As a result of selective breeding, the new foxes became tamer and more dog-like.
  • 9. Evolutionary Psychology at Work •If we wanted to create a whole population of brainy teachers, we could take some brainy teachers & have them mate •Then have the brainiest offspring mate amongst each other, and for countless generations keep doing the same thing. •After 200 years, what would the population be like or what are the chances that the 40th generation of offspring be brainy.
  • 10. Look at our Behaviors… Can you answer these questions using evolutionary psychology? • Why do infants fear strangers when they become mobile? • Why are most parents devoted to their children? • Why do we divide people into categories? • Why do we have more phobias about spiders and snakes than electricity and nuclear weapons? Now, the big one?
  • 11. How and why do men and women differ sexually?
  • 12. Of course, there are other differences….
  • 13. Sexuality and the Evolutionary Psychologist • Casual sex is more accepted by men. • When average men and women randomly ask strangers for sex tonight, 75% of men agreed, almost no women agreed. WHY?
  • 14. Sperm is Cheap Eggs are not
  • 15. What do men and women want? (According to Evolutionary Psychology) Men want: •Healthy •Young •Waist 1/3 narrower than hips. Women want: •Wealth •Power •Security
  • 16. Can this change? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB7ClUNL3Ak
  • 17. Behavior Genetics The study of the power and limitations of genes on who we are.
  • 19. What are the different types of twins?
  • 20. Twin Studies: The results • To summarize the countless amount of studies: twins (especially identical), whether or not they are raised in the same environment are very much alike in many ways.
  • 21. Temperament Studies • A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. • They remain relatively stable over time.
  • 22. Heritability • The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. • It is a mathematical formula.
  • 23. Nature v. Nurture What do you think so far? Does Nature and Nurture interact and grow off of each other? Lets find out soon by examining Nurture in detail….
  • 25. Types of Environmental Influences Parents Prenatal Experience Peer Influence Culture Gender
  • 26. How Much Credit ( or Blame ) Do Parents Deserve? Are children clay to be molded by their parents? •You and your siblings grow up in the same environment, are you all the same? •Parents effect your belief systems and values much more than your personality. •Parents take too much credit for success and too much blame for failures. •Extreme environmentalism can be VERY dangerous, why?
  • 27. Lets look at perhaps our first environmental influence…. Prenatal Environment
  • 28. Two Placental Arrangements in Identical Twins
  • 29. Brain cells is an impoverished environment.
  • 30. Brain cells in an enriched environment.
  • 31. What does this mean for humans? • If children from impoverished environments given stimulating infant care, they score better on intelligence tests by age 12 than counterparts. Use it or lose it
  • 32. A Trained Brain A well-learned finger-tapping task activates more motor cortex neurons (right) than were active in the same brain before training (left)
  • 33. Peer Influence •“Selection effect” we seek out people with similar interests- that may explain why we seem to conform to our peers.
  • 34. Culture • Behaviors, attitudes, traditions etc… of a large group that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
  • 35. Cultural Variations • To understand how cultures effect who we are it is important to recognize our cultural norms: an understood rule for acceptable behavior. • Individual v. Collectivistic Cultures •Why is it so hard to identify our own cultural norms?
  • 36. Variations over Time • Different generations of the same culture may also have differing norms.
  • 37. Memes • Self-replicating ideas, fashions or innovations passed from person to person.
  • 38. Gender • We already know the nature differences. • XX v XY • But that focuses on SEX: • We are going to discuss GENDER: What is the difference?
  • 39. Gender Roles • A set of expected behaviors for males and females • List some of your gender roles. What gender role is she breaking?
  • 40. Changing Attitudes about Gender Roles
  • 41. Gender Identity • Our own sense of male or female. • Personalized to us • We realize our gender identity through gender-typing: acquiring our gender identity.
  • 42. Two Theories of Gender-typing
  • 43. Social Learning Theory Lets use Sammy as an example.
  • 44. Social Learning Theory Sammy’s dad plays Baseball. Sammy imitates his behavior. Dad rewards Sammy. Sammy’s Mom puts on makeup. Sammy copies her. Dad punishes Sammy.
  • 45. Gender Schema Theory • Schema: a concept or framework of how we organize information. • Develop schemas for gender. • See the world through the lens of your gender schemas. Boy’s don’t do this, that’s for girls. Yeah, that’s cool!!!! I want to do that.
  • 46. • Which concept (nature or nurture) do you agree with and why?