Ch.13 ren. ap

Ch. 13:The Age of the Renaissance(1350-1550)

Overview: RENAISSANCE: Meaning “rebirth” Saw the rebirth of two ideals The belief that man should be free to develop his abilities and interests. The belief that man should seek the fullest enjoyment of life. LIVING was important! Various views of this historical period: Some see it as a continuation of the Middle Ages. Some see it as a break from the past and the beginning of modern times. Some see it as a transition as the medieval period gave rise to the basic institutions of Europe, its laws, its languages.

The elite culture that developed during the quattrocentro(Italian for 15th century) in the city states of the Italian peninsula, though, not only borrowed from the ancient cultures (Rome & Greece, but also expressed a new concept of mankind: HUMANISM. Why did it start in Italy? Her wealth from trade! Map of Renaissance Italy, ca. 1560

Which would least likely be studied in an humanist school? History Philosophy Grammar Rhetoric Theology

city-states: a region of land controlled exclusively by a city. Major Italian City-states: Republic of Genoa Duchy of Milan Rome, the Papal States Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies Venice, Venetian Republic Map, pg. 377

commune: associations of men in Italian cities such as Milan, Florence, Genoa, and Pisa who sought political and economic independence from local nobles; members of communes wanted self-government Self-portrait, Domenico Ghirlandaio

popolo: disenfranchised people in Italian communes who resented their exclusion from power. signori: government by despot, one man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; handed down the right to rule to his son. Major patrons of art. ,[object Object],Magnificent households & palaces where signori & other rulers lived conducted business, & supported the arts, Signori’s transformed their household into a “court.” Oligarchies: governments by the merchant aristocracy in Italian cities, such as Venice and Florence

“The School of Europe” ITALY! From Italy came scientific, educational, political, and artistic advances. Instructed rest of Europe in power politics. Humanism developed. Petrarch proposed a new king of education to recapture the glory of the Roman Republic in which young men would study ancient Roman & Greek classics

…New Concepts Emerged! Humanism: term first used by Florentine rhetoretician Leonard Bruni as a general word for the new learning of the critical study of Latin and Greek literature, with the goal of realized human potential ,[object Object],Quality esteemed by Ren. Thinkers—not a virtue in the sense of moral goodness but the ability to shape the world around them according to their will & achieve excellence

The Medici Family Giovanni de’ Medici (d. 1429): Founder of the Medici dynasty Uninterested in politics(only interest was banking!) Merchant and banker of Florence. founder of the Medici bank Ignored monetary regulations against lending for interest. This action helped establish the massive Medici fortune 1360 – February 20/28, 1429

The Medici Family Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464): Son of Giovanni Cosimo represented the Medici bank and handled papal finances, becoming the wealthiest man of his time founded the famous Medici Library and an academy for Greek studies Used fortune to fill the void of a national monarchy.

Medici Family Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492): Grandson of Cosimo a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets Ruler of the republic and patron of the arts Genius and supportive of local creativity. He died at the dawn of "The Age of Exploration"; Christopher Columbus would reach the "New World" only six months later.

WRITERS: Humanists who wrote about the human condition. Christian humanism is the position that universal human dignity and individual freedom are essential and principal components of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice. It is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles.

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): -Italian, from Florence -seen as one of the greatest works of world literature!! ,[object Object]

Tells the tale of Dante’s journey through Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradisio, or Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven.

Lead through journey by the Roman poet Virgil.Dante’s journey through Hell.

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Italian poet; wrote in both Latin and Italian (vernacular). Considered to be the first great humanist thinker; first great “modern” writer. Latin scholar known for being one of the first people to refer to the “Dark Ages” “Father of Humanism” Wrote sonnets(14 line poems)-about a woman named, Laura Petrarchan sonnet-verse form that typically refers to a concept of unattainable love

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) Italian author; wrote in the vernacular (Italian). Author of “the Decameron.” Considered “a tale of love in all its forms.” Anti-clerical.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) Florentine author of “The Prince”(1513) How to gain and hold power. “Be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a fox.” Use not what is morally right, but what is politically correct. “The ends justify the means.” “inventor” of political science. Gov’t needs to provide order, Security and safety

Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1499) From Milan and Urbino. Author of The Book of Courtier(1528) A manual for the manners and habits of a “modern gentleman.” Gentleman: must be well dressed, skilled in sports and arms, a musician and conversationalist, a reader of the classics, who is lighthearted and considerate. Synopsis: prosperity breeds civility.

Laura Cereta (1469-1499) One of the first female humanist authors. Feminist: fought the oppression of women. Suffered insomnia, was the basis of many of her famous letters.

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) Author of The Praise of Folly(1509) and Handbook of a Christian Knight. Dutch scholar/humanist Most famous for “Adagio:” Poked fun at Church. Was an enemy of Martin Luther, ally of Thomas More. Wanted reform within the Catholic Church. **He advocated the importance of simplicity & education in religion!

Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) From England. Author of Utopia(1516). In Greek, utopia means “no place; but in English in has come to mean the “ideal place.” Good friend of Erasmus Opposed Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church. Was chancellor of England. Beheaded for his principles Do we have people today willing to die for their principles????

Francois Rabelais (1490-1553) French author; secular priest. Creator of the giants Gargantua and Pantagruel. Attacked failings of the Catholic Church.

Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) Author of the Canterbury Tales: Narrations of various pilgrims who voyaged to the shrine of Thomas Becket “Father of English Literature” Stained glass mural of St.Thomas Becket, Canterbury Cathedral.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Considered the greatest playwright/author in history. Wrote comedies/tragedies. Wrote in Ren. England Contributed with creating iambic pentameter(term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line)and the Elizabethan (“Shakespearean”) sonnet(poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme) Built/performed in the Globe Theater. Globe Theater, London, England

Johann Gutenberg (1398-1468) 1455- German city of Mainz, Gutenberg invented the printing press with moveable type. Created “Gutenberg Bible.” Paper production and printing press allowed mass quantities of pamphlets, books, etc. to be made. Made Church propaganda more practical, widespread. Picture, pg. 385; Map, pg. 386

What do YOU think? How did the invention of the printing presschange the world at this time?? Printing spreads learning! Mass production of books New ideas spread quickly Availability of books encouraged people to read…thus, rise in literacy Writing in the vernacular increased More people began to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves. Now, people will demand religious reform!

How did the invention of the printing presschange the world at this time?? BUT…..Gov’t & church leaders worried about printing. WHY? They attempted to censor books & authors whose ideas they thought were wrong! Officials developed lists of prohibited books & authors Enforcement was- confiscating books, destroying printing presses, of those who disobeyed.

Artists and Characteristics of Renaissance Art:

Art and the Artist C. The Renaissance Artist 1. Concept of Genius 2. Training 3. Gender 4. Limits of Renaissance Culture

1. Realism & Expression ,[object Object]

First nudes sinceclassical times.,[object Object]

3. Classicism ,[object Object]

Individualism  free standing figures.

Symmetry/BalanceThe “Classical Pose”Medici “Venus” (1c)

4. Emphasis on Individualism ,[object Object]

Pierodella Francesca, 1465-1466.,[object Object]

The figure as architecture!,[object Object]

What is a fresco? The word “fresco” is derived from the Italian word meaning “fresh.” Oil on wet or dry plaster. Technique of painting on wet plaster is “buon fresco.” Technique of painting on dry plaster is called “succo.” Combines the techniques of chiaroscuro and perspective to create powerful scenes. Fall of the Giants by Guilio Romani

Artists of the Renaissance Many wealthy families and high ranking members of the Church promoted and funded the Arts. This gave a chance for many artists to thrive. Many artists thrived during the Renaissance, but among the most popular were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio. Artists came to be acclaimed as “rare men of genius” All major artists were male! Women were exclued from institutions of Ren. Culture. Renaissance was the work of a tiny learned male elite!

Leonardo da Vinci Self-Portrait (c. 1515) April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519 “Ideal Renaissance Man” Painter Sculptor Architect Musician Scientist Engineer Inventor Most famous works include the Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper.

Leonardo, the Artist ,[object Object]

The Vitruvian Man, arms and legs are shown in two positions superimposed on one another, it was made as a study of the proportions of the human body. Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci

1492TheL’uomouniversale(Universal Person)

Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4 ?

Mona Lisa Most widely recognized and most popular piece of art in the world. Painted by da Vinci from 1503-1506 in Florence, Italy. Oil on a poplar panel. Many theories surround the identity of Mona Lisa. Some believe that the Mona Lisa may actually be a self-portrait of da Vinci!

Mona Lisa= da Vinci? Mona Lisa da Vinci’s Self-Portrait

The Last Supper Courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art *The spots of decay are not results of digital distortion. The decay is actually a result of da Vinci’s experimental technique that he practiced on the Last Supper!

The Last Supper Painted from 1495-1498 in Milan, Italy. Depiction of the Last Supper in which Jesus informs his disciples he will be betrayed. Many believe that the Last Supper contains clues which pertain to a secret bloodline of Jesus Christ. This painting is the basis of many theories which speculate about a marriage between Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene.

Refractory Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie Milan

The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498& Geometry

Truth vs. Speculation Theories surrounding da Vinci’s painting are far and many, but one theory seems to stand out above the rest: the theory that the person sitting at the right hand of Jesus Christ is Mary Magdalene, his alleged wife and confidante. The Last Supper and da Vinci have recently been the key pieces of evidence in a best-selling novel known as “the Da Vinci Code.” Though it is claimed that the person sitting at the right hand of Jesus Christ is a young John, many suggest that the person is not male at all, but the wife of Jesus Christ, Mary Magdalene.

Leonardo, the Sculptor ,[object Object]

Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his Notebook ,[object Object],[object Object]

First free-form bronze since Roman times!,[object Object]

 15c Whatadifferenceacenturymakes! 16c 

Moses circa. 1515 Located at the tomb of Pope Julius II at the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, Italy. 8’4” marble Depicts Moses holding the Ten Commandments . Due to mistranslation, “rays of light” in Italian became “horns,” Michelangelo created a “Horned Moses.”

The Sistine ChapelMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

Hell’s Mouth 7 Angels from the Book of Revelation

In the swirling mass of doom that is Last Judgment, Michelangelo chose to focus on a small number of people caught in an unresolved struggle between eternal suffering and eternal life. Minos, the king of hell, with a serpent wound tightly around him, an indicator of the circle of hell to which each damned soul must descend

Dome St. Peter’s Basicila Dome, as it presently stands, was designed by Michelangelo, who became chief architect in 1546. In fact, Michelangelo’s design called for a spherical dome. At the time of his death (1564), only the drum set, the base on which a dome rests, had been completed.

Other Famous Domes Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

Raphael Sanzio Considered “the Perfect Painter.” Protégé of both Michelangelo and da Vinci Most enjoyed painting Madonnas, or paintings of the Virgin Mary. was extremely influential in his lifetime He was still seen by 20th century critics like Bernard Berenson as the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance but it would seem he has since been overtaken by Michelangelo and Leonardo in this respect

Ch.13 ren. ap

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