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MULTIPLE ALLELES AND POLYGENIC INHERITANCE,[object Object],Biology 3,[object Object],Kent Kawashima,[object Object]
Lec10 Genetics Recap
Lec10 Genetics Recap
Character:eye color,[object Object],Trait: blue,[object Object],Genotype: AAAATATTATATATCCCCGTAGCTACGATCTATCTATCATCTATCTACTATCTATCTATCTATCTATCTACTATCTATCCGGCGTATCATCGGGGGGGGGGGTACTAGCTAGCTAGCTATCTACGTAGTCTACTGATCTAGCTAGTCATGCTGATCATCGTAGCTGAGCTACTAGTCGATCGTAGCTAGTCATCTAGCTGAGCTAGCTGATCGATCTAGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCGATCGTAGCTAGCTAGTCGATGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCATGCTAGCTGATGCATGCTAGCTAGCTAGCTGATCA…,[object Object],Phenotype: Megan Fox’s blue eyes,[object Object]
Human have 23 pairs of chromosomes.,[object Object],one set comes from the mother,[object Object],one set comes from the father,[object Object]
A gene occurs in pairs in diploid cells.,[object Object],eye color gene pair,[object Object],The combination of what alleles you have in your gene pair is what is called your genotype.,[object Object],Homologous chromosomes,[object Object],AA, BB, Cc, RrQq, IAIA… ,[object Object],These letters are just representations for your genotype. They also simply represent your alleles.,[object Object]
The eye color gene located in chromosome 19…,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],blue version, green version,,[object Object], brown version,[object Object],blue,[object Object],green,[object Object],brown,[object Object],…can contain any of the versions for that gene.,[object Object],These versions are called your alleles,[object Object]
“blue” allele,[object Object],“green” allele,[object Object],“brown” allele,[object Object],…AAAATATTATATATCCCCGTAGCTACGATCTATCTATCATCTATCTACTATCTATCTATCTATCTATCTACTATCTATCCGGCGTATCATCGGGGGGGGGGGTACTAGCTAGCTAGCTATCTACGTAGTCTACTGATCTAGCTAGTCATGCTGATCATCGTAGCTGAGCTACTAGTCGATCGTAGCTAGTCATCTAGCTGAGCTAGCTGATCGATCTAGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCGATCGTAGCTAGCTAGTCGATGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCATGCTAGCTGATGCATGCTAGCTAGCTAGCT…,[object Object],…AAATTATTATATATCCCCGTAGCTACGATCTATCTATCATCTATCTACTATCTATCTATCTATCTCTCTACTATCTATCCGGCGTATCATCGGGGGGGGGGGTACTAGCTAGCTAGCTATCTACGTAGTCTACTGATCTAGCTAGTCATGCTGATCATCGTAGCTGAGCTACTAGTCGATCGTAGCTAGTCATCTAGCTGAGCTAGCAGATCGATCTAGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCGATCGTAGCTAGCTAGTTGATGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCATGCTAGCTGATGCATGCTAGCTAGCTAGCT…,[object Object],…AAACTATTATATATCCCCGTAGCTACGATCTATCTATCATCTATCTACTATCTATCTATCTATCTGTCTACTATCTATCCGGCGTATCATCGGGGGGGGGGGTACTAGCTAGCTAGCTATCTACGTAGTCTACTGATCTAGCTAGTCATGCTGATCATCGTAGCTGAGCTACTAGTCGATCGTAGCTAGTCATCTAGCTGAGCTAGCCGATCGATCTAGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCGATCGTAGCTAGCTAGTAGATGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCATGCTAGCTGATGCATGCTAGCTAGCTAGCT…,[object Object],versions of a gene occur because of small changes in the DNA (in pink),[object Object]
Since your eye color gene occurs as a pair, you may have two similar alleles,[object Object],green,[object Object],green,[object Object],Genotype: Homozygous for the green allele,[object Object]
…or you may have two different alleles,[object Object],blue,[object Object],green,[object Object],Genotype: Heterozygous,[object Object]
…or you may have two different alleles,[object Object],green,[object Object],brown,[object Object],Genotype: Heterozygous,[object Object]
…or you may have two different alleles,[object Object],brown,[object Object],blue,[object Object],Genotype: Heterozygous,[object Object]
gene for eye color,[object Object],blue,[object Object],green,[object Object],brown,[object Object],[object Object]
More than two versions of the gene exists…This is called “Multiple Allele Inheritance” ,[object Object]
gene for eye color,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],What if many genes have an effect to one character?,[object Object],This is called “Polygenic Inheritance” ,[object Object]
In Polygenic Inheritance…,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],+,[object Object],add more of something!,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],0,[object Object],no effect.,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],alleles  that either contribute to a trait or not,[object Object],many genes,[object Object]
Example.,[object Object],For each + allele you have, it tells your cells to add more pigment to your iris.,[object Object],The 0 alleles however do not add nor subtract pigment, they do not contribute to your phenotype.,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],gene for eye color,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object]
+ allele is called a  contributory allele,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0 allele is called a non-contributory allele,[object Object]
Compare.,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],6 +, 2 0,[object Object],2 +, 6 0,[object Object],4 +, 4 0,[object Object],8 +,[object Object],8 0,[object Object]
Compare.,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],gray,[object Object],dark brown,[object Object],green,[object Object],blue,[object Object],light brown,[object Object]
Arranged from least to most melanin produced,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],0,[object Object],+,[object Object],gray,[object Object],dark brown,[object Object],green,[object Object],blue,[object Object],light brown,[object Object]
In polygenic inheritance…,[object Object],[object Object]
There is no dominance, an allele either contributes to a phenotype or not
There is an equal effect for each contributory allele,[object Object]
In polygenic inheritance…,[object Object],[object Object]
Polygenic inheritance is usually the mode of inheritance for traits that are continuous – weight, height and skin tone,[object Object]
Shortcuts for Polygenic Inheritance Genetics,[object Object]
If you cross…,[object Object],AA  x  aa,[object Object],AABB  x  aabb,[object Object],Aa  x  Aa,[object Object],AaBb  x  AaBb,[object Object],1 AABB,[object Object],4 AaBB, aABB, AABb, AAbB,[object Object],6 AaBb, aAbB, AabB, aABb, aaBB, AAbb,[object Object],4aAbb, Aabb, aabB, aaBb,[object Object],1 aabb,[object Object],all possible genotypes,[object Object],1 AA,[object Object],2 Aa, aA,[object Object],1 AA,[object Object],relative phenotype portions expected ,[object Object]
If you cross…,[object Object],AA  x  aa,[object Object],P,[object Object],Aa  x  Aa,[object Object],F1,[object Object],Number of gene pairs:  n = 1,[object Object],Number of phenotypes in F2:  21 + 1 = 3,[object Object],Number for genotypes regardless of position in the gene pair: 31 = 3,[object Object],(two big A, one big A, no big A),[object Object],1 AA,[object Object],2 Aa, aA,[object Object],1 aa,[object Object],F2,[object Object]
If you cross…,[object Object],AABB  x  aabb,[object Object],Number of gene pairs:  n = 2,[object Object],Number of phenotypes in F2:  22 + 1 = 5,[object Object],Number for genotypes regardless of position in the gene pair: 32 = 9,[object Object],2 big A, 2 big B,[object Object],2 big A, 1 big B,[object Object],2 big A, 0 big B,[object Object],1 big A, 2 big B,[object Object],1 big A, 1 big B,[object Object],1big A, 0 big B,[object Object],0 big A, 2 big B,[object Object],0 big A, 1 big B,[object Object],0 big A, 0 big B,[object Object],P,[object Object],AaBb  x  AaBb,[object Object],F1,[object Object],1 AABB,[object Object],4 AaBB, aABB, AABb, AAbB,[object Object],6 AaBb, aAbB, AabB, aABb, aaBB, AAbb,[object Object],4aAbb, Aabb, aabB, aaBb,[object Object],1 aabb,[object Object],regardless of position in the gene pair,[object Object],F2,[object Object]
Use Pascal’s Triangle to get the coeefficientsof the binomial expansion ,[object Object],Pascal’s triangle,[object Object],1,[object Object],1 1,[object Object],1 2 1,[object Object],1 3 3 1,[object Object],1 4 6 4 1,[object Object],1 5 10 10 5 1,[object Object],1 6 15 20 15 6 1,[object Object],1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1,[object Object],1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1,[object Object],(A + a)2n,[object Object],binomial equation,[object Object]
for 1gene pair, n=1 ,[object Object],(A + a)2 = 1A2 + 2Aa + 1a2,[object Object],1,[object Object],1 1,[object Object],1 2 1,[object Object],1 3 3 1,[object Object],1 4 6 4 1,[object Object],1 5 10 10 5 1,[object Object],1 6 15 20 15 6 1,[object Object],1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1,[object Object],1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1,[object Object],Use Pascal’s triangle for coefficients,[object Object]
for 2gene pairs, n=2 ,[object Object],(A + a)4 = 1A4 + 4A3a + 6A2a2 + 4Aa3 + 1a4,[object Object],1,[object Object],1 1,[object Object],1 2 1,[object Object],1 3 3 1,[object Object],1 4 6 4 1,[object Object],1 5 10 10 5 1,[object Object],1 6 15 20 15 6 1,[object Object],1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1,[object Object],1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1,[object Object],Use Pascal’s triangle for coefficients,[object Object]
for 3gene pair, n=3 ,[object Object],(A + a)6 = 1A6 + 6A5a + 15A4a2 + 30A3a3 + 15A2a4 + 6Aa5 + 1a6,[object Object],1,[object Object],1 1,[object Object],1 2 1,[object Object],1 3 3 1,[object Object],1 4 6 4 1,[object Object],1 5 10 10 5 1,[object Object],1 6 15 20 15 6 1,[object Object],1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1,[object Object],1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1,[object Object],Use Pascal’s triangle for coefficients,[object Object]

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Lec10 Genetics Recap

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