2. CMBUkTI1
esckþIsegçb
{ExµrRkhm} KWCaeQµaHEdlsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu manRBHraCbnÞÚlsMedAeTAelIRkúmkumµúynIsþEdl
RbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁenATsvtSr_qñaM1960. eQµaHpøÚvkarrbs;RkúmenHKWbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlcUlkan;kab;
RbeTskm<úCaenAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975.
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbegáItrdækm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAqñaM1976 nigRKb;RKgRbeTsrhUtdl;
Exmkra qñaM1979. vtþmanrbs;bkSRtÚv)anrkSaCakarsm¶at;rhUtdl;qñaM1977 ehIyminmanGñkNamñak;
enAeRkAbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCadwgfaGñkNaCaGñkdwknaMbkSenaHeT ¬emdwknaMbkSTaMgenaH)anehAxøÜnÉgfa
{GgÁkarbdivtþn_}¦.
1
RkúmyuvCnnigyuvnarI enAkñúgsnñisITmYykñúgextþesomrab naéf¶TI23 ExmIna qñaM1973
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

3. BIrbIéf¶bnÞab;BIkareLIgkan;kab;GMNacenAqñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)anbgçMRbCaCnenATIRkúgPñMeBjTaMgGs;
RbEhlBIrlannak;nigTIRbCuMCnepSg²eTot [ecjeTAtMbn;CnbTedIm,IeFVIkargarERscmáar. RbCaCn
rab;Ban;nak;)ansøab;enAkñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósenH.
kñúgeBlenaHEdr ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImGnuvtþkmµviFIEkTRmg;rbs;xøÜntamlT§iem:AniglT§im:akSelnInd¾
RCúlhYsehtu. ExµrRkhmcg;ERbkøayRbeTskm<úCa[eTACasgÁmCnbTmYyEdlminmanvNѳsgÁm eBalKWBuM
manGñkman BuMmanGñkRk nigKµankarekgRbv½Ba©n_. edIm,IseRmc[)annUveKalbMNgenH ExµrRkhm)anlub
bM)at;rUbiyvtßú pSarepSa karGb;rM RTBüsm,tþiÉkCn m:UtsemøókbMBak;suIvil½yBIbreTs kareKarBCMenOsasna
nigRbéBNIvb,Fm’Exµr. salaeron vtþGaram viharsasnaGuIsøam viharsasnaRKisþ saklviTüal½y
haglk;TMnij nigGKarrdæaPi)alRtÚvbiTTVar b¤k¾ERbkøayeTACaKuk eRkaleKa CMrMGb;rMEkERb nigCRgúkRsUv.
kñúgsgÁmenHKµanmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnÉkCnb¤saFarN³ KµanRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn nigKµansil,³kmSanþNaEdl
minmanlkçN³bdivtþn_eT ehIykarlEmðkmSanþRtÚvGgÁkarhamXat;y:agtwgruwgbMput. RbCaCnenATUTaMgRbeTs
rYmTaMgfñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCapg RtÚv)antRmÚv[esøóksemøókbMBak;BN’exµA EdlCasemøókbMBak;RbéBNI
bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn.
enAeRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü mnusSRKb;rUbRtÚv)andk
hUtGs;nUvsiT§iCamUldæanrbs;xøÜn. RbCaCnTaMgGs;minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat
[edIrecjeRkAshkrN_rbs;xøÜneT. ExµrRkhmminGnuBaØat[RbCaCn
RbmUlpþúMnigBiPakSaKñaeLIy. RbsinebImnusSbInak;pþúMKñaehIyniyayKña
elg GñkTaMgenaHGacRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;faCaxµaMgehIyGacRtÚv
cab;xøÜnb¤ykeTAsmøab;ecal.
TMnak;TMngkñúgRKÜsark¾RtÚvTTYlrgkarriHKn;y:agxøaMgkøaEdr. RbCaCnRKb;rUbRtÚvGgÁkarhamXat;min[
sEmþgecjnUvkarRslaj; esckþIsb,ayrIkray b¤esckþIGaNitGasUr sUm,IEtbnþicnþÜck¾eday. ExµrRkhm
)anbgÁab;bBa¢a[RbCaCnExµrRKb;rUbeCO eFVItam nigeKarBGgÁkarbdivtþn_EtmYyKt; EdlExµrRkhmGHGagfa
KWCa {«Bukmþay} rbs;RbCaCnRKb;rUb.
ExµrRkhm)anGHGagfa manEtmnusSs¥ats¥Mb:ueNÑaH eTIbmanKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;kñúgkarksagbdivtþn_.
bnÞab;BIdeNþIm)anGMNacPøam ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarcab;xøÜnnigsmøab;ecalnUvBlTahan nayTahan nigGñkrdækar
rbs;rbbsaFarNrdæExµrdwknaMedayelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; EdlxøÜncat;Tukfamins¥ats¥M Gs;rab;Ban;nak;.
kñúgry³kalCagbIqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot RkúmExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarkab;smøab;bBaØvnþ Gñkrs;enATIRkúg CnCatiPaKtic
dUcCacam evotNam nigcinGs;rab;Esnnak;. ExµrRkhmk¾)ansmøab;eyaFanigsmaCikbkSrbs;xøÜnGs;
CaeRcInnak;EdredayecaTfaCnk,t;Catinigk,t;bdivtþn_.
enAkñúgKeRmagqñaM1976énEpnkarbYnqñaMrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RbCaCnkm<úCaenATUTaMgRbeTs
RtÚv)andak;kRmit[eFVIkarbgábegáInpl[)anbIetankñúgmYyhikta. enHmann½yfa RbCaCnRtÚveFVIkardaMduHnig
RcÚtkat;RsUvdb;BIrExkñúgmYyqñaM. enAtamtMbn;PaKeRcIn ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[RbCaCneFVIkarelIsBIdb;BIrem:ag
karsm¶at;KWCaeKalkarN_RKwHén
dMeNIrkarrbs;km<úCaRbCaFib
etyü. ExµrRkhmmanBaküesøak
mYyfa {lak;karN_CaktþaC½y
CmñH. lak;karN_)anx<s;rs;
)anyUr}.
2

4. kñúgmYyéf¶ edayminmaneBlsRmaknigmðÚbGaharRKb;RKan;.
rhUtmkdl;cugqñaM1977 karb:HTgÁicCamYyRbeTsevotNam)anpÞúHeLIg. RbCaCnrab;muWnnak;RtÚv
GgÁkarbBa¢ÚneTAsmrPUmiehIyRtÚvsøab;rab;Ban;nak;.
enAExFñÚ qñaM1978 kgT½BevotNamnigkgkmøaMgrbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa )aneFVIkar
vaysRmúkcUlRbeTskm<úCa ehIydeNþImkan;kab;)anTIRkúgPñMeBjenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979.
enAeBlenaH emdwknaMExµrRkhm)anePosxøÜneTAPaKxaglicRbeTs ehIy)anerobcMbegáItkgkmøaMg
rbs;xøÜneLIgvijenAkñúgTwkdIéf edaymanCMnYyBIRbeTscinnigéf. mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati
)ane)aHeqñatpþl;Gasn³enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati [eTARkúmGñkts‘URbqaMgnwgkumµúynIsþ EdlmanExµrRkhm
enAkñúgenaHEdr. BIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1990 GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anTTYlsÁal;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
faCatMNagRsbc,ab;EtmYyKt;rbs;km<úCa.
enAqñaM1982 ExµrRkhm)ancgsm<½n§PaBCamYysemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu nigemdwknaMminEmnkumµúynIsþ
sWn san edIm,IbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKI. enAPñMeBjÉeNHvij evotNam)anCYybegáItrdæaPi)alfµImYy
KW{saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa} EdldwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrin.
k,ÜnGmdMeNIremdwknaMExµrRkhmenAkñúgtMbn;rMedaHkñúgqñaM1973 ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
3

5. ExµrRkhm)anbnþnirnþrPaBrbs;xøÜnrhUtdl;qñaM1999 KWenAeBlEdlemdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgGs;cuHcUl
CamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa b¤RtÚvcab;xøÜn b¤TTYlmrNPaB. b:uEnþrbbExµrRkhm)anbnSl;TuknUvPaBeRbHRsaM
kñúgsgÁmCatirhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH. enAeRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRbCaCnExµrRbmaNBIrlannak;)ansøab;
edaysarCMgW EdlbNþalmkBIkarxVHxatfñaMsgáÚvnigesvasuxaPi)al karGt;Gahar karsmøab; b¤kareFVIBlkmµ
hYskmøaMg1
. GñkEdlFøab;rs;enAqøgkat;rbbenH)anTTYlrgnUvkarb:HTgÁicxagpøÚvcitþy:agF¶n;F¶r edaysarEt
bTBiesaFn_EdlxøÜn)anCYbRbTH.
4

6. valBiXatenAkm<úCa³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaEdleRbIR)as;]bkrN_kMNt;TItaMgPUmisa®sþkñúgkarEsVgrknigKUEpnTIreNþAsaksBrYm
CamYynwgkarcuHeTARsavRCavdl;TIkEnøg )aneFVIkarkMNt;reNþAsaksBenATUTaMgRbeTs. rhUtmkdl;eBlenaHmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa)an
rkeXIjvalBiXatcMnYn388kEnøg EdlrYmman19733reNþA ¬reNþAmYycMnYnmansaksB4nak;b¤eRcInCagenH ehIymYycMnYnepSg
eTotmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyBan;nak;¦. CagenHeTAeTot mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa)anrkeXIjTItaMgKukcMnYn196 nigTItaMg
bUCnIydæanEdlsagsg;eLIgeRkayrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyücMnYn81.
5

7. CMBUkTI2
etIExµrRkhmCaGñkNa?
etIExµrRkhmeLIgkan;GMNacedayrebobNa?
1> clnakumµúynIsþdMbUgbMput
clnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCaekItecjBIclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM
1940. enAExemsa qñaM1950 KWkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamNÐÚcinelIkTImYy2
KN³RbtiPUcMnYnBIrrynak;
)anmkCYbCuMKñaenAextþkMBt ehIy)anbegáItrNsirSÉkPaBsSr³ ¬ExµrsSr³¦ EdldwknaMedayRkúmkumµúynIsþ.
RkúmenHshkarCamYyevotNamedIm,IeFVIkarts‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg.
emdwknaMExµrRkhmCiHkñúgrfePøIg ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
6

8. rNsirSenHdwknaMeday sWg g:ukmij ¬Gacarüemon¦EdlCaGacarüenAvtþ]NÑaelam. can; sm½y
mannaTICaGnuRbFanrNsirS nig suIv ehg CaelxaFikar. smaCikrNsirSesÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCaCnCatiExµrEdl
ecHniyayPasaevotNam. smaCikmYycMnYnrbs;rNsirS)ankøayCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþNÐÚcin begáIt
eLIgenAevotNam3
. smaCikfµIénrNsirSPaK
eRcInCaksikrEdlRtÚv)anGUsTajedIm,IbuBVehtu
bdivtþn_. smaCikepSg²eTotCaRkúmnisSitGñk
CatiniymEdl)ankøayeTACaCnkumµúynIsþkñúgeBl
sñak;GaRs½yeronsURtenAbreTs.
nisSitmYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamnisSitTaMgenH
eRkaymk)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþ
km<úCa. GñkTaMgenHrYmman saLút s ¬b:ul Bt¦/
sun esn/ exov sMpn/ nig eGog sarI. Cn
TaMgenHyl;eXIjfa ksikrnigRbCaCnRkIRkenA
TUTaMgBiPBelakRtÚv)anERbkøayeTACaTaskrnig
RtÚvCiHCan;sgát;sgáinedayBYkmUlFnniymnig
BYkskþiPUminiym ehIyfabdivtþn_tamEbbm:akS
elnIn KWCapøÚvEtmYyKt;Edlkm<úCaGacTTYl)an
nUvÉkraCPaBnigPaBesµIKñaenAkñúgsgÁm.
2> karbegáItbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr
enAqñaM1951 enAeBlkarvayRbyuT§
RbqaMgnwg)araMgkan;EtmansPaBxøaMgkøaeLIgenA
kñúg]bTVIbNÐÚcin CnkumµúynIsþevotNam)anpþÜc
epþIm[mankarbegáIteLIgnUvbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_
Exµr4
. smaCikrbs;KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS
sm¶at;enH rYmman ³
sWg g:ukmij kan;tMENgkMBUl
suIv ehg TTYlbnÞúkkic©karkgT½B
TU samut ¬RtÚv)ansÁal;faCaGacarü
suxmkBIkm<úCaeRkam¦TTYlbnÞúkGb;rMmenaKmviC¢a
can; sm½y TTYlbnÞúkEpñkesdækic©
b:ul Bt
¬eQµaHedIm saLút s¦
b:ul BtekItqñaM1925RtÚvnwgqñaMqøÚvenAextþkMBg;FM.
«Bukrbs; b:ul Bt KWCam©as;dIsþúksþmÖmñak;. b:ul Bt
)aneTArs;enACamYybgRbúsEdlCam®nþIeFVIkarenAkñúg
RBHbrmraCvaMgenAeBlGayu)anR)aMmYyqñaM. enAPñMeBj
b:ul Bt )ansikSaeronsURtenAtamsala)araMgCaeRcIn
ehIy)anbYsCaelakenn.
enAqñaM1949 b:ul Bt )anTTYlGaharUbkrN_eTA
sikSaenARbeTs)araMg b:uEnþmin)anTTYlsBaØab½RteT.
kñúgGMLúgeBlsñak;enAeronsURtenARkúg):arIs b:ul Bt
)ankøayeTACasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg ehIy)an
cMNayeBly:ageRcIneTAelIskmµPaBneya)ay. enA
eBl b:ul Bt RtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM1953
b:ul Bt)anbeRgónRbvtþiviTüanigPUmiviTüaenAsalaÉkCn
ehIy)ancUlrUmCamYyclnakumµúynIsþxusc,ab;mYy.
b:ul Bt erobkarCamYy exov b:uNÑarI enAqñaM1956.
enAqñaM 1960 b:ul Bt manzan³TIbIenAkñúgbkSBlkr
km<úCa. b:ul Bt RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaGnuelxabkSTIBIr
kñúgqñaM1961 nigCaelxabkSkñúgqñaM1963. eRkay
mk b:ul Bt )andwknaMkgT½BExµrRkhmeFVIs®gÁamRbqaMg
nwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl;.
b:ulBt)ankøayCanaykrdæm®nþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFib
etyükñúgqñaM1976 ehIy)anlaElgBItMENgenHenAqñaM
1979 b:uEnþ)anbnþsßitenACaemdwknaMd¾manT§iBlrbs;
ExµrRkhmdEdl. b:ul Bt rs;enAnireTsxøÜnPaKeRcIn
enAelITwkdIéf rhUtdl;éf¶TTYlmrNPaBKWenAéf¶TI15
Exemsa qñaM1998. saksBrbs; b:ul Bt RtÚv)an
bUCaenAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1998.
7

9. enAeBlEdls®gÁamNÐÚcinelIkTImYyRtÚvbBa©b;enAqñaM1954 kgT½Brbs;)araMg)andkecjBINÐÚcin
ehIykgkmøaMgrbs;evotmijk¾dkecjBIkm<úCaEdr. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾smaCikkgT½BevotNammYycMnYn
bnþsñak;enAkm<úCateTAeTot. edaymankar)armÖBIsuvtßiPaBbdivtþn__enAeBlEdlRbB½n§neya)aymankarpøas;bþÚr
suIv ehg can; sm½y kmµaPi)al nigskmµCnbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExµrCagmYyBan;nak;eTot)anePosxøÜneTA
evotNamxageCIg EdlenATIenaH GñkTaMgenH)ancUlrYmCamYy sWg g:ukmij nigskmµCndéTeTotEdlePos
xøÜneTAdl;TIenaHmunbnþic.
minyUrb:unµan suIv ehg )anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij GmdMeNIreday nYn Ca ¬smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ
NÐÚcin Edl)aneTAhVwkhVWnenARbeTséfnigevotNam¦ nigkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;epSgeTot. edaysarembkS sWg
g:ukmij sñak;enAnireTsxøÜnÉTIRkúghaNUy bkSRbCaCn bdivtþn_ExµrRtÚv)andwknaMedayKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim
eyaFaExµrRkhmkMBugpwkTwkdUg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
8

10. beNþaHGasnñmYy Edlman suIv ehgCaelxa nig TU samut Ca Gnuelxa. nYn Ca manzan³lMdab;TIbI.
esa Pwm ¬Edl CaelxaPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦ CasmaCiklMdab;TIbYn. karRKb;RKgTUeTA
enAkñúgbkSsßitkñúgédkmµaPi)alevotNam paM v:an;)a EdlFøab;rs;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyEdl)anGHGagfa
evotNamKYrbnþRKb;RKgelIclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCateTA
eTot.
TU samut TTYlxusRtÚvelIskmµPaBkargarrbs;bkS
enATIRkúgedaymanCMnYyBI nYn Ca nig saLúts ¬eRkay
mkRtÚv)ansÁal;fa b:ul Bt¦ EdleTIbEtRtLb;mkBIsikSa
enARbeTs)araMg. RkúmkumµúynIsþenAPñMeBj)aneRbIR)as;
b:ul Bt CaGñkTak;TgkñúgkarbegáItKNbkSRsbc,ab;mYy
ehA {bkSRbCaCn}. KNbkSenH)ancUlrYmRbkYtRbECg
kñúgkare)aHeqñatCatiqñaM1955RsbtamesckþIseRmcén
kic©RBmeRBógTIRkúghSWENv. KNbkSenHdwknaMeday Ek
mas EdlCamnusSsßitenAeRkamkarbgÁab;bBa¢arbs; TU
samut.
b:ul Bt )anCYybegáItlkçnþik³nigkmµviFIneya)ay
rbs;bkS. b:ul Bt k¾)aneFVITMnak;TMngCamYyKNbkS
RbCaFibetyü EdlnwgcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgCamYyKNbkS
sgÁmra®sþniymeTIbbegáItfµIrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
kñúgkare)aHeqñatqñaM1955Edr. b:ul Bt eCOCak;faKNbkS
RbCaFibetyüEdlmanninñakarRbqaMgnwgBYkskþiPUmi nigBYk
mUlFnniymenaHnwgQñHenAkñúgkare)aHeqñatenH ehIynwg
pþl;T§iBlneya)ayxøHmk[RkúmkumµúynIsþkm<úCa.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarBüakrN_
xusTaMgRsug. KNbkSsgÁmra®sþniym)anQñHekAGI
TaMgGs;enAkñúgrdæsPaCati cMENkbkSRbCaCnTTYlsMeLg
eqñatEtbIPaKryb:ueNÑaH. Pøam²enaHsuIvehg eCOCak;fa
buBVehturbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþenAkm<úCasßitkñúgPaBGs;sgÇwm
eRBaHfaRbCaCnesÞIrEtTaMgGs;)anKaMRTkmµviFIneya)ay
rbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu CagKMniteFVIbdivtþn_. Cag
enHeTAeTot clnaExµrsSr³mYycMnYn)ane)aHbg;ecalkar
ts‘Urbs;xøÜn ehIycuHcUlCamYYyraCrdæaPi)alrbs;semþc
nYn Ca
¬eQµaHedIm rugLWt LavDI ¦
nYn Ca ekItqñaM1926 enAextþ)at;dMbg.
enAqñaM1942nYn Ca )aneTAbnþfñak;mFümsikSa
kRmit2enATIRkúg)agkkedayrs;enAvtþbiNÐ
cam:abUBit. enAqñaM1944 nYn Ca sikSaEpñk
c,ab;enAsklviTüal½yFmµsat EdlenATIenaH
nYn Ca )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþéf.
nYn Ca vilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM
1950 ehIy)anbþÚrsmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜnmk
CasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþNÐÚcin. nYn Ca
)ancUlsikSavKÁhVwkhVWnenATIRkúghaNUy kñúg
qñaM1954 ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij
enAqñaM1955. nYn Ca RtÚv)aneRCIserIsCa
GnuelxabkSBlkrkm<úCaenAqñaM1960.
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nYn Ca RtÚv
)aneRCIstaMgCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCn
km<úCa. nYn Ca k¾mantMENgCaGnuelxaKN³
kmµaFikarmCÄimnigKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS
pgEdr.nYn Ca edIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgbBaðasnþisux
ehIykñúgnamCakmµaPi)alCan;x<s;lMdab;TIBIr
nYnCaTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ay
eXareXACaeRcInEdl)anGnum½t[Gnuvtþeday
KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS.
nYn Ca )annireTsxøÜneTARBMEdnExµr-éf
enAqñaM1979.nYn CaCamYyexovsMpn)an
cuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCabnÞab;BImrN
PaBrbs; b:ul Bt enAqñaM1998.
9

11. RBHneratþmsIhnu.enAqñaM1956 suIv ehg )aneFVIkarTak;TgCasm¶at;CamYy]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; EdlCa
GKÁbBa¢akarkgT½Brbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ehIyEdl)anpþl;CUn suIv ehg nUvkarFanasnþisuxsuvtßiPaB
pÞal;xøÜn. enAqñaM1959 suIv ehg )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alsgÁmra®sþniymrbs; semþcRBHneratþm
sIhnu EdleFVI[GaCJaFrrdæaPi)almanlT§PaBcg¥úlnigcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)albkSlYclak;xusc,ab;CaeRcInrUb.
eyagtamsmþIrbs; b:ul Bt BIqñaM1955dl;qñaM1959 smaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExµrRbEhlekAsib
PaKryRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigsmøab;. rhUtmkdl;edImqñaM1960 manEtkmµaPi)albkSRbEhl800nak;
nigsaxabkSBIrenACnbTb:ueNÑaH EdlenAmanskmµPaBnigdMeNIrkareBjelj. saxaTaMgBIrenaHrYmman ³
PUmiPaKbUBa’manmUldæanenAextþkMBg;cam ¬dwknaMeday esa Pwm¦nig
PUmiPaKnirtImanmUldæanenAextþtaEkv ¬dwknaMeday Qit eCOn ehA tam:uk¦.
TU samut/ b:ul Bt/ nig nYn Ca )anbnþdwknaMskmµPaBbkSenATIRkúgPñMeBj edaymanCMnYyBI eGog
sarI nig sun esn CabBaØvnþBIrnak;epSgeTotEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg.
3> bkSBlkrkm<úCa
mhasnñi)atrbs;bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr)anR)arB§eFVIeLIgCasm¶at; enAkñúgsßanIyrfePøIgnaTIRkúgPñMeBj
BIéf¶TI28dl;éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1960. mhasnñi)atenHRtÚv)ancUlrYmedaysmaCikR)aMBIrrUbBIsaxabkS
mhasnñi)atbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
10

12. enATIRkúgnigdb;bYnrUbBIsaxabkSenACnbT. mhasnñi)at)anseRmcerobcMbkSsaCafµI begáItmaKa’neya)ayfµI
nigbþÚreQµaHbkSeTACabkSBlkrkm<úCa. TU samut )anTTYltMENgCaelxabkS ehIy nYn Ca CaGnuelxa.
enAeBlenaH b:ul Bt manzan³lMdab;TIIbIkñúgbkSehIyTTYltMENgCaGnuelxaTIBIrenAqñaM1961.
bnÞab;BI TU samut )an)at;xøÜn7
enAqñaM1962 mhasnñi)atbkSCabnÞan;mYyRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVIeLIg
enAExkumÖ³qñaM1963. mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMg b:ul Bt CaelxabkS. nYn Ca EdlmantMENgx<s;
Cag b:ul Bt enAkñúgbkSminRtÚv)aneRCIserIseT edayehtufa nYn Ca manCab;sac;jatiCamYyCnk,t;bkS
suIv ehg. mü:ageTot nYn Ca KWCaCnkumµúynIsþesµaHRtg;mñak; Edlcg;[bkSBlkrkm<úCakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg
tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1972. tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExµrRkhm
ehIytMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
11

13. dUecñH nYn Ca mineFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYy b:ul Bt sRmab;tMENgenHeT. nYn Ca )anbnþsßitenACaGnuelxa
bkSnigCaCn d¾manT§iBlmñak;enAkñúgclnakumµúynIsþGs;ry³eBlCagsamsibqñaM.
bnÞab;BITTYltMENgCaelxabkSPøam b:ul Bt )aneTARCkekanenAÉmUldæanT½Brbs;evotNamenAPaK
|sanRbeTsehAfa{mnÞIr100}. enAqñaM1965 b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvlMhUCImij eTATIRkúghaNUy
edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxageCIg. b:ul Bt )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg.
b:ul Bt RtÚv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enARbeTscinRbkbedayPaBrak;Tak;CagenAevotNam ehIy b:ul Bt mankarmin
tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1973. tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExµrRkhm
ehIytMbn; EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
12

14. eBjcitþcMeBaHKMnitEdlfaclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCaRtÚvEt
bnþsßitenAeRkamkaremIlkarxusRtÚvrbs;evotNamteTA
eTot.
4> bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa
enAExkBaØa qñaM1966 bnÞab;BIdMeNIrbMeBj
TsSnkic©eRkARbeTs b:ul Bt )anbþÚreQµaHbkSeTACa
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa edayehtufa b:ul Bt cg;bnßy
T§iBlrbs;evotNam nigrwtcMNgmitþPaBCamYycin.
KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSenAeBlenaHrYmman³ b:ul Bt/
nYnCa/eGogsarI/vn ev:t ¬GtItRKÚbeRgónenAviTüal½y
ceRmInviC¢aenAPñMeBj¦ nig sun esn.
kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1960 smaCikfµI²rbs;
ExµrRkhm)anekIneLIgEfmeTot. PaKeRcInénRkúmenH
rs;enAtambeNþayRBMEdnevotNam EdlCatMbn;dac;
Rsyalq¶ayBIkgkmøaMgeyaFarbs;semþcRBHneratþm
RkbTsSnavdþI{km<úCa}rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü elx3 ExmIna
qñaM1978 ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
karsEmþgsil,³kñúgtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgextþRkecH ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
13

15. sIhnu. mUldæanFMrbs;bkSBIqñaM1966eTAqñaM1970sßitenAextþrtnKIrI.
enAExmIna qñaM1970 ]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; nigshkarIrbs;Kat;EdlniymshrdæGaemrik)aneFVIrdæ
RbharTmøak;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ecjBIRBHRbmuxrdæedayeCaKC½y. minyUrb:unµanbnÞab;BIenaH kgkmøaMg
evotmijnigExµrRkhm)ankan;kab;tMbn;CaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTs. RbCaCnrab;muWnnak;)anbdiesFminKaMRTrdæaPi)al
saFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; ehIyEbrCacUlrYmCamYyExµrRkhmedIm,InaMyksemþcRBH
neratþm sIhnu mkRKb;RKgGMNacvij. kñúgeBlenaHEdr semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )annireTsRBHkay
eTARbeTscin. edaymankarelIkTwkcitþnigkarCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alcin rdæaPi)alevotNamxag
eCIg nigbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anbegáIt{rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa} nigrdæaPi)alnireTsmYyEdlman
eQµaHfa {raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa}8
. smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCak¾CasmaCikrbs;raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYm
Catikm<úCaEdr.
sPaBkarN_vivtþn_TaMgenH)anpþl;»kasy:ageRcIndl;RkúmExµrRkhm. evotNamxageCIgnigcinKaMRT
RkúmExµrRkhm ehIysemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anGMBavnav[RbCaCncUléRBm:aKI¬éRBEdlGñkts‘UeFVIbdivtþn_
lak;xøÜn¦ CYypþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesna Rbmux ln; nl;. CagenHeTAeTot karTmøak;
RKab;Ebkd¾sn§wksn§ab;rbs;rbbsaFarNrdæExµr eRkamkarCYyeRCamERCgrbs;shrdæGaemrikeTAelIpøÚvpÁt;pÁg;
smÖarnigmUldæannanarbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ )aneFVI[mankarKaMRTExµrRkhmBIsMNak;RbCaCnkan;EteRcIneLIg
ehIykmøaMgT½Brbs;ExµrRkhmmancMnYnkan;EtekIneLIgCalMdab;.
kgkmøaMgkumµúynIsþevotNam )ancUlkan;EteRCAeTAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1970 ehIy)aneFVIkar
CamYyExµrRkhmedIm,IerIsnighVwkhVWnT½BsRmab;kgkmøaMgts‘U Edl)anekIneLIgBIcMnYnRbEhl3Ban;nak;
enAqñaM1970 eTAcMnYn4muWnnak;kñúgqñaM1973. enAelIsmrPUmi edaymanCMnYyBIevotNam ExµrRkhm)an
TTYlC½yCmñHelIkgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; CabnþbnÞab;. cugqñaM1972 kgT½BevotNam)andk
ecjBIkm<úCa ehIy)anRbKl;bnÞúksMxan;²éns®gÁamenHmk[bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaRKb;RKgvij. eTaHCay:ag
enHkþI TIRbwkSaevotNamBIrb¤bIBan;nak;)anbnþsñak;enAeFVICaTIRbwkSaEpñkbec©keTs.
cab;BIExmkradl;ExsIha qñaM1973 rbbsaFarNrdæExµrEdlmanshrdæGaemrikCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;eRKÓg
sBVavuF)anTmøak;RKab;EbkRbmaNknøHlanetanelIkm<úCaehIyeFVI[RbCaCnExµrRbEhlbIEsnnak;søab;)at;bg;
CIvit. karTmøak;RKab;EbkenH)anBnüWtdMeNIreq<aHeTArkC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm ehIykñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH
mnusSCaeRcInEdlxwgsm,anwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk ehIyEdlman)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsarxøÜnenaH)ancUlrYmCamYy
bdivtþn_ExµrRkhm.
kgT½BExµrRkhmmanPaBsVahab; nigeKarBvin½yCagkgT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyRkúm
ExµrRkhmGacRTaMRTnwgkarxVHxatmðÚbGaharnigfñaMsgáÚv)an. CagenHeTAeTot {ExµrhaNUy}9
mYycMnYn)an
RtLb;cUlmkkñúgRbeTsvij edIm,ICYyclnabdivtþn_rbs;ExµrRkhm. GñkTaMgGs;enHRtÚv)andak;[kan;tMENg
fñak;TabenATUTaMgRbeTs b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;qñaM1973 KWbnÞab;BITIRbwkSaevotNamPaKeRcInRtLb;eTARbeTsxøÜnvij
GñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneFVIXatCasm¶at; eRkambBa¢arbs;fñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlcg;[bkSecjputBI
14

16. T§iBlrbs;evotNam.
enAedImqñaM1973 Eb:tsibR)aMPaKryénRbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;eRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;ExµrRkhm
ehIykgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; esÞIrEtKµanlT§PaBeFVIkarRbyuT§bnþeTAeToteT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI
edaysarmanCMnYyBIshrdæGaemrik kgT½BelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; manlT§PaBbnþkarRbyuT§CamYyExµr
RkhmGs;ry³eBlCagBIrqñaMbnþmkeTot.
15

17. CMBUkTI3
kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;ExµrRkhm
1> karcUlkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj
éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975)anbBa©b;nUvkareRCótERCkBIsMNak;breTs karTmøak;RKab;Ebk nigkar
RbQmGavuFdak;Kñaéns®gÁamsuIvilExµrry³eBlR)aMqñaMenAkm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþenAéf¶dEdlenH TIRkúgPñMeBj)anFøak;eTA
kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgkumµúynIsþTaMgRsug.
kgkmøaMg]TÞamEdlRbkbedayÉksNæanBN’exµAnigBN’Gacm_esH )aneFVIdMeNIrcUlTIRkúgBIRKb;TisTI.
RbCaCnTIRkúgTaMgGs;)annaMKñaecjmkQreRtóbRtatamdgpøÚv ehIyERskGbGrsaTrnigRKvITg;RkNat;s.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾manmnusSCaeRcInnak;)ansm¶Mlak;xøÜnenAkñúgpÞH edayRBÜy)armÖfa xøÜnGacRtÚvcab;
b¤)aj;smøab; eRBaHPøam²enaH ExµrRkhm)anRbkastamviTüúCatifaxøÜnminEmnmkedIm,IcrcaCamYynrNa
TaMgGs; ehIynwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitm®nþICan;x<s;nigembBa¢akarT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alcas;10
.
kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTsenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
16

18. CnbreTsrab;rynak;nigCnCatiExµrmYycMnYn)anrt;eTARCkekanenAsNæaKarLWPñM ¬bc©úb,nñsNæaKar
LWr:Uy:al;¦ Edlkak)aTRkhmGnþrCati)anRbkasfaCatMbn;GBüaRkwt. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlExµrRkhmcUl
Binitüe)assMGatsNæaKarenH CnbreTs GñkkaEst nigCnCatiExµrRbEhlmYYyrynak;epSgeTot)anrt;eTA
RCkekankñúgbrievNsßanTUt)araMgvij. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢aCnCatiExµrTaMgGs;enAkñúgsßanTUt[eFVIdMeNIreTA
CnbTedIm,IeFVIkargarksikmµ. CnbreTsRbmaN610nak;)anbnþsñak;enAkñúgsßanTUt Gs;ry³eBlBIrs)þah_
eTot munnwgRtÚvdwkCBa¢ÚntamLaneTAkan;RBMEdnéf.
Pøam²bnÞab;BIrMedaH)anTIRkúgPñMeBj ExµrRkhm)anRbharCIvitemdwknaMCan;x<s;bIrUb m®nþIraCkar nig
nayTahanrab;rynak;rbs;rdæaPi)al
saFarNrdæExµr. emdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgbI
rUbenHrYmmannaykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t
RBHGgÁm©as;suIsuvtiß sirimt³ nig ln;
Nun ¬b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln;
nl;¦.elakesnaRbmux)ancakecj
BIRbeTsmunenHbnþicCamYynwgR)ak;
esaFnnivtþn_cMnYnmYylanduløarGaemrik.
rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik)anyl;RBm
CemøósGñkTaMgbIeTAkan;shrdæGaemrik
b:uEnþGñkTaMgenH)anbdiesFminRBmcak
ecj. RBHGgÁ m©as; suIsuvtßi sirimt³
)ansresrsMbuRtmYyc,ab;epJIeTAsßan
TUtshrdæGaemrik EdlmanesckþIfa ³
´sUmsEmþgnUvkardwgKuNy:agesµaHsµ½RKcMeBaHsMbuRt nigkarpþl;CUnrbs;elakedIm,I
naM´eTAkan;esrIPaB. b:uEnþKYr[Gnic©a ´minGaccakecjkñúgsPaBd¾kMsakEbbenH)an
eT. cMeBaHelak ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsd¾Gs©arürbs;Gñk ´minEdleCOmYyvinaTI
NaeLIyfa elakdac;citþe)aHbg;ecalmnusSEdl)aneRCIserIsykesrIPaB. elak
)anbdiesFminpþl;karkarBardl;eyIg´ ehIyeyIg´minGaceFVIGVI)anTaMgGs;>>> ´)an
RbRBwtþkMhusEtmYyKt;KWkareCOCak;eTAelIshrdæGaemrik. sUmTTYlnUvkarrab;GanGMBI´
Ék]tþm mitþCaTIRslaj;rbs;´ mitþd¾esµaHRtg;nigrYsrayrak;Tak;rbs;´.
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigTIRbwkSacinQrenABImuxsNæaKarLWPñM ¬bc©úb,nñsNæaKarLWr:Uy:al;¦
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
17

19. 2> karCemøósRbCaCnecjBITIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCn
RbCaCnenAtamTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnPaKeRcIneCOCak;fa xøÜnnwgrs;enARbkbedaysuxsnþiPaBeRkamkar
RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMfµIrbs;xøÜn ehIyfaRbCaCnRKb;rUbnwgBYtédKñaeFVIkaredIm,IbRgÜbRgÜmCati. pÞúyeTAvij
BIrb¤bIem:agbnÞab;BIkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj kgT½BExµrRkhm)ancab;epþIm)aj;rHeTAelIGakasCasBaØabgçM[RbCaCn
cakecjBITIRkúg.
ExµrRkhm)anbgçMGñkrs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjRbEhlBIrlannak; EdlkñúgenaHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkePosxøÜnkñúg
GMLúgeBls®gÁamCagmYylannak;pg[eTACnbT. kñúgry³eBlmYys)þah_ RbCaCnkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBjnig
TIRbCuMCnepSg²eTot EdlFøab;RKb;RKgedayrbbsaFarNrdæExµrRtÚv)anbeNþjecjeTAeFIVkargarksikmµenA
tMbn;CnbT.
suwm sut ehA kuy EdlCaGñkFak;suIkøÚenATIRkúgPñMeBj)anrMlwkeLIgvijnUvehtukarN_EdlKat;)an
eXIjkñúgGMLúgeBlCemøós ³
enAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 ´)anecjdMeNIreTARbkbrbrdUcFmµta. BIr-bIem:ag
eRkaymk ´eXIjkgT½BExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrmkPñMeBj. RbCaCn)anecjmkeRkAehIy
emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüCYbCamYyKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
18

20. RKvIRkNat;snigGavssVaKmn_ExµrRkhm. Pøam²enaH BYkeK)an)aj;kaMePøIgeTAelI
Gakas bBa¢aRbCaCn[cakecjBITIRkúgedayGHGagfaGaemrikaMgnwgmkTmøak;RKab;Ebk.
dUcGñkÉeTotEdr ´)anRbjab;Rbjal;eFVIdMeNIrcakecjenAem:agdb;CamYybgRbus´
mitþPkþienAvtþCamYy´nigelaksgÇ. enAelIpøÚvd¾ENnNan;tan;tab; ´B¤sUrsMeLgmnusS
mñaERskehArk«Bukmþaynigbgb¥Ún nigsERmkekµg²yMTarrk)ay. ExµrRkhm)anrwbGUs
ykrbs;rbrRbCaCn. GñkEdlCMTas;minRBm[ nwgRtÚvsmøab;b¤k¾cab;xøÜnykeTA)at;.
enAeBlEdl´kMBugEtedIr T½BExµrRkhmRsImñak;)anTajkGav´ ehIysYr´fa CaGtItTahan
b¤? Kat;ruj´fyeRkayvij enAeBlEdl´R)ab;Kat;fa´CakUnsisS. ´k¾)anbnþdMeNIr
rbs;´eTARkúgtaexµA. enAtampøÚv ´)aneXIjsaksBEdleTIbEtehImfµI²CaeRcIn. bnÞab;
BI)aneFVIdMeNIrGs;ry³eBlbIéf¶ ´)anmkdl;extþtaEkv.
minmankarelIkElgNa
mYyeTenAkñúgkarCemøósenH. Gñk
CMgWRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBImnÞIreBTü.
GñkePosxøÜnrab;Ban;nak; CaBiess
kUnekµg cas;Cra nigGñkCMgW)an
søab;enAtampøÚv. ®sþImanépÞeBaH
CaeRcIn)ansøab;enAeBlsRmalkUn
edaysarKµanfñaMnigesvasuxa
Pi)al. kUnekµg)anvegVg)at;BI
«BukmþayehIy RbCaCnPaKeRcIn
mindwgfaetImanGVIkMBugEtekIteLIg
enaHeT.
sU rI RbCaCnrs;enAextþ
taEkvk¾)anrMlwkBIRBwtþikarN_Cemøós
RbCaCnecjBITIRkúgPñMeBjEdr.
bþIrbs; sU rI KWCaTahanrbs;rbb
saFarNrdæExµrEdlRtÚvrbYsRtg;
ePøA kñúgeBlRbyuT§CamYykgT½BExµr
Rkhm ehIyRtÚvbBa¢ÚnmkBüa)al
enAmnÞIreBTüPñMeBj.sUrI)anerob
rab;fa³ GakasyandæanGnþrCatieBaFicintug¬PñMeBj¦ Exemsa qñaM1975
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
19

21. kgT½BExµrRkhm)anbBa¢a[BYkeyIgecjBITIRkúg.´niyayfa {´minGaceTA)aneTeRBaH´
kMBugmanépÞeBaH ehIybþI´manrbYsF¶n;}. BYkeKenAEtbgçM[eyIgcakecj. BYkeyIgyM
eGIyyMeRBaHbþI´edIrminrYc. bnÞab;mk eyIgrk)anreTHmYy. ´RKah_bþI´dak;elIreTH
ehIy)andak;RkmaTak;kGUsbþI´bnþeTot. eyIgcg;eTAtaEkv EtExµrRkhm)anbgçM[eyIg
eFVIdMeNIreTAmuxbnþeTottampøÚvCatielx5. eyIgqøgkat;ERBkkþam ehIyk¾Qb;daM)ay
hUb. eBlhUb)ayehIyeKR)ab;eyIg[eTAmuxeTot. ´GUsreTHeLIgrlakRkelonGs;
ehIy. enAtampøÚv bþI´RtÚveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal. ´yMxøaMgNas; b:uEnþmindwgeFVI
y:agem:c. ´)aneTAdl;RsukcmáarelI extþkMBg;cam. mYyExeRkaymk ´qøgTenø)an
kUnRsImYy.
ExµrRkhm)anBnül;ehtuplCaeRcInGMBImUlehtu EdlGgÁkarRtÚvbeNþjRbCaCnTaMgGs;[ecjBI
TIRkúg.kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósExµrRkhm)anR)ab;RbCaCnfashrdæGaemriknwgmkTmøak;RKab;EbkenAPñMeBjehIy
faRbCaCnmincaM)ac;cak;esapÞHeT eRBaHfaRbCaCnTaMgGs;nwgGacRtLb;mkvijkñúgry³eBlBIr-bIéf¶eTot.
eGog sarI ]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTsrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü eRkaymk)anBnül;
ehtuplénkarCemøósfa bNþalmkBIkgVHxatsmÖarnigmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,IdwkmðÚbGaharmkkan;TIRkúg.
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAvalERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
20

22. b:ul Bt enAkñúgeBlbMeBjTsSnkic©enARbeTscinenAExtula qñaM1977 )anniyayfa mUlehtuénkar
CemøósRbCaCnKWedIm,IbMEbkRkúmcarkic©rbs;xµaMg.
RbvtþiviTUPaKeRcIn)anyl;Rsbfa ExµrRkhmmankarebþCJacitþy:agmutmaMedIm,IERbkøaykm<úCa[eTACa
RbeTsrbs;ksikrnigBlkrEdlkñúgenaHGMeBIBukrlYy skþiPUminiym nigmUlFnniym nwgRtÚvlubbM)at;ecal
TaMgRsug. ExµrRkhmyl;eXIjfaRbCaCnenATIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnanaCamnusSmins¥ats¥M ehIymanEtksikr
enAtamTICnbTb:ueNÑaHEdls¥ats¥MRKb;RKan;sRmab;bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn.
bnÞab;BIkarCemøós)anbBa©b; TIRkúgPñMeBj)ankøayeTACa {TIRkúgexµac} EdlmanmnusSrs;enARbEhl
bYnmuWnnak;b:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlbnþsßitenAkñúgTIRkúgKWsuT§EtCakmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCan;x<s; kgT½B nigkmµkrerag
cRk. manhaglk;TMnijEtmYyKt;enAkñúgTIRkúg¬pSarFMfµI¦ EdlebIklk;sRmab;GñkkarTUt. ExµrRkhm)anÉeka
RbeTsBIBiPBelakxageRkA. ExµrRkhmminebIkTUlay[CnbreTscUlmkkñúgRbeTseT ehIyk¾minebIkTUlay
[RbCaCnExµrcakecjBIRbeTsEdr.
BIr-bIéf¶bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt nigkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)aneFVIdMeNIrcUlmkTIRkúg
d¾s¶at;RCgMenH RkúmExµrRkhm)anerobcMBiFIbuNürMlwkviBaØaNkçn§cMeBaHGñk Edl)anBlICIvitkñúgGMLúgeBl
s®gÁam. enATIRkúgeb:kaMgÉeNaHvij manmnusSCagmYymuWnnak;nigm®nþICan;x<s;cinCaeRcInrUb)anR)arB§BiFI
C½yCmñHrbs;kgT½BkumµúynIsþkm<úCa elIrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrEdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu emdwknaMmanEteQµaHrbs;kgT½Bbdivtþn_min)an
cUlrYmkñúgBiFIenHeT. RBHGgÁKg;enAEk,rRBHmatarbs;RBHGgÁ KWRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtiß kusum³narIr½tñ
sirIvDÆna EdlkMBugEtRbQYnCaTm¶n;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg. kñúgGMLúgeBlKg;enAnireTsxøÜnenATIRkúgeb:kaMgtaMgBI
qñaM1970 rdæaPi)alkumµúynIsþcin)anfVayRBHGgÁnUvkarKaMRTTaMgpøÚvneya)aynigpøÚvcitþ RBmTaMgPUmiRKwHRbkb
edaypasukmYyeTotpg. eRkaymk RBHGgÁ)aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYyekatsresIrBIC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm.
21

23. CMBUkTI4
karbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
1> GgÁkar11
eTaHbICaExµrRkhm)aneFVIcm,aMgRbqaMgnwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl;Gs;ry³
eBlR)aMqñaMk¾eday k¾clnanigemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;ExµrRkhmminRtÚv)anpSBVpSayCasaFarN³eT. bkSkumµúynIsþ
km<úCa)anrkSakarsm¶at;enHesÞIrEteBjry³eBlEdlxøÜnRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa.
GgÁkarbdivtþn_RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaysmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)andwknaMCasm¶at;
BIsMNak; b:ul Bt.
enAExkBaØa qñaM1975 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCarYmman ³ b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ esa Pwm/
eGogsarI/ sun esn/ tam:uk/ nig vn ev:t. enAqñaM1977 smaCikbInak;eTot¬jwm rs;/ exov sMpn nig
Ek Bk¦RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgKN³kmµaFikarenH. b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig exov sMpn )anTTYl
emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCasmaCikKN³cié®nþy_énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ¬BIeqVgeTAsþaMrYmman³ b:ul Bt ¬elxabkS
kumµúynIsþkm<úCanigCanaykrdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦/ nYn Ca ¬GnuelxabkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCanigCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa¦/ eGog sarI
¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkarBarCati¦/ v:n evt ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkEpñkesdækic©¦
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
22

24. karGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg cMENk nYn Ca Føab;)ansikSaeronsURtenARbeTséfnigevotNam. smaCikepSgeTot
énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimmancMeNHdwgbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH.
fñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaBIqñaM1976-1978
2> karyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCarbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
rhUtdl;cugqñaM1975 ExµrRkhmenAEtehAxøÜnÉgfaCaraCrdæaPi)al
rYbrYmCatikm<úCa ¬rdæaPi)alEdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgeb:kaMgenA
qñaM1970 EdlmansemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu CaRBHRbFan¦. mkdl;
qñaM1972 ExµrRkhm)anRtÜtRtaelIclnats‘UesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAehIy
b:uEnþedIm,I)ankarTTYlsÁal;BIGnþrCatinigkarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTs
clnaenHenAbnþsßiteRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu
nigraCrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;RBHGgÁdEdl.
enAExkkáda qñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)ansuMyagsemþcRBHneratþm
sIhnu EdlenAeBlenaH kMBugKg;nireTsenATIRkúgBüúgy:ag RbeTskUer:
xageCIgmkkm<úCa. munyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anyagmkkan;TIRkúg
eb:kaMg edIm,IsuMlaRbFanaFibtIcin em:A esTug nignaykrdæm®nþI CU eGnLay
EdlkMBugsRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü. eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)anmanRBHbnÞÚl
b:ulBt
¬elxabkS¦
esa Pwm* eGog sarI sun esn* tam:uk* vn ev:t* Ek Bk*
exov sMpn
jwm rs;*
nYn Ca
¬GnuelxabkS¦
*vn ev:t nig jwm rs; RtÚv)ansmøab;enAqñaM1978. esa Pwm eFVIGtþXatenAqñaM
1978. sun esn RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgqñaM1997. Ek Bk søab;edaysarCMgWenA
qñaM2002. tam:uksøab;edayCMgWenAqñaM2006.
KRmbTsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
{Tg;bdivtþn_elx4 Exemsa qñaM1978}
¬sarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
23

25. fa³ {karseRmcRBHT½yrbs;´kñúgkarvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij minmann½yfa ´yl;RBmTTYlsÁal;ExµrRkhm
TaMgenaHeT b:uEnþ´RtÚvEteFVIBlikmµedIm,ICakitþiysdl;RbeTscin ehIyCaBiessdl;elaknaykrdæm®nþIcin
CU eGnLay Edl)anCYyRbeTskm<úCanig
xøÜn´y:ageRcInelIslub}12
. RBHGgÁ)an
yagRtLb;CamYyRBHmehsIenAedImExkBaØa
edaymansemþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþIén
raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa¦ exov sMpn
eGog FIriT§ nigraCvgSanuvgSmYycMnYnGm
RBHraCdMeNIreTotpg.
bnÞab;BIyagnivtþn_mkdl;km<úCaPøam
RBHGgÁ)aneFVICaGFibtIkñúgsm½yRbCuMKN³
rdæm®nþImYy b:uEnþminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[man
RBHbnÞÚlGVITaMgGs;. tMENgCaRBHRbmuxrdæ
EdlRkúmemdwknaMkumµúynIsþfVayRBHGgÁ
enaHminmanGMNaceT. bIs)þah_eRkay
karyagRtLb;mkdl;km<úCa RBHGgÁRtÚv)an
bBa¢ÚneTAGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTar
kic©RbCuMCamYyKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
ceRmógCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
17emsa mhaeCaKC½y
QamRkhmRcal eRsacRsBRkúgvalkm<úCa matuPUmi
Qam kmµkrksikrd¾]tþm QamyuT§Cn yuT§narIbdivtþn_.
QamERbkøayCakMhwgxøaMgkøa ts‘UemaHmut 17emsa
eRkamTg;bdivtþn_ QamrMedaHputBIPaB´eK.
Ceya¡Ceya 17emsaeCaKC½y mhaGs©arü mann½y
FMeFgelIssm½yGgÁr. eyIgrYbrYmKñaksagkm<úCanigsgÁmfµI
bvr RbCaFibetyü smPaB nigyutþiFm’ tammaKa’m©as;kar
ÉkraCürwgmaM ebþCJadac;xat karBarCatimatuPUmi TwkdI]tþm
bdivtþn_d¾rugerOg.
Ceya¡ Ceya¡ Ceya km<úCafµI RbCaFibetyü sm,Úr
fáúMefáIg ebþCJaeRCagRKvITg;bdivtþn_Rkhmx<s;eLIg sagmatuPUmi
eyIg[ceRmInelatepøaH mharugerOg mhaGs©arü.
24

26. ykGasn³rbs;km<úCaenAmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCa
Cati. enAkñúgRbeTsÉeNHvij RkúmGñkKaMRTrbs;RBHGgÁ
CaeRcInnak;)an)at;xøÜnedayKµandMNwg. smaCikraC
vgSanuvgSRbEhlémÖGgÁ)ancUlTivgÁtkñúgrbbkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü ehIyy:agticmanRBHraCvgSanuvgS
R)aMBIrGgÁepSgeTotRtÚv)aneFVIKutenAKukTYlEsøg.
3> rdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
BIéf¶TI15dl;éf¶TI19ExFñÚ qñaM1975 sMeNr
rdæFmµnuBaØmYyRtÚv)anGnum½tedaysmaCikcMnYnmYyBan;
nak;kñúgmhasnñi)atCatienATIRkúgPñMeBj ehIyRtÚv)an
Rbkas[eRbICapøÚvkarenAéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1976.
RbeTskm<úCaRtÚv)anbþÚreQµaHCapøÚvkarfa {km<úCaRbCa
Fibetyü}. rdæFmµnuBaØ)anbegáItsPatMNagRbCaCn
cMnYn250Gasn³ EdlkñúgenaH150rUbtMNag[vNѳ
ksikr 50rUbtMNag[vNѳkmµkrnigBlkr nig50rUb
eTottMNag[kgT½Bbdivtþn_km<úCa. rdæFmµnuBaØminman
EcgGVITaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ehIyrdæsPa
)anebIksm½yRbCuMEtmþgKt;enAExemsa qñaM1976.
ceRmógCatifµImaneQµaHfa {17emsamhaeCaKC½y}. bTceRmógenHniBn§eday b:ul Bt.
Tg;CatifµImanépÞBN’RkhmehIymanrUbR)asaTGgÁrvtþkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcMkNþal.
Tg;Catikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
maRta16énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anEcg
GMBIrUbPaBnigxøwmsarénTg;CatienHmandUcteTA³
épÞRkhmmanrUbR)asaTkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcM
kNþal. épÞRkhmCanimitþrUbénclnabdivtþn_ kar
RbyuT§emaHmut Gg;GackøahankñúgkarrMedaHCati
karBarCati nigksagCatikm<úCarbs;RbCaCn
km<úCa. R)asaTBN’elOgCanimitþrUbénRbéBNI
Cati nigRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlCaGñkkarBarRbeTs
CaGñksßabnaRbeTs[)anfáúMefáIg rugerOg.
sBaØaCati maRta17énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úRbCaFibetyüEcg
fasBaØaCatiKWmanRbB½n§ERs nigRbLayTwkCanimitþrUbén
ksikmµeCOnelOn maneragcRkCanimitþrUbén]sSahkmµ
mankRmgkYrRsUv CaEsñgRkbIB½T§BIeRkA ehIymanGkSr
{km<úCaRbCaFibetyü} enABIeRkam.
25

27. 4> semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrdæ
enAéf¶TI11 ExmIna qñaM1976 KN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIskm<úCa)anCYbBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðasuMla
ElgBItMENgrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. KN³Gcié®nþy_)anRBmeRBógTTYlyksMeNIsuMlaElgrbs;
RBHGgÁ b:uEnþnwgminGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁcakecjBIRbeTs eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_ b¤CYbBiPakSaCamYyGgÁTUtbreTs
NamYyeLIy. rbbraCaniymenAkm<úCaEdlekItmaneLIgGs;ry³eBlCitBIrBan;qñaMmkehIyenaHRtÚv)anbBa©b;.
enAExemsa qñaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa)anebIksm½yRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmþgKt;rbs;
xøÜn. GgÁRbCuM)anRBmeRBógKñaCaÉkcänÞeTAelIsMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtþn_rbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu eday
pþl;fVayRBHGgÁnUvR)ak;esaFnnivtþn_cMnYnR)aMbIBan;duløarshrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGgÁ
Tal;EtesaH. RBHGgÁnigRBHraCvgSanuvgSRtÚv)anXuMXaMgenAkñúgeKhdæantUcmYykñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg. RBHGgÁ
)anCab;XuMenA TIenaHrhUtdl;Exmkra qñaM1979 KWrhUtdl;éf¶dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü13
.
5> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaKWCaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RksYg
EdlmanskmµPaBkargareRcIn EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgPñMeBjrYmmanRksYgkarbreTsdwknaMeday
eGog sarI RksYgkarBarCatidwknaMeday sun esn RksYg]sSahkmµdwknaMeday ecg Gn nigRksYgesdækic©
dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KN³kmµaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiT§iGMNackñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigGnum½teKal
neya)ayrdæaPi)alniglkçnþik³epSg² KWKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul Bt Caelxa
nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaminEdlykcitþTukdak;eKarBrdæFmµnuBaØ nigbTbBaØtþinana
EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGñkGnum½tbegáIteLIgedayxøÜnÉgmþgNaeT. smaCikénKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_nigKN³
kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSk¾mantMENgenAkñúgrdæaPi)alEdr14
.
26

28. 6> karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS
enAExmIna qñaM1976 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)an
seRmcykqñaM1960 ¬minykqñaM1951¦ CaqñaM
kMeNItbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgenaH)an
seRmcfa GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcUlCasmaCikmunqñaM
1960nwgminRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasmaCikbkSeTot
eT. mCÄimbkSmincg;TTYlsÁal;sarsMxan;énkarCYy
eRCamERCgrbs;evotNammunqñaM1960eLIy ehIy
cg;bdiesFecalT§iBlrbs;evotNammkelIbkS
kumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigcg;kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngTaMgLayEdl
Føab;manCamYyevotNampg.
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbnþdwknaMRbeTsCasm¶at;
enAeRkameQµaHfa{GgÁkar}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAEx
kBaØa qñaM1977 KWmundMeNIrTsSnkic©eTARbeTscin
bnþic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarN³nUvGtßiPaB
rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCanayk
rdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
exov sMpn ¬smmitþEhm¦
exov sMpn ekItqñaM1931enAextþsVayerog.
bnÞab;BITTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs
)araMg exov sMpn )anbBa©b;sBaØab½Rtfñak;bNÐit
viTüasa®sþesdækic© ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCa
vijkñúgqñaM1959. bnÞab;mk semþcRBHneratþm
sIhnu )anEtgtaMg exov sMpn CardæelxaFikar
RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ. enAqñaM1964 exov sMpn
)anlaElgBImuxtMENg b:uEnþbnþsßitenACasmaCik
sPary³eBlbYnqñaMeTot.
qñaM1967 edayRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;gar
rbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ exov sMpn )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn
enAkñúgéRB. qñaM1976bnÞab;BIkarsuMlaElgrbs;
semþcRBHneratþmsIhnuexov sMpnRtÚv)anEtgtaMg
CaRbFanKN³RbFanrdærbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
exov sMpn )ancUlrYmCamYYyrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;
b:ulBtBIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1998 ehIybnÞab;mk
exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
27

29. CMBUkTI5
PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
enAqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anEbgEckkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeTACa6PUmiPaK EdlrYmman
32tMbn;. PUmiPaKnImYy²KWykextþBIrb¤eRcInmkbBa©ÚlKña b¤kat;ecjBIextþenHxøHb¤extþenaHxøHmkbBa©ÚlKña.
PUmiPaKnigtMbn;TaMgGs;suT§EtRtÚv)andak;kMNt;smÁal;Caelx. PUmiPaKnImYy²EckecjCaeRcIntMbn; ehIy
tMbn;nImYy²EckecjCaRsuk XuM nigshkrN_.
PUmiPaKbUBa’ ¬PUmiPaK203¦ dwknaMeday esa Pwm EdleFVIGtþXatenAEx]sPa qñaM1978. PUmiPaK
enHrYmmanextþéRBEvgnigextþsVayerogTaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþkMBg;camEdlsßitenAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;
nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykñúgextþRkecHKWRsukqøÚg nigkat;ykRsukxøHBIextþkNþalEdlrYmmanRsukxSac;kNþal
kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSnkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
28

30. lVaÉm nigmuxkMBUl. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22 tMbn;23 nig
tMbn;24.
PUmiPaKnirtI ¬PUmiPaK405¦ dwknaM
eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:uk. PUmiPaKenHrYm
manextþkMBtnigextþtaEkvTaMgmUl RsukBIrkñúg
extþkMBg;s<W ¬RsuksMeragTg nigRsukKgBisI¦
nigRsukR)aMkñúgextþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞwg
s¥ag ekaHFM ekonsVaynigRsukelIkEdk¦.
PUmiPaKenHEckecjCabYntMbn; KWtMbn;13
tMbn;33 tMbn;35 nigtMbn;25.
PUmiPaK]tþr ¬PUmiPaK303¦ dwknaM
eday kuy FYn ehA Fuc BIqñaM1970eTAedIm
qñaM1976. bnÞab;BI kuy FYn RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn
nigsmøab;enAKukTYlEsøgenAqñaM1976 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaPUmiPaK. enAqñaM1977 Ek Bk
RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNþalEdleTIbbegáItfµI ehIyelxafµIrbs;PUmiPaK]tþrKW kg cab.
PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþkMBg;FMTaMgmUl EpñkxaglicTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;énextþkMBg;cam nigRsukmYykñúgextþRkecH
¬RsukERBkRbsb;¦ ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
29

31. PUmiPaKBay½Bü ¬PUmiPaK560¦ dwknaMeday jwm rs;. PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþeBaFisat; nigextþ)at;dMbg
TaMgmUl EdlEckecjCaR)aMBIrtMbn;rYmmantMbn;1 tMbn;2 tMbn;3 tMbn;4 tMbn;5 tMbn;6 nigtMbn;7.
PUmiPaKbs©im ¬PUmiPaK401¦ dwknaMeday CU eCt. PUmiPaKenHrYmman extþekaHkugnig extþkMBg;qñaMgTaMgmUl
nigEpñkxøHénextþkMBg;s<W ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11.
PUmiPaK|san ¬PUmiPaK108¦ dwknaMeday éN sar:an; ehA y:a ¬smøab;enAqñaM1976¦. PUmiPaKenH
rYmman extþrtnKIrITaMgmUl extþmNÐlKIrITaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþRkecH nigEpñkxøHénextþsÞwgERtg EdlsßitenA
eRtIyxaglicTenøemKgÁ. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMmYytMbn; KW tMbn;101 tMbn;102 tMbn;104 tMbn;
105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.
PUmiPaKnigtMbn;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976
e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgsikSaFikarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
30

32. kñúgqñaM1976enH km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbegáIttMbn;sVy½tcMnYnBIrepSgeTotEdlTak;TgkargarpÞal;
CamYyKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS b:uEnþmintamry³PUmiPaKNamYyeT. tMbn;TaMgenHrYmmantMbn;esomrab
]tþrmanC½y¬tMbn;106¦ nigtMbn;RBHvihar¬tMbn;103¦. RkúgkMBg;esam¬bc©úb,nñRkúgRBHsIhnu¦k¾RtÚv)an
cat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr.
enAqñaM1977 PUmiPaKfµImYyeTot KWPUmiPaKkNþalRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg. PUmiPaKenHmanTItaMgsßitenA
Rtg;GtItPUmiPaK]tþr cMENkPUmiPaK]tþrfµIRtÚv)anbþÚrTItaMgeTAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½ynigtMbn;RBHvihar.
tMbn;RkecH¬b¤tMbn;505¦ nigtMbn;mNÐlKIrI¬b¤tMbn;105¦ RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIPUmiPaK|sannigcat;taMgCa
tMbn;sVy½t.
31

33. CMBUkTI6
KeRmagEpnkarbYnqñaM ¬1977-1980¦
ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkare)assMGatTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnana edIm,IlubbM)at;ecalkarrs;enAtamTIRkúg
nigksagkm<úCamYyfµIedayBwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIkplitkmµRsUv. edImqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anRbjab;
Rbjal;eroberogEpnkarbYnqñaMelIkTImYy ¬1977-1980¦ EdltRmÚv[eFVIkarRbmUlpþúMnUvral;sm,tþiÉkCn
TaMgGs; nigdak;kardaMduHRsUvCaGaTiPaBcm,grbs;Cati. bnÞab;BIbBaðasnþisuxCati smUhPavUbnIykmµKWCaeKal
neya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
RbCaCnkm<úCaminEdlCYbRbTHkarRbmUlpþúMEbbenHeTtaMgBImunmk. b:uEnþkñúgqñaM1976 RbCaCnRKb;rUb
RtÚv)antRmÚv[RbmUlRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn ¬rYmTaMgsmÖarpÞH)aypg¦edIm,IeRbIR)as;rYm. CaEpñk
mYyéndMeNIrkarenHEdr RKÜsarExµrTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIKña ehIyRbCaCnRKb;rUbRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTA
eFVIkartamRkúmerog²xøÜn. bþIRbBn§RtÚv)anbMEbk[rs;enAepSgBIKña ehIykUn²RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþay.
EpnkarbYnqñaMmaneKaledAseRmc[)anplitplRsUvbIetankñúgmYyhiktaCamFüm. enHCakic©kar
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
32

34. mYyEdlminGaceFVIeTAekIt edayehtufaRbCaCnkm<úCaminEdlRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkardaMduHRsUvy:agsem,Imkñúg
TUTaMgRbeTsEbbenHeTtaMgBIburaNkalmk. CagenHeTAeTot RbeTsCatiRtÚv)anbMpøicbMpøajedays®gÁam
ehIymankarxVHxat]bkrN_ stVBahn³ nigkmøaMgBlkmµmaMmYny:ageRcIn.
EpnkarbYnqñaMmanrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgKeRmagdaMbEnøbgáar ehIysgÇwmfanwgGacTajykR)ak;cMNUlBIGnupl
éRBeQI karensaT karciBa©wmstV nigkardaMedImeQI. emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüsgÇwmfanwgeFVI[km<úCaman
ÉkraCüeBjbribUrN_TaMgvis½yesdækic© k¾dUcCavis½yneya)ay nigmanbMNgERbkøaykm<úCaBIRbeTsksikmµ
»nfy [eTAksikmµsm½yTMenIbmYy.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI emdwknaMTaMgenHmin)anKit
dl;plvi)akénkarGnuvtþEpnkarenH nigTukçevTna
rbs; RbCaCnbNþalmkBIkareFVIkarhYskmøaMg
lkçxNÐrs;enAminl¥ karTTYlTanGaharminRKb;
RKan; karxVHxatesrIPaBnigsiT§iCamUldæanehIy
nigCMgWEdlKµankarBüa)al. kñúgry³kalén
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü lkçxNÐrs;enArbs;RbCaCn
mansPaBy:ab;yuWny:agxøaMg. rbbenH)an
bMpøajsuPmgÁlnigesckþIéføfñÚrCamnusS rbs;
RbCaCnkm<úCaesÞIrKµansl;cenøaH. RbCaCnPaK
eRcIndwgfaRbeTsmYyRtÚvkarGñkecHdwgedIm,I
GPivDÆn_. b:uEnþExµrRkhm)ansmøab;bBaØvnþnig
Gñkbec©keTsGs;CaeRcIn ehIy)anbiTsakl
viTüal½y salaeron nigmCÄmNÐlGb;rMdéTeTotenATUTaMgRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnksikrBICnbTEdl
BuMmanbTBiesaFn_[mkeFVIkarenAtameragcRkmYYycMnYntUcenATIRkúgPñMeBjeTAvij.
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anEckdIERseTACadIERsl¥elxmYy nigdIERsminl¥Fmµta. TinñplsRmab;dIERs
FmµtaKWbIetankñúgmYyhikta cMENkdIERselxmYy ksikrRtÚveFVI[)anBIR)aMmYyeTAR)aMBIretankñúgmYyhikta.
CagenHeTAeTot TinñplRsUvnwgRtÚvbegáInCaerogral;qñaM.
enAkñúgRTwsþIEdl)anEcgkñúgEpnkarbYnqñaMenH TinñplRsUvRtÚv)anEbgEckCabYncMENk. mYycMENk
sRmab;Caes,ógrbs;RbCaCnEdlmñak;²TTYl)an312KILÚRkamRsUvkñúgmYyqñaM b¤0/85KILÚRkamRsUvkñúg
mYyéf¶. mYycMENkeTotsRmab;eFVIBUCehIymYycMENkeTotsRmab;TukbRmúg. cMENkcugeRkayehIyk¾Ca
cMENkFMCageKenaHRtÚv)anykeTAlk;enAÉbreTsedIm,IbþÚryksac;R)ak; EdlGaceRbIR)as;edIm,ITijm:asuIn
sRmab;eFVIERscmáar eRKÓgsBVavuF nigTMnijepSg²eTot.
edaysarEtTinñplesÞIrEtminRKb;tamEpnkarEdl)ankMNt;enaH manRsUvtictYcNas; EdlrkSaTuk
sRmab;ciBa©wmRbCaCnnigsRmab;RKab;BUC. pÞúyeTAvij RsUvPaKeRcInRtÚv)anykeTApÁt;pÁg;kgT½BnigkmµkreragcRk
kgcl½tnarIExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
33

35. nignaMecjeTARbeTscin nigRbeTssgÁmniymdéTeTot.
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü esÞIrEtKµanGñkNamñak;
Føab;TTYl)anrbbGaharRKb;RKan;eT. RbCaCnPaKeRcInhUb
EtbbrlayeBat edImeck nigedImlðúg ehIyTTYl)anrbb
GgárticCagknøHkMb:ugTwkedaHeKakñúgmYyéf¶. manEtkmµaPi)al
nigkgT½BExµrRkhmb:ueNÑaHEdlman)ayhUbRKb;RKan;. Gñk
EdlenArs;ranmanCIvitTaMgGs;BIrbbenH yl;Rsbfa GVIEdl
Kat;cgcaMbMputeRkABIkarbgçM[eFVIkarhYskmøaMgnigkarkab;smøab;
enaH KWkarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMg.
G‘u¿ saer:t Gayu57qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanI
PñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitQWcab;rbs;RKÜsarKat; edaysar
karhUbminRKb;RKan;fa ³
karsEmþgsil,³rbs;kgyuvCnyuvnarI
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
skmµPaBCBa¢ÚndIenAkñúgKeRmagelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
34

36. enAqñaM1976 edayRTaMmin)annwgkareRskXøan «Buk´)andYskUnk¥úkmkes¶arhUb
edayKat;KitfaenaHKWCakUnRtI. éf¶mYy kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmmñak;)ansmøab;Bs;manBis
mYyehIyykmkTukecalenAelIrbg. Kat;dwgEdrfaBs;enaHmanBis b:uEnþKat;enAEt
BisaeTotrhUteFVI[Kat;søab;. b¥ÚnRsI´nigkUn²søab;edaysarEtkarGt;Xøan. RKÜsar
rbs;´k¾sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBdUcKñaEdr. eyIg)anxitxMeFVIERscmáary:ageRcIn b:uEnþeyIg
minEdl)anhUbRKb;RKan;eT. edayXøanxøaMgeBk eBlxøH´kat;edImRtavéRBmkes¶ar
hUb. eBlhUbehIyrmas;eBjxøÜn. kUn²´yMRThwgeBjpÞH. éf¶mYy´eTAsÞÚcRtI.
RbFankgKMram´fa {eFVIb£kefakTabeTAGgÁúysÞÚcRtI Rby½tñGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal}.
edaykarxVHGahar kUnrbs;´mñak;Føak;xøÜnQWCaTm¶n;. ´)anykExSk eTAdUrykGgármk
daM)ay[kUn´hUb. kUn´hUb)ayeRcInNas; EtCMgWrbs;vakan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgCalMdab;
ehIyk¾søab;)at;eTA. kUn´BIrnak;eTotnigbþIrbs;´k¾Føak;xøÜnQWEdr edaysarEthUbmin
RKb;RKan;. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ´-bþIehIynigkUn)anRbwgERbgrs;y:agevTnaCaTIbMput.
35

37. CMBUkTI7
CIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
1> karbegáItshkrN_
kñúgGMLúgs®gÁamsuIvilBIqñaM1970-1975 RbCaCnPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhm
RtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa{RkúmRbvas;éd} EdlmansmaCikBI10eTA30RKÜsarkñúgmYyRkúm. eTaHCay:agenHkþI
cab;BIqñaM1973 nigCaBiessbnÞab;BIC½yCmñHqñaM1975 RkúmRbvas;édRtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa {shkrN_kRmit
Tab}EdlmansmaCikbIbYnrynak; b¤k¾PUmimYyTaMgmUl. rhUtdl;qñaM1977 shkrN_kRmitTabRtÚv)anerobcM
eLIgvij[eTACa{shkrN_kRmitx<s;} EdlrYmmanmYyBan;RKÜsarkñúgshkrN_nImYy² b¤k¾XuMmYyTaMgmUl.
RbCaCnmUldæan³ mþaynigkUn ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
36

38. emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbegáItshkrN_TaMgenHeLIg EdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrrbs;xøÜneq<aHeTA
rkkarlubbM)at;ecalkmµsiT§iÉkCnnigrbbmUlFnniym nigedIm,IBRgwgvNѳkmµkrnigksikr. cMeBaHExµrRkhm
shkrN_mann½yfaRbCaCnrs;enACamYyKña eFVIkarCamYyKña hUbCamYyKña nigEckrMElkkarkmSanþCa
smUhPaB. eKalkarN_enHeFVI[mankardak;kMhity:agtwgrwugeTAelIkarrs;enACabuKÁl. RKÜsarExµrFøab;rs;enA
hUbcukCYbCuMKñarab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy dUecñHkarbgçMRbCaCn[hUbrYmKñaenAkñúgshkrN_ CaBiessenAeBlEdl
mankarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMgEbbenH KWCaTegVImYyeXareXAxøaMgNas;. CagenHeTAeTot RbCaCnRtÚvRbKl;
RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn EdlCameFüa)ayplitkmµsMxan;²dak;Casm,tþirYmrbs;shkrN_TaMgGs; EdlmandUcCa
]bkrN_eRbIR)as; eKaRkbI ngÁ½l rnas; RKab;BUC nigdIERsCaedIm.
shkrN_RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IeFVIy:agNaGac[xøÜn]btßmÖxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg)an. emdwknaMExµrRkhm
)anBN’nashkrN_faCa {kmøaMgFMeFgxøaMgkøa} kñúgkarksagRbeTsnigCa {kMEpgEfby:agrwgmaMbMput}
sRmab;karBarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüTb;Tl;nwgsRtÚv.
2> vNѳsgÁmfµIBIr
eTaHCaExµrRkhm)anGHGagfa xøÜnkMBugEtksagRbeTsmYyRbkbedaysmPaBniglubbM)at;ecal
vNѳsgÁmy:agNak¾eday b:uEnþFatuBitExµrRkhm)an
begáIteLIgnUvvNѳfµIBIrenAkñúgRbeTsKW {RbCaCn
mUldæan} nig{RbCaCnfµI} .
RbCaCnmUldæan b¤RbCaCncas;KWGñkTaMg
LayNaEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT RKb;RKgeday
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCamunéf¶17 Exemsa qñaM1975.
ExµrRkhm)anEbgEckGñkTaMgenHCaRbCaCneBjsiT§i
b¤RbCaCneRtóm. RbCaCneBjsiT§iKWGñkTaMgLay
NaEdlminmanbgb¥ÚnFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbsaFarNrdæ
Exµr ehIyCasmaCikRKÜsarksikrRk b¤ksikrkNþal
fñak;eRkam¬ksikrnigkmµkr¦. RbCaCnRbePTenHRtÚv
)anGnuBaØat[eTAe)aHeqñat b¤QreQµaH[eKe)aHeqñat
eTaHbICakare)aHeqñatmanEtmþgKt;enAéf¶TI20 Ex
mIna qñaM1976 kñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyük¾
eday. ¬kare)aHeqñatenHminGnuelamtambTdæan
GnþrCatiehIyeQµaHsmaCiksPatMNagRbCaCnk¾min
RtÚv)anRbkas[RbCaCndwgEdr¦. RbCaCnmUldæan
GackøayCaRbFanshkrN_nigRbFankgepSg². Gñksil,³ExµrRkhm
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
37

39. RbCaCneRtómKWGñkTaMgLayEdlmanbgb¥ÚnFøab;eFVIkarCamYyrbbsaFarNrdæExµr. RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚv)an
RtaRbNI drabNaRbCaCnTaMgGs;enaHxitxMeFVIkargaredayx¢ab;x¢Ün.
RbCaCnfµI b¤RbCaCn17emsaKWGñkEdlRtÚvCemøósecjBITIRkúg b¤TIRbCuMCnnanaenAExemsa qñaM1975.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI mYycMnYnFMénGñkTaMgenHKWCaGñkmkBICnbT ehIy)anrt;eTATIRkúgedIm,IeKcBIs®gÁam. RbCaCn
fµIRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSEdlminGaceCOTukcitþ)an ehIyTTYlkars¥b;ex<ImnigkarsgS½yBIsMNak;GgÁkar.
RbCaCnTaMgenHRtÚv)anGgÁkarcat;TukfaCa{CnbeBaØIEk¥k} ehIyKµansiT§iGVITaMgGs;dUcEdlBaküesøakExµrRkhmmYy
)anGHGagfa {BYk17emsaCaCnbeBaØIEk¥k. BYkvaCaGñkcaj;s®gÁamnigCaeQøIyswk}. BaküesøakmYyeTot
EdlGñkrs;ranmanCIvitPaKeRcIncgcaMenaHKW {Tukk¾mincMeNj dkecjk¾minxat}. RbCaCnfµITTYlrgkareFVITukç
bukemñjxøaMgCagRbCaCncas;. b:uEnþTMhMénGMeBIeXareXAmankRmitxus²KñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot.
]TahrN_ RbCaCnenAextþsVayerognigéRBEvgkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ )anTTYlkarKaMBarBIbdivtþn_RbesIrCagGñkEdl
RtÚv)anCemøóseTAextþeBaFisat;nig)at;dMbgénPUmiPaKBay½Bü.
cab suIfa Gayu65qñaM rs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;Kat;EdlkaleNaHCaGñk17
emsafa³
Rkúmsil,³ExµrRkhmenAR)asaTbnÞayRsI ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
38

40. enAeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RkúmRKÜsar´EdlmansmaCikTaMgGs;14nak;RtÚv)anCemøós
eTArs;enARsukekaHFM extþkNþal. enATIenaH GgÁkarcat;taMg[daMbEnøbgáar nigeFVIERs.
éf¶mYyevlaem:agR)aMbYnyb; bþIrbs;´RtÚvGgÁkaresñI[eTAeronsURtmYyry³. ´rg;caMbþI´
b:uEnþmineXIjKat;RtLb;mkvijesaH. ®sþImñak;enAkñúgPUmi)anR)ab;kUnrbs;´mñak;fa {min
caM)ac;emIlpøÚv«BukÉgeT ehIyRby½tñRbEygmat;pg kuMniyayGVIepþspþas[esaH
Rby½tñeKykeTAmYyBUC eRBaH«BukÉgmanRbvtþiFMNas;}. ´dwgfaGgÁkar)anykbþI´eTA
smøab;ecal eRBaHKat;CaGtItecAhVayextþkNþal. BIrExeRkaymk GgÁkar)anR)ab;´
[pøas;eTArs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj. tamBitExµrRkhmnaMBYkeyIgeTAextþ)at;dMbg.GgÁkar)an
EckkUnxÞmmYy[RkúmRKÜsar´rs;enA.RKÜsar´RtÚv)anbMEbk[eTArs;enAkñúgkgepSg²Kña.
manEtkUnRsIeBArbs;´GayuR)aMmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH rs;enACamYy´. CIivitenA)at;dMbgKWCa
erOgr:avmYyEdlminGacbMePøc)aneTsRmab;´. kñúgry³eBlEtdb;éf¶b:ueNÑaHkUnRbús
´bYnnak;nigkUnRsImñak;)ansøab;bnþbnÞab;Kña. xøHsøab;edaysarGt;GaharnigCMgW xøHeTot
karsEmþgsil,³rbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
39

41. RtÚv)ansmøab; edayGgÁkarecaTRbkan;famanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyxµaMg. mYyry³eRkaymk
mþayekµkrbs;´Gayu70qñaM)ansøab;edayCMgWxVHGaharbriePaK. CIviteBareBjeday
PaBP½yxøac. Caerogral;yb; ´minEdledk)anRsYleT. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmirbs;´
CaeRcInRtÚvGgÁkarehAeTAehIy)at;xøÜnrhUt.
3> BiFIerobmgÁlkar
mgÁlkar¬b¤BiFIebIkvKÁ¦kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüxusKñaTaMgRsugBImgÁlkartamTMenomTmøab;RbéBNI
Exµr. kUnkemøaHRkmuMTaMgGs;RtÚv)anerobcMkñúgBiFIrYmEtmYyEdlmancMnYnBI3eTA10KU kñúgBiFItUc ehIyBiFIFMman
BI30eTA50KUb¤rhUtdl;Cag100KUkñúgBiFInImYy². bursnarIPaKeRcInminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eRCIserIsKURskr
rbs;xøÜneT. KU nImYy²)anRtÚvcat;taMgeLIgedayGgÁkar EdlGHGagfaCa«Bukmþayrbs;mnusSRKb;rUb.
GñkxøHminTaMgsÁal;eQµaHnigmuxmat;GnaKtKURskrrbs;xøÜnpgeT rhUtdl;eBlR)arB§BiFIEtmþg. bgb¥Únsac;jati
minGnuBaØat[cUlrYmkñúgBiFImgÁlkar b¤cUlrYmkñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþNamYyeLIy. semøókbMBak;RbéBNI
BiFIraMErk ceRmógRbéBNI nigBiFItamEbbsasnaRtÚv)anhamXat;.
BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
40

42. narImYycMnYnRtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarCamYyyuT§CnBikar EdlrgrbYskñúgeBls®gÁam ehIyRtÚvdac;éd
b¤dac;eCIgmçag. narIEdlCMTas;minTTYlykbursBikarTaMgenHGacRtÚvcab;XuMXaMg TTYlrgTNÐkmµCaTm¶n; b¤RtÚv
bBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAtMbn;dac;Rsyalq¶ay²BIpÞH. narIxøHEdlCYbRbTHehtukarN_bgçMEbbenH)aneFVIGtþXat.
mUsa suxa CnCaticamrs;enAextþRkecH CaGtItRbFansmaKm®sþIXuMkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
)anrMlwkGMBIkarerobkarrbs;Kat;kalBIsm½yenaHdUecñHfa³
enAqñaM1974 eBl´manGayudb;R)aMqñaM ´)anerobkarCamYyGñklIEsgeRKÓgsBVavuF
mñak;eQµaH NuH las;. BYkeyIgsMNagl¥Nas;Edl)anerobkarmYyExmunkarGnum½t
c,ab;fµI EdlhamR)amRbCaCnmin[tubEtgxøÜnnwgeRKÓgGlgáarcRkBtþi. GVIk¾edayEdl
eRbIsRmab;tubEtgkayRtÚv)ancat;TukCarbs;cRkBtþiTaMgGs; sUm,IEteRKÓgGlgáar
Ekøgkøayk¾eday. mkRtwmeBlenaH manburs®sþI BI5eTA10KU RtÚv)anbgçM[erobkar
CarYmrYceRsceTAehIy. RbsinebIKUNamYyCMTas;minRBmkarCamYyKña BYkeKnwgRtÚv
ehA[eTAeronsURt. bþIRbBn§EdleTIbkarehIyfµIefµagRtÚvbMEbkecjBIKña. kñúgBiFImgÁl
karrbs;´ ´manGñkkMdrnigmanBak;eRKÓgGlgáar b:uEnþ´esøókBak;exµAnigBak;Es,keCIg
kg;Lan. bnÞab;BIkarehIy)anbIéf¶ GgÁkar)anehAbþI´[eTAsmrPUmi eRBaHGgÁkarRtÚvkar
kmøaMgbEnßmedIm,IvayrMlMrdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBj. ´)anGgVrRbFanPUmi[bþI´sñak;enAkñúgPUmi
BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
41

43. b:uEnþKat;)anbdiesF. enAqñaM1976 ´sRmal)ankUnRbúsmñak; b:uEnþ)ansøab;eTAvij
mYys)þah_eRkaymkedaysarCMgW.
GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçMkan;EtmansPaBtwgEtgeLIg bnÞab;BIC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhmqñaM1975.
burs®sþICaeRcInKURtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarkñúgeBlEtmYy. epg hgS RbCaCnmkBIextþkMBg;cam)anerobrab;BI
mgÁlkarrbs;Kat;dUecñHfa ³
enAqñaM1978 KWmYyExmunkardYlrlMénrbbenH GgÁkarcat;taMg[´erobkar. Es¥keLIg
´GgÁúyelIekAGIenAkñúgBiFIerobkar edaytaMgcitþfanwgeFVItamGVIEdlGgÁkarbBa¢a. BiFIenaH
manyuvCnyuvnarIEdlRtÚverobkarsrub160KU. ´nigRbBn§´)ansc©afanwgrYmrs;
CamYyKñanigmankUnmYykñúgeBlmYyqñaM. ExµrRkhm)anEckexaGavexµAmYykMebønigRkma
mYy ehIymanerobcMmðÚbGahar[hUb. eRkaybdivtþn_ ´nigRbBn§´vilmkpÞHvij.
LÚvenHeyIgmankUnR)aMnak;.
enAéf¶erobkarbursnarITaMgGs;RtÚvQrCaBIrCYr. bnÞab;mkRbFanPUmibBa¢a[GñkTaMgenHcab;édKña
ehIyeFVIkarebþCJafanwgrYmrs;CamYyKñaGs;mYyCIvit.enHbBa¢ak;fa bursnarITaMgGs;enaH)anerobkarrYcehIy.
BiFId¾xøIenHnwgRtÚvbBa©b;bnÞab;BImankarhUbGaharbnþicbnþÜc.
bnÞab;BIerobkarehIy bþIRbBn§)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[rs;enACamYyKñaEtBIr-bIéf¶b:ueNÑaH ehIybnÞab;mk
RtÚveTAeFVIkartamRkúmerog²xøÜnvij. bþIRbBn§mYycMnYnk¾)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[mkCYbmuxKñakñúgrvagBIR)aMBIr
eTAdb;éf¶mþgEdr.
ExµrRkhmemIleXIjBiFIerobkartamRbéBNIExµr dUcEdlxøÜnemIleXIjkareKarBRbNib½tn_CMenO
sasna nigkarsikSaenAtamsalab¤mhaviTüal½yEdr. ExµrRkhmyl;favaCakarcMNayeBltRbeyaCn_
nigKµan)anCYyGVITal;EtesaHkñúgkarbgábegáInplRsUv. mgÁlkarrYmRtÚvbegáIteLIg edaysarEtvacMNay
eBltic ehIyeBlevlaEdlenAsl;nwgRtÚvcMNayeTAelIkargarshkrN_ nigGVIEdlExµrRkhmehAfa {bdivtþn_
mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü} EdlCaBaküesøakcmøgecjmkBIkumµúynIsþcin. emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
cg;bBa¢ak;[c,as;fa nwgmanekµg²cab;kMeNItEdlGacbnþbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn)an. sRmab;ExµrRkhm eKalbMNg
cm,génkarerobkarminEmnedIm,IbegáItsgÁmRKÜsarenaHeT bu:EnþedIm,IbegáItmnusS EdlGacbeRmIbdivtþn_)an.
4> karrMelaPelIsiT§inigBlkmµrbs;kumar
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüminmansalaeronCapøÚvkareT. kumarRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeronenAeRkamedIm
eQI b¤enAeRkampÞHRbCaCn. RKÚPaKeRcInCaksikrRkEdlGacGan nigsresrEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCa
karGb;rMenAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnmankarrIkcMerInkñúgqñaM1978k¾eday ¬kumarTTYl)ankarsikSafñak;bzmBI2eTA3
em:agkñúgmYyéf¶¦ k¾enAEtminTan;mansalaeronEdlmandMeNIrkareBjeljEdr. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar
42

44. KµaneTsBaØab½Rt manEtsBaØaeXIj ebIcg;)an)ak;Gg )ak;Dub RtÚveTAykenATMnb;
RbLay} ehIyfa {kareronGkSreronelxminsMxan;eT karsMxan;KWkargarnigclna
bdivtþn_}.
enAeBlEdlkumarRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgón[ecHGan nigsresrGkSrbnþic
bnþÜcenaH PaKeRcInénkarsikSaKWepþateTAelIkarGb;rMneya)ay. ekµg²CaeRcInRtÚv
)anykecjBIpÞH[eTAcUlrYmvKÁhVwkhVWnmenaKmviC¢aedIm,IGacbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½B
kgkarBar b¤nirsar.
kUnekµgk¾RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarEdrenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
kargarrbs;kumarKWedIrerIs Gacm_eKa kat;T®nÞanExRt RbmUllamkmnusSedIm,IeFVICI nigCBa¢ÚnGavuFeTAsmrPUmi
EdlenATIenaHCYnkalkumarRtÚvTTYlrgrbYs b¤k¾RtÚvRKab;kaMePøIgsøab;k¾man. CagenHeTAeTot kumarakumarITaMgenH
RtÚvbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþay ehIyminEdlsÁal;PaBkk;ekþARKÜsareLIy.
Pin rdæa Gayu40qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanIPñMeBj)anrMlwkBIerOgr:avrbs;Kat; EdlCakUnekµg
Gayudb;qñaMmñak; kñúgqñaM1975fa ³
RKÜsar´RtÚv)anCemøóseTARsukKIrIvgSextþtaEkv. enATIenaHGgÁkarEckpÞH[mYyxñgkñúg
RKÜsarnImYy². RkúmRKÜsar´rs;enAedayBwgelIkaredIrrkkþam-xügeFVICamðÚb. bnÞab;BI
ExµrRkhm)anbegáItBakü
esøak Tak;TgnwgkarGb;rM
fa {GgÁkarykmøb;eQI
eFVICasalaeronnigkEnøg
eFVImITÞIg. eFVIbeNþIreron
beNþIr eFVIkan;EteRcIn
ecHkan;EteRcIn}.
kUnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
43

45. RbCuMneya)ayCamYYyRbFanPUmiehIy eyIgRtÚv)ancat;taMg[hUbrYm ehIy´minGac
rkkþam-xüg)aneToteT. edaysarEtXøanxøaMgeBk ´]sSah_lYcebHbEnøEdleyIg)an
daMenACuMvijpÞHhUbNas;. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAkgcl½tkumarEdlsßitenA
q¶ayBIpÞH. ry³eBlbI-bYnEx eTIbGgÁkarGnuBaØat[´mkelgpÞHmþg. kargarrbs;´KW
EsgkNþab;kñúgERs. eBlxøH ´mincg;cuHeFVIkargarkñúgERseT BIeRBaH´xøaceQøIgTam.
RbFankgenATIenaHEtgEtvayeFVI)ab´. ´)anrt;eTApÞHCaeRcIndgedIm,I[«Bukmþay
´CYy b:uEnþKµanGñkNaGacCYy´)aneLIy. bnÞab;mk´)aneTABYnkñúgéRBGs;mYyry³.
´rs;enAedayebHsøwkeQIéRB nigEpøeQIéRBhUbniglYcmðÚbGñkPUmi. edayminGacRTaM)an
nwgsßanPaBrs;enAEbbenaH ´rt;mkenApÞH´vij. edayxøacGgÁkar «Bukmþay´)anbBa¢Ún
´[eTAkgcl½tvij. eBleTAdl;kgvij RbFankg)aneFVITaruNkmµ´nigRBman´kuM[rt;
eTot. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eRsacbEnønigekIbGacm_RCÚk. éf¶mYy edaysar´mankar
Gs;kmøaMgxøaMgnigTn;CgÁg;pg ´dYl ehIyeFVI[kMBb;Gacm_RCÚkBIGERmk. RbFankgyk
rMBat;ExSeKamkvay´ ehIyrMBat;enaHxÞatRtÚvEPñkrbs;´. cab;BIeBlenaHmk´ecHEt
ehorTwkEPñk ehIyEPñk´eLIgRkhmQWcab;y:agxøaMg. TIbMput ´RtÚvggwtemIlGVIElg
eXIj.
kumareronGMBIkardaMduHRsUv ¬rUbPaBedayelakec>x½sem:n nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
44

46. rs; smeBA RbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj )an)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;kñúgsm½yExµrRkhm.
smeBA )anerobrab;fa ³
RKÜsarrbs;´EdlmansmaCikR)aMnak;RtÚv)andwkeTAPñMRteLak EdlsßitkñúgRsukRBH
enRtRBH extþ)at;dMbg. ´nigkumarepSgeTotRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTACIkdI elIkTMnb;
XValeKa nigedIrkab;edImT®nÞanExRt. eyIgRtÚvEteFVI[ehIytamkarkMNt;. RbsinebI
minehIy eyIgnwgRtÚvkat;rbbGaharnigTTYlTaruNkmµ. «Bukrbs;´søab;edayCMgW
RKúncaj; cMENkbgRsI´søab;edaysarCMgWehImeBaH. RKamYybnÞab;BIeFVIkarehIy
eyIg)anmkCYbCuMKñaehIyR)ab;KñaeTAvijeTAmkGMBIRbvtþiRKÜsarrbs;eyIg. bnþiceRkay
mkbgRbúsmñak;)anedIrcUlmkehIyR)ab;´famþayrbs;´RtÚvGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal
)at;eTAehIy. eRkayBITTYl)andMNwgenHPøam TwkEPñk´hUrFøak;mkedaymindwgxøÜn.
´manGarmµN_fa ´Gs;ehIy Kµanesssl;GVIeToteT sUm,IEtrUbxøÜnÉgk¾BuMdwgfaGacman
CIvitrs;)anyUrb:uNÑaEdr. smaCikcugeRkayEtmñak;Kt;rbs;RKÜsar´ KWbgRbusrbs;´
Edl)at;xøÜnedayKµandMNwgGVIbnþicbnþÜcesaH rhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH.
kumarTaMgLayRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgonfa
{GgÁkarCa«Bukmþayrbs;kumarakumarInigyuvCn
yuvnarI. ebIEm:«vaykUn mann½yfaemIlgay
GgÁkardUecñHGgÁkarminRbNIeLIy}. kmµaPi)al
ExµrRkhm)an[kumaresuIbkarN_BI«Bukmþayrbs;
xøÜnehIyCYnkalkumarTaMgenHh‘anTaMgsmøab;«Buk
mþaybegáItrbs;xøÜneTotpg RbsinebITTYl)an
bBa¢aBIGgÁkar. mYyry³kalknøgputeTA kumar
TaMgLayeCOEteTAelIGVIEdlGgÁkar)anR)ab; nig
eKarBtamEtbBa¢arbs;GgÁkarb:ueNÑaH.
kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁamCamYyevotNam
kñúgqñaM1977-1978 kgT½BExµrRkhmCaeRcIn
)ansøab;b¤rgrbYsCaTm¶n;. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢Ún
kumar[eTAsmrPUmimux EdlenATIenaHkumarrab;Ban;
nak;)anRtÚvrbYsnigsøab;)at;bg;CIvit.
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
45

47. 5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;
RbCaCnRKb;rUbkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarTaMgGs;. kumarRtÚv)an
dak;[eFVIkargarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkumartUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥I.
mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qñaM ¬kumarv½yCMTg;¦ RtÚvTTYlkargarF¶n;²niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;²TaMgenHRtÚv
CIkRbLay b¤GagsþúkTwk elIkTMnb; kab;eQIeFVIpÞH randIedIm,IeFVIERscmáar nigdaMRsUv. burs®sþIRbEhl
BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj.
RbCaCnesÞIrRKb;rUbeFVIkareRcInCagdb;BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ nigR)aMBIréf¶kñúgmYys)þah_ edayminmaneBl
sRmaknigTTYlTanGahartictYcbMput. CYnkalRbCaCneFVIkartaMgBIRBlwmRsag²rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;
ebIsinCaExPøW. éf¶NaEdlminmanelakEx eKGucePøIgbMPøWvalERsedIm,IeFVIkarbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg
kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaxµaMgrbs;bdivtþn_ ehIynwg
RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTAGb;rM. GñkEdlRbRBwtþkMhusdEdl² b¤kMhusF¶n;F¶rnwgRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. karRbRBwtþEbbenH
KWpÞúyTaMgRsugeTAnwgmaRta12énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdlmanesckþICaGaT×fa ³
karR)arB§BiFIGbGrsaTcMeBaHkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ynUvKeRmagRbB½n§RbLayTwk
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
46

48. RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiT§iCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmÖar xagsµartI nigxagvb,Fm’ EdlRtÚv)an
EkERb[rIkceRmInkan;Etx<s;eLIgCanic©. RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbsuT§EtRtÚvFanaGHGagxagCIvPaB
TaMgGs;.
kmµkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk.
ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar.
BlkrepSgeTotmansiT§imankargareFVITaMgGs;.
PaBKµankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
6> visuT§kmµnigkarsmøab;rgÁal
ExµrRkhmEtgEtRsavRCavrkcab;xµaMg ehIyeCOCak;faxµaMgmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgTUTaMgRbeTs.
CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar
sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam.
karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµd¾FMeFgmYy.
enAcugqñaM1977 bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPaKbUBa’én
RbeTskm<úCa. bI-bYnExeRkaymk T½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij edayekorykRbCaCnsuIvilExµrrab;ry
nak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’fa )ancUlédcUleCIg
KeRmagelIkTMnb; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
47

49. CamYyevotNam. ehtukarN_enH)annaMeTAdl;karcab;xøÜn nigsmøab;ecalmnusSCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMgGñkEdl
esµaHRtg;nwgExµrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg.
visuT§kmµd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén
PUmiPaKenH)aneFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifunadl;ExkBaØa enAeBl
Edlkarb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkMBugEtbnþ tMbn;PaKeRcInenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH)ankøayeTACasmrPUmirvagkgT½B
rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’)ansøab;kñúg
smrPUmi nigedaysarkarsmøab;rgÁal. rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbBa¢ÚnT½BBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAb®gáab
RkúmbHe)ar. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;eTARBMEdnevotNam eKcBIkarsmøab;rgÁalEdlpÞúHeLIg bnÞab;BIkarmk
dl;énkgT½BTaMgenH.
visuT§kmµk¾ekItmaneLIgEdrenAPUmiPaK]tþrkñúgqñaM1977. visuT§kmµenHepþateTAelIbBaØvnþ nigGñkEdl
manCab;Bak;B½n§nwg kuy FYn EdleFVICaelxaPUmiPaK]tþrrhUtdl;edImqñaM1976. GMLúgeBleFVIvisuT§kmµenH
GgÁkar)ancab;xøÜnrdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitþPkþiCaeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman
ePaK qay nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVIrdæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess
karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam¦ kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü15
. b:uEnþEpnkarTaMgenHsuT§EtbraC½y ehIy)aneFVI
[karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµenATUTaMgRbeTs.
kgcl½tnarIrbs;ExµrRkhm)acTwkbBa©ÚlERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
48

50. san; tIm:aNas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam )anrMB£kGMBIkarsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam
edayExµrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;GñkRsIpÞal;. GñkRsI)an
erobrab;fa ³
enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi
rbs;´. BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;BYkeKesÞIrTaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi´nigPUmiekaHpl
TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExµrRkhm.
cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;´
TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs;´eQµaH mUsa RtÚvExµrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BIkarbHe)ar ehIy
k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI
rbs;´eQµaH r:hVIGH RBmTaMgbþInigkUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminman mUlehtu
GVITaMgGs;.
bnÞab;mk BYkExµrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnRKÜsarrbs;´eTAPUmiERsvalkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg;.
mundMbUg BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPñMeBj. mnusSCaeRcIn
RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVIkarmin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdYlrlMsgát;elI. bnÞab;
mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©wmRCÚk. ´)anRbEkkedayGHGagfa ´xøacRCÚkNas;. bu:Enþ
BYkvabgçM´[eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢Ún´eTAeronsURt RbsinebI´mineFVI.
BYkExµrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa ´min
EdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItUcmk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[GaharGVI
TaMgGs;mk´. ´)ansMuGMbilxøH b:uEnþBYkvaniyayfarbbGMbil)andak;enAkñúgsmøsac;RCÚk
Gs;ehIy. xøÜnrbs;´eLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ ´)anrYcrs;CIvitBIrbbenH. ´)anvil
RtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.
49

51. CMBUkTI8
RbB½n§snþisux
1> mnÞIrsnþisux
eTaHbICavisuT§kmµenAPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgqñaM1978 CaRBwtþikarN_éRBépSbMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtamtMbn;
epSg²eTotkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½n§snþisuxrbs;ExµrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgesÞIr
RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞIrsnþisux} CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}.
Rkúmkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
50

52. mnÞIrsnþisuxkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgCaR)aMfñak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)an
eRbIR)as;CamnÞIrXuMXaMg kEnøgsYrcemøIy nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XuMkñúgKukbIfñak;dMbUg ¬fñak;tMbn;
fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;XuM¦ PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþIrdækarsuIvilrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyGñkeTas
epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTlYcrbs;rbrb¤cMNIGahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤niyay
GaRkk;BIGgÁkar. mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;PUmiPaKeFVIkarXuMXaMgGñkeTasrab;Ban;nak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHeRbIsRmab;
XuMXaMg yuT§CnExµrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK.
mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;x<s;bMputKWCamnÞIrsnþisuxmCÄimenAPñMeBjEdlmaneQµaHsm¶at;fa{mnÞIrs-21}. GñkeTasenA
kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_.
enAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;eRkam kareFVITNÐkmµminsUvCaF¶n;F¶rb:unµaneT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an
bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmµ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in
mðÚbGahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XuMkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqñaM1976. b:uEnþ
cab;taMgBIqñaMenaHmk enAfñak;tMbn;nigfñak;Rsuk esÞIrEtKµanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeLIy ehIyesÞIrEt
KµanGñkeTas Namñak;GacrYcrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr.
2> xµaMgrbs;GgÁkar
ExµrRkhmcg;[bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜnnigRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;manPaB
s¥ats¥M. RbCaCnTaMg Gs;RtÚvEts¥ats¥MTaMgstiGarmµN_nigRbvtþirUb.
ksikrRkIRkRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCaGñkbdivtþn_Edls¥ats¥MbMput.
ExµrRkhmminTukcitþGñkepSgeRkABIksikrRkTaMgenHeLIy. RbCaCnEdl
)anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar
lYcmðÚbGahar RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaxµaMgrbs;rdæ nigCajwkjy)ankøay
eTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExµrRkhm)an
EbgEcksRtÚvrbs;xøÜnCaBIrRbePTKW {sRtÚvxagkñúg} nig {sRtÚvxag
eRkA}.
sRtÚvxagkñúg KWCa{RbCaCnfµI} b¤ {RbCaCn17emsa} nig
GñkEdlFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;bBa©ÚlCaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþiPUminiym.
CMBUkRbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExµrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñúgTaMgenHeFVI[
mCÄimbkS16
mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman³
Gñkrdækarrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ³ kñúgqñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar
rbbsaFarNrdæExµrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExµrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan.
GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrTaMgb:unµansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt
smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;GñkrdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan
nIrsaenAmnÞIrs-21
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
51

53. nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ehIy)anrYcrs;CIvitmYyRKa b¤rYcrs;CIvitrhUtdl;éf¶
dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
RkúmCnCatiPaKtic ³ ExµrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExµrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg
karGnuvtþEpnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI
bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj.
CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñM ³ muneBleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1975 emdwknaMExµrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an
rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI
CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMTaMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmancitþesµaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYycMnYn
)ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eTotpg. b:uEnþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esµaHsµ½RKnig
eCOTukcitþelICnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMy:agNak¾eday k¾ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImeFVIkarpøas;TIlMenACnCatiPaKtickñúg
extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn.
GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmeTA RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.
pSús éRb CnCatiBñgrs;enAkñúgextþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BIsßanPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIRtÚvbgçM[pøas;
bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhmfa ³
eyaFaExµrRkhmenAvimanÉkraCü ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
52

54. kµÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExµrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg;
eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. ´RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVIERscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn.
enAkñúgRsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVIkarTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig
mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;´EdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb
eRkAEtBIkþÜcenaHeT dUecñHehIybþIrbs;vaeTArkGgá)anR)aMbIkMb:ugnigman;mYyBIPUmiepSg.
RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar
cab;xøÜn. kñúgPUmiLaMTwk RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb
pøitXµúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.
CnCatiPaKticcam ³ ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCaticam
cakecjBIlMenAzanrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTArs;enAlayLMKña
CamYyshKmn_CnCatiExµr. CnCaticamRtÚv)anham
R)ammin[niyayPasacamb¤eKarBbUCasasnaGuIsøam.
ExµrRkhm)ansmøab;emdwknaMsasnaGuIsøam¬hakwm¦
nigCnCaticamTaMgLayNa EdlRtÚv)ansgS½yfa
eFVIkarRbqaMgnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGs;
CaeRcIn. CagenHeTAeTot ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCati
camhUbsac;RCÚk EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarhamR)amrbs;
sasnaGuIsøam. eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü CnCati
camrab;muWnnak;)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW karGt;Xøan
nigkareFVIkarhYskmøaMg17
.
CnCatiPaKticevotNam ³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRbeTskm<úCakñúg
qñaM1975. CnCatievotNammYycMnYnEdl)anerobkarCamYyCnCatiExµr)anrs; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCabnþeTA
eTot. kñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM1978 ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImsmøab;CnCatievotNamEdlesssl;TaMgenH
y:agrgÁal ehIymanEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)anrYcrs;CIvit. CnCatiPaKticevotNamRtÚv)ansRmaMg
ykeTAsmøab; edaysarEtxøÜnCaCnCatievotNam.
CnCatiPaKticcin ³ smaCikénshKmn_enHEdlCaGñkCMnYjnigCashRKinRkúmh‘unk¾RtÚv)anbgçM
[eFVIdMeNIreTACnbTeTAeFVIkargarksikmµEdr. CnCaticinRtÚvExµrRkhmRbRBwtþmk elIy:ageXareXA enAeBl
EdlGñkTaMgenHminGacRTaMRTnwgkargarlM)ak)an. b:uEnþCnCaticin minRtÚv)ansRmaMgeRCIserIsedIm,IykeTA
smøab;ecaleT.
bBaØvnþ ³ emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlmYycMnYnCabBaØvnþ)ancat;TukbBaØvnþdéTeTotfaCasRtÚvcm,g rbs;
RbeTs nigCaCMBUkCnBukrlYyEdlemdwknaMTaMgenHyl;faCaGñkEdleFVI[RbeTsCatikøayeTACaGay:g
karhUbcukenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
53

55. rbs;breTs. bBaØvnþCaeRcIn)ankøayCamuxsBaØasRmab;karsmøab;. GñkEdlGacRtÚvcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUk
GñkecHdwgRtÚvEteFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA. bBaØvnþGacrYcrs;CIvit)an luHRtaNaEtGñkTaMgenaHGaclak;)aMg
cMeNHviC¢anigGaCIBkargarrbs;xøÜn. sa®sþacarünignisSitmhaviTüal½yrab;Ban;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgrbb
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
enAkñúgesovePA {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;} visVkr Bin
y:aéf )anerobrab;BIbTBiesaFn_Edlelak)anCYbRbTHkñúgrbb
ExµrRkhm. kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RKÜsarrbs;elak
EdlmansmaCikdb;R)aMbInak; RtÚv)anbgçM[pøas;TItaMgCaeRcIndg
EdlenAcugeRkayRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAextþeBaFisat;. elak Bin
y:aéf CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKÜsarEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit
ehIy)anrt;eKceTARbeTséfnaedImqñaM1977. mUlehtumYy
EdleFVI[ Bin y:aéf rYcrs;CIvit)anenaHKWedaysarelak
Gaclak;)aMgviC¢aCIv³rbs;elak. elak)anerobrab;dUecñHfa³
éf¶mYy enAPUmivalvg;kñúgextþeBaFisat;RbFanPUmi)anerobcMRbCuMneya)ayd¾KYr[FujRTan;
mþgeTot. Kat;)anRbkasfa semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anyagnivtþcUlRbeTsvijehIy
ehIykMBugEterobcMrdæaPi)alfµImYy dUecñHGgÁkarsUmesñI[GñkÉkeTs bBaØvnþ GtItnay
Tahan evC¢bNÐit visVkr nignisSit GeBa¢IjmkcuHeQµaHkñúgbBa¢IBiessmYy. mnusSRbEhl
Essibnak;)anelIkéd edayrYmTaMgGtItTahanEdl)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn
taMgBIyUrmkehIy. ´mankarraErkkñúgcitþ b:uEnþ´GacTb;GarmµN_xøÜnÉg)anehIymin)an
elIkédnwgeKeT. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk eyIgminEdl)anTTYldMNwgGVIBIGñkTaMgenaHeT.
GñkPUmi)anxSwbexSóvR)ab;Kñafa {GtItm®nþICan;x<s;nigGñkÉkeTsTaMgenaHRtÚvExµrRkhm
smøab;Gs;eTAehIy}18
.
GñkEdlExµrRkhmecaTfaCaCnk,t;Cati ³ kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCaeRcInnak;RtÚv)anecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_
nigcUlédCamYyevotNam. RbCaCnsamBaØEdleFVIxusbnþicbnþÜck¾RtÚvecaTfaCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_Edr. CaTUeTA
bT]Rkidæ EdlkmµaPi)alnigRbCaCnTaMgenH)ansarPaBrYmmanlYcmkelgpÞHedaymin)anR)ab;RbFanRkúmeFVI[
Ebk)ak;]bkrN_pÞH)ay lYccMNIGahar niyayriHKn;GgÁkar mkeFVIkaryWty:avminTan;eBlevla eFVIkarmin
)anl¥ t¥ÚjEt¥rBIlkçxNÐrs;enA Bak;eRKÓgGlgáar manTMnak;TMngesñhaxusvin½ybkS yMTYjesaksþayRseNaH
bgb¥Únb¤mitþPkþiEdl)ansøab; b¤bgðajTwkcitþkñúgkareKarBCMenOsasnaCaedIm. RbCaCnmYycMnYnEdlFøak;xøÜnQW
edaysareFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b¤hUbminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anecaTfaeFVIButCaQWnigRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSx¢ilRcGUs
b¤QWstiGarmµN_. GñkTaMgenHCajwkjab;RtÚv)at;xøÜnedayminmandanGVITaMgGs;. kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmvilRtLb;mkBIeFVIkarenAvalERs
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
54

56. eFVIeRcInCag b¤ticCagkarkMNt;rbs;GgÁkarmann½yesµIesckþIsøab; dUcBaküesøakExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar
faem:c RtÚveFVIy:aghñwg¡ GgÁkardak;Tis RtÚvGnuvtþ[)anseRmc¡ mitþmin)ac;téføeT¡}.
sRtÚvxageRkA sMedAeTAelIshrdæGaemriknigsm<½n§mitþdUcCaRbeTséf nigRbeTssgÁmniymmYycMnYn
CaBiessRbeTsevotNamnigGtItshPaBsUevot. ExµrRkhmyl;faRbeTsTaMgGs;enHmaneKalbMNg
QøanBan nigb:unb:gcg;ykkm<úCadak;eRkamGaNaniKm. ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbkan;mnusSCaeRcInrYmTaMg
kmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnpgfa)anbeRmI[menaKmviC¢arbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. ExµrRkhm)anehAGñkTaMgenH
faCa {xµaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg}. GñkTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkEdlmkBIRbeTsEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbsgÁmniymdwknaM
edayshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIniymb¤RbeTsGnutþrPaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam
nigsm<½n§mitþdéTeTot. mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasRtÚvbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;eday
RcLMfa)aneFVIkar[Pñak;garsm¶at;es-GuI-Garbs;shrdæGaemrik Pñak;garsm¶at;ka-ehS-ebrbs;GtItshPaB
sUevot nigCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam. ExµrRkhmk¾)ancat;TukGñkEdlGacniyayPasabreTsfaCa
Pñak;garsm¶at;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankøayeTACaviFImYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;kmµaPi)almUldæan
ykeFVICaelssmøab;RbCaCnNamñak;EdlxøÜns¥b;ex<Im.
3> karcab;xøÜnnigkarXuMXaMg
enAcugqñaM1976nigedImqñaM1977 karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúg)ankøayCakic©karcm,grbs;ExµrRkhm.
ExµrRkhm)aneFVI[GñkPUmiesuIbkarN_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayeRbIR)as;BaküesøakmYy {RtÚvecHtamdanKñaeTAvij
eTAmk. RtÚvraykarN_CUnGgÁkar}. meFüa)ayepSg²eTotEdlExµrRkhmeRbIkñúgkarEsVgrkcab;xøÜnxµaMgbgáb;
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
55

57. rYmmankarQøbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BIGñkykkarN_ kareFVIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜnjwkjab; nigcemøIysarPaB.
enAeBlEdlxµaMgRtÚv)anrkeXIjeQµaHrbs;GñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvraykarN_eTAKN³kmµaFikarXuM b¤KN³
kmµaFikarRsuk ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvcab;xøÜn. GgÁkarkRmcab;xøÜnGñkNamñak;CasaFarN³Nas;.
RbsinebImansmaCikNamñak;enAkñúgshkrN_mYyRtÚv)ansgS½y kmµaPi)alshkrN_enaHnwgR)ab;GñkenaHfa
{GgÁkarGeBa¢IjGñkeTAeronsURt}. eRkamelsGeBa¢IjenHCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInRtÚv)ancab;bBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrXuMXaMg
nigsmøab;ecalCajwkjab; edayminmankarkat;esckþIb¤RsavRCav[)anhµt;ct;faetIGñkTaMgenaHBitCa)an
RbRBwtþbT]RkidæEbbenaHEmnb¤k¾minEmneT. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitþcab;xus10 min[Elgxus1}.
4> karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµ
GñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelµIsRsal² b¤Cab;XuMenAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;Tab CaTUeTAeRcInTTYlrgnUvkarTTYlTan
GaharminRKb;RKan; CMgWKµankarBüa)al nigkarRbRBwtþGMeBIyg;XñgepSg²eTot. eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcInsøab;
kñúgsßanPaBEbbenHk¾eday k¾manmYycMnYneTot)anrYcputBITaruNkmµnigkarsmøab;Edr. b:uEnþenAmnÞIrsnþisux
fñak;x<s;rbs;ExµrRkhmdUcCamnÞIrs-21 karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµKWCaskmµPaBFmµtaRbcaMéf¶.
CU sUPa rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;camkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sUPa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa
qñaM1977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGVITaMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BIkarcab;xøÜnnigsßan PaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkñúgKuk
Rsukt,ÚgXµúMy:agdUecñHfa ³
éf¶mYykgsnþisuxbYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs;´ ehIy)anesñI´kñúgsmþIsuPaBrabsafa[
eTACYytExSePøIg. enAeBl´ecjmkdl;eRkAsnþisuxsÞúHmkP¢g;kaMePøIgtRmg;rk´ehIy
kgkumar ¬rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
56

58. cgéd´.ExµrRkhm)ancab;´ykeTAdak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIsñak;enAkñúgKukGs;ry³eBlEssib
éf¶ ExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún´mksYrcemøIyEdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot. kgsnþisux
)anykExSePøIgmkqk;´edIm,IsYrcemøIy. CYnkaleKvay´y:agxøaMg eFVI[´snøb;Ca
eRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNÐkmµ´xøaMgy:agNak¾eday k¾´enAEteqøIyfamindwg. bnÞab;mk
ExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún´eTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIyfµImYyeTot. ´enATIenaHry³eBldb;BIréf¶. cab;BI
eBlenaHmk ExµrRkhmElgsYrcemøIyb¤eFVITaruNkmµ´eTotehIy. xøÜnR)aN´cuHsÁm
y:agxøaMg. bIéf¶eRkaymk ExµrRkhmedaHElg´ edayniyayfaGgÁkarmankarP½nþRcLM.
b:uEnþ´RtÚvsnüafanwgminR)ab;GñkNaTaMgGs;GMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgKuk. RbsinebImanGñkNa
mñak;sYr´ cemøIyrbs;´KW {mindwg minB¤ mineXIj}19
.
5> karsmøab;
eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RbCaCnRbEhlR)aMEsnnak;RtÚv)ansmøab;eRkambTRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ
RbqaMgbdivtþn_nigrdæ. RbCaCnfµIrab;Ban;nak;EdlminmanbTBiesaFn_b¤CMnajkñúgkareFVIERscmáar)an)at;xøÜn.
RbCaCnRtÚv)annaMykeTAéRBeRCAb¤TIvalq¶ayBIPUmiRsukedIm,Ismøab; bnÞab;BIRbCaCnTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtþnUv
GMeBIEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCakMhusb¤)an beBa©jkayvikarxwgsm,anwgfñak;dwknaMrbs;xøÜn. CnrgeRKaHxøHRtÚv
)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysøab;edayfb;degðIm.
mnusSesÞIrRKb;rUbEdlRtÚv)anrkeXIjfa CaGñkFøab;mankareronsURteRCARCHRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;
ecal. CaTUeTAKµanGñkNamñak;h‘anBak;Ev:ntab¤niyayPasabreTseLIy eRBaHvaCasBaØabgðajfaCnenaHCa
GñkecHdwg. CaBiess GñkEdlmkBITIRkúgRtÚvEtlak;RbvtþinigcMeNHviC¢arbs;xøÜnehIyeFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA.
karsmøab;RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeRcInEbbeRcInsNæan. GñkxøHRtÚvExµrRkhmecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_ b¤CaxµaMg
ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIy. bnÞab;BIenATIenaH)anry³eBlBIr-bIEx GñkeTasnwgRtÚvykeTAvalBiXat
EdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbgçM[lutCgÁg;enAmat;reNþA. bnÞab;mk GñkeTasTaMgenHnwgRtÚvsmøab;edayvaycMEpñk
xageRkayénk,alCamYynwgEb:l cbkab; b¤dMbg. CYnkal mnusSrhUtdl;eTAmYyrynak;RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;
kñúgeBlEtmYy ehIykb;kñúgreNþAEtmYy. GñkxøHeTotRtÚv)aneFVI[fb;degðImsøab;edayykfg;pøasÞikRck
k,al. enACnbTEdlmanGNþÚgCaeRcInenAkñúgéRB GñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLanFMeTAdl;mat;GNþÚg ehIybnÞab;
mkkgQøbk¾rujb¤vayTmøak;eTAkñúgenaHEtmþg.
eBlxøH smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtkMhusEdl)anRbRBwtþeday
smaCikmñak;. ExµrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xøÜnsmaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmøab;eRkamRTwsþIfa {CIkesµARtÚvCIkTaMg
b£s}.
m:m épb‘UnRbCaBlrdærs;enAextþekaHkug )anerobrab;GMBIsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;Kat; EdlRtÚv)anykeTA
smøab;ecalfa³57

59. b¥ÚnRsIrbs;´mñak;GayuR)aMBIrqñaMRtÚv)anGgÁkarsmøab;ecal eRBaHvalYceBatx©ImYyEpø
hUb. GgÁkarvaynwgt,ÚgcbehIykb;Ek,rcmáareBat. resolmYy eBl´kMBugedjeKa
kat;éRB ´FuMkøins¥úysaksBrlYy. ´edIrrkemIlERkgRbTHCaGñkFøab;sÁal;Kña. minnwk
sµanfaenaHCasaksB«Buk´esaH. Kat;RtÚvkab;nwgkaMbitCitdac;kecjBIsµa. enAEk,r
sB«Buk´ mansaksBBIrnak;eTotEdlRtÚvsmøab;edaykat;pþac;kdUcKµa. rMlgBIenaH
)anRbEhlCagBIrEx CIdUn´GayuCagcitsibqñaM)ansøab;. Kat;RtÚv)anecaTfalYcbbr
ekµghUb ehIyRtÚvemkgvayBIrdMbg. sBrbs;Kat;RtÚv)anrMunwg)avykeTAkb;ecal.
eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;CIdUn´Etb:unµanéf¶ mþay´k¾søab;eTot. Kat;søab;edaysarkargar
lM)aknigKµanGaharhUbRKb;RKan;. ´»bKat;CamYysERmkyMesaksþay20
.
58

60. CMBUkTI9
mnÞIrs-21 ¬KukTYlEsøg¦
KuksMxan;bMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ansÁal;faCa {mnÞIrsnþisuxs-21}. GkSr {s}
tMNag[Bakü{snþisux} ehIyelx{21} tMNag[elxsm¶at;. KukenHmanTItaMgsßitenAEb:kxagt,ÚgTIRkúg
PñMeBj¬sgáat;TYlsVayéRB¦.
mnÞIrs-21CaKuksm¶at;sRmab;XuMXaMg sYrcemøIy eFVITaruNkmµ nigsmøab;GñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ancab;
bBa¢Únmkdak;enATIenH. cab;BIBak;kNþalqñaM1976mk minmanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeT. kñúgcMeNam
GñkeTasRbEhlmYymuWnbYnBan;nak; manEt12nak;b:ueNÑaHEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénrbb
brievnKukTYlEsøg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
59

61. km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)anTukCIvit eRBaHmanCMnajBiessEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;mnÞIrs-21.
GñkTaMgenHCaCagKMnUr CagCYsCulnaLika nigCagcmøak;.
1> GKarenAmnÞIrs-21
mnÞIrs-21CaGtItviTüal½yecA-
Bjay:at Edlsagsg;eLIgkñúgqñaM1962.
KukenHsßitenAelIépÞdIEdlmanbeNþay600
Em:Rt nigTTwg400Em:Rt. enABIeRkayrbg
salaenH manGKareFVIBIeQIRbk;s,ÚvBIrxñg
EdlCaGtItsalabzmsikSabwgekgkg. GKar
TaMgGs;enHbegáIt)aneTACamnÞIrs-21.
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümnÞIrs-21
ruMB½T§edayrbgs½gásIniglYsbnøaEdlmanP¢ab;
crnþGKÁisnI. enAkñúgbrievNKuk manGKarFM²
bYn. bnÞb;eronCan;eRkamRtÚv)anEbgEckeTA
CabnÞb;tUc²EdlmanTMhM0/8KuNnwg2Em:Rt
EdlbnÞb;mYysRmab;dak;GñkeTasmñak;. bnÞb;eronCan;TImYyEdlmanTMhM8KuNnwg6Em:RteRbIsRmab;dak;Gñk
eTasrYm. enACan;TIBIr bnÞb;nImYy²manTMhMFMCagehIydak;GñkeTas BI40eTA50nak;. bnÞb;mYyRtÚv)aneRbI
Cakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; Duc EdlCaRbFanKuk ehIybnÞb;mYyeTotRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;Cakariyal½yÉksarnig
kariyal½yrdæ)alTUeTA. pÞHmYycMnYnEdlenAEk,rKukRtÚv)aneRbI eFVICakEnøgsYrcemøIynigkEnøgeFVITaruNkmµ.
2> GñkeTas
GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;bkSb¤k,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Føab;)aneFVIkar[
kmµaPi)alk,t;EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜnrYcehIy. mYyry³kalknøgeTA emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCamankarsgS½y
nigmankarminTukcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²cMeBaHkmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ enAExtula qñaM1976
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrwtbnþwgsnþisuxCati b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;bkSCaeRcInrUb ehIyykeTA
XuMenAmnÞIrs-21. fñak;dwknaMExµrRkhmyl;fa sRtÚvmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgépÞRbeTs ehIy)aneFVIkar
cab;xøÜnsmaCikkumµúynIsþrbs;xøÜnCaeRcInnak;kñúgmYyEx². GñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21rYmmanTaMgCnbreTs
RbEhlbYnrynak;EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.
kmµaPi)alEdlbeRmIkargarkñúgKukmYycMnYn)ankøayCaGñkeTasenATIenaHEdr. kmµaPi)alTaMgenaH)an
sarPaBBIkarx¢ilRcGUskñúgkarerobcMÉksar eFVI[xUcm:asuInnig]bkrN_déTeTot b¤vayGñkeTasrhUtdl;søab;
kñúgeBlsYrcemøIyedayKµankarGnuBaØat. cemøIysarPaBPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21CacemøIyminBit BIeRBaH
kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAmnÞIrs-21nigRkúmRKsar
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
60

62. GñkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtþkMhusGVIF¶n;F¶reT ehIyGñkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxøÜnBITaruNkmµb:ueNÑaH.
exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdæmkBIextþkMBg;qñaMg CaGtItGñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21. eBA )anr:ayr:ab;
BIRbvtþirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa ³
enAqñaM1977 mitþPkþirbs;´BIrnak; hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtþkMhus ehIyRtÚv
)anykeTAsmøab;ecal. bnÞab;BIenaHmk GgÁkarcab;xøÜn´eRBaH´CamitþPkþirbs;GñkTaMgBIr
ehIybBa¢Ún´eTAéRBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemøIy´ERkgela´ manCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyGñkTaMgBIr
b:uEnþ´eqøIyfa {Gt;maneT}. GñksYrcemøIyeQµaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwgc,as;Nas;
fa´xMeFVIkarnigesµaHRtg;. dUecñHehIy´RtÚv)anedaHElg ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkgBl
502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAétnij eTAév:CamYyevotNam.
CIvitenAmnÞIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBP½yxøac. eyIgminh‘anniyayesIc
elgrkKñaeT. eyIgminTukcitþGñkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitþPkþiCitsñiT§rbs;eyIgk¾eday.
RKb;KñaRtÚvxitxMeFVIkar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtÚvdaMbEnønigciBa©wmRCÚk. eyIgRtÚvRbúg
Rby½tñbMputeBleFVIkar. kMhusbnþicbnþÜcdUcCaegak b¤Ep¥knwgCBa¢aMgGaceFVI[eyIgsøab;)an.
3> bTbBaØtisRmab;GñkeTas
bTbBaØtienHRtÚv)anbiTenAelICBa¢aMgkñúgbrievNKuk.
vin½ysnþi)al¬nKr)alsnþisux¦enAmnÞIrs-21
1¦ sYrGIeqøIyhñwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj.
2¦ min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitÉglak;b¤RbEkk tmat;min
)andac;xat.
3¦ min[eFVIl¶g; minyl;bBaða eRBaHÉgCamnusSh‘anRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn_.
4¦ sYrPøam eqøIyPøam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy.
5¦ erOgxVHxat kMhusbnþicbnþÜc dUcCasIlFm’ xUcenHxUcenaH k¾min[niyay
erOgxøwmsarbdivtþn_ k¾min[niyay.
6¦ év:b¤qk;ExSePøIgmin[ERskdac;xat.
7¦ min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgÁúyes¶ómrg;caMbBa¢aGj Gt;bBa¢akuMeFVI GjbBa¢aGIeFVI
hñwgPøam RbEkkRcimRcúmmin)aneT.
8¦ kuMykelskm<úCaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;GaÉg[esaH.
9¦ RKb;bBa¢axagelI mineFVItam KWmYyéf¶rgrMBat; ExSePøIgqk;rab;minQñHeT.
10¦ RbqaMgvin½yGjmYycMNuc RtÚvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; b¤qk;ExSePøIgR)aMqac;.
61

63. bTbBaØtimYyeTotsRmab;GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}.
4> sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21
enAeBlbBa¢ÚneTAdl;mnÞIrs-21 GñkeTasTaMgGs;RtÚv)anftrUbnigtRmÚv[sresrRbvtþirUblm¥itcab;
taMgBIkumarPaBrhUtdl;éf¶cab;xøÜn. GñkeTasRtÚvedaHsemøókbMBak;ecjTukEtexakñúgmYy ehIysmÖarCab;xøÜnTaMg
b:unµanRtÚv)anrwbGUsyk. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTAXuMkñúgbnÞb; EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasTaMgenHRtÚvdak;
exñaHeCIgEdlmancgP¢ab;edayRcvak;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgb¤dæ. cMENkGñkeTasXuMenAbnÞb;FMRtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgeday
rnukEdkEvgmYyrYmKña. exñaHeCIgTaMgenHRtÚvP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkqøas;Kña dUecñHGñkeTasRtÚvedkdak;k,alTl;Kña.
GñkeTasRtÚvedkpÞal;nwgdæ edayKµankenÞl mug b¤PYyeT. GñkeTasRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayrkKña.
v:an; Nat GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;elakenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21fa ³
enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21 ´RtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkEvgmYyCamYyGñkeTasCag
samsibnak;eTot. ExµrRkhm[eyIghUbBIrdgkñúgmYyéf¶. GñkeTasRKb;rUbTTYl)an
rbb bbrbYnsøabRBatUc nigsmølaysøwkeQIxøH. karniyayKñaRtÚv)anhamXat;
dac;xat. RbsinebIGñkNamñak;cg;eRkakGgÁúyb¤pwkTwk eKRtÚvsuMkarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam
Camunsin. kareFVIGVImYyEdlminmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam nwgRtÚvTTYlkarvaydMCa
Tm¶n;. eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bYnéf¶mþg. eKykTuyy:Umk)aj;CHBImat;TVar. Rbsin
ebIeyIgenAq¶ayBImat;TVar eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;éf¶ GñkeTasRtÚv
)annaMykeTAsYrcemøIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEnþeyIgeXIj
GñkeTasfµI²RtÚv)annaMcUlmkCMnYsvij21
.
bRmamenAGKar{x-K-X}
1¦ min[niyayTak;TgKñadac;xat eTaHCasÁal; b¤minsÁal;.
2¦ ebIcg;eFIVGVI RtÚvmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam.
3¦ min[B¤r:Ugr:agTIkEnøgenA.
4¦ eBlGñkyamb¤GñkepSg²cUl RtÚvedkTaMgGs;.
5¦ eBlEqk RtÚvdak;édeRkayxñg. kuMesrI.
62

64. enAem:agbYnknøHRBwk GñkeTasRtÚvRsatexaedIm,I[GñkyamRtÜtBinitü. GñkyamRtÚvBinitüemIlERkgela
exñaHeCIgrlug b¤ERkgelaGñkeTasmanlak;vtßúGVIEdleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVIGtþXat. mYyry³kalknøgmkman
GñkeTasCaeRcIn)ansmøab;xøÜnÉg dUecñHGñkyammankarRbúgRby½tñNas;kñúgkarRtÜtBinitüemIlexñaHeCIgnigbnÞb;.
sßanPaBrs;enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21manPaBkxVk; EdleFVI[GñkeTasPaKeRcInekItERsg kmrmas; nigéc.
minmanfñaMBüa)aleTenAkñúgKuk. kmµaPi)aleBTüenAmnÞIrs-21suT§Etmin)anTTYlkarhat;eronRtwmRtÚv ehIy
eFVIkarBüa)alRKan;EtedIm,IBnüarkarsøab;rbs;GñkeTas bnÞab;BIrgrbYsF¶n;kñúgGMLúgeBlsYrcemøIyb:ueNÑaH.
GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTmuxCit eBlRtÚvnaMBIkEnøgXuMXaMgeTAkEnøgsYrcemøIy. GñkyamnigGñkeTasmin
GnuBaØat[niyayKñaeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot buKÁlikEdlenARkúmepSgKñak¾minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eFVIkarTak;TgKñaEdr.
5> karsYrcemøIy
viFIsa®sþéRBépSCaeRcInRtÚv)aneRbIedIm,IsYrcemøIyenAmnÞIrs-21. GñkeTasRtÚv)anvayedayéd
dMbg b¤EmkeQI. CYnkal GñksYrcemøIyvayGñkeTasnwgExSePøIgb¤qk;ExSePøIg. viFIsa®sþeFVITaruNkmµ
epSgeTotEdleRbIenAmnÞIrs-21manGucePøIg)arI bgçM[suIlamk b¤pwkTwkenam ykm¢úlcak;cUlsac; nigBüÜréd
eLIgelIeBjmYyéf¶ b¤BüÜreCIgeLIgelIdaMk,alcuHeRkam. GñkeTasxøHeTotRtÚv)anqUtsac;nwgkaMbit b¤ykfg;
xÞb;RcmuH. viFIsa®sþmYycMnYneTotEdleRbIsRmab;cRmaj;ykcemøIysarPaB rYmmandkRkckédehIycak;Gakul
BIelI b¤RCmuCTwk. GñkeTasmYycMnYnRtÚvsøab;kñúgGMLúgeBleFVITaruNkmµ.
kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
63

65. GñkeTasRsIRtÚv)aneFVITaruNkmµedaykat;edaH b¤bgçM[®sþITaMgenaHedaHexaGavecj. GñkeTasRsImYy
cMnYnRtÚvGñksYrcemøIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpøÚvePTpÞúynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
k¾eday. GñksYrcemøIyEdlRtÚvrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtþGMeBIenHRtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.
enAkñúgcemøIysarPaB GñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜn. RbsinebICasmaCikbkS GñkeTasRtÚv
bgðajéf¶EdlxøÜncUlbdivtþn_ nigerobrab;BIkic©karEdlxøÜn)aneFVI. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIskmµPaBk,t;
rbs;xøÜntamlMdab;lMeday. kñúgEpñkTIbIéncemøIysarPaB
GñkeTas)anerobrab;BIkarrYmKMnitk,t;min)anseRmcrbs;
xøÜn b¤kic©snÞnak,t;epSg². enAcugbBa©b;éncemøIysarPaB
GñkeTasnwgrayeQµaHCnk,t;EdlRtÚvCamitþPkþi mitþrYmkargar
b¤mnusSEdlGñkeTasFøab;sÁal;. bBa¢IxøHmanrayeQµaH
mnusSEdlBak;B½n§rhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;. GñkEdl
maneQµaHkñúgbBa¢IPaKeRcInRtÚv)ancab;ykmksYrcemøIy.
edaysarEtTaruNkmµenAmnÞIrs-21sahav
éRBépSeBk GñkeTasEtgEtsarPaBnUvGVIEdlxøÜnGacKit
eXIj eTaHCacemøIyenaHxusk¾eday. G‘¿ sMNag kmµkr
reTHePøIg )ansarPaBBIkic©snÞnak,t;rbs; tun kmµkrCYsCul
reTHePøIgfa³
tun Cakmµkrcas;. vamineBjcitþnwgbdivtþn_dUc
KñavaÉeTotEdr. ral;éf¶vaEtgeXasna dUcteTAenH
BYkGaGs;enH dl;ÉgbeRgónbec©keTsvaecH
eRcIncg;edjk,alÉgecj.
[Ety:agenHcuH éf¶NamYy BYkEh¥gRtÚvrlaydUcGMbilRtÚvTwk.
sBVéf¶ kmµkrcas;eRbóbdUcsMrameRkam)ateCIgva vacg;Can;eBlNak¾)aneRscEtnwgcitþva.
BYkvaBUEkxagGMnYtnigRTwsþI Etx¢ileFVIkar.
eFVIkarRKan;EtdUr)aysuI)anehIy xUcs¥Ik¾xUceTA.
eRkABIenH vaBRgwgxøÜneRtomvaybdivtþn_ eBlNamanT½BmkBIeRkA22
.
Ca ehOg sa®sþacarüCemøóseTARsuk)arayN_ extþkMBg;FM )ansarPaBBIskmµPaBk,t;rbs; taMg
Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIrfa³
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64

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kñúgbrievNKuk EdleFVIkarenAkñúgGgÁPaBmYykñúgcMeNamGgÁPaBTaMgbIrbs;Kuk nigrYmTaMgbuKÁlikkariyal½ypg.
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65

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bMput. kgsnþisuxNaEdl)an
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ehIyCaTUeTAmanGayuRbEhlCaCagémÖqñaM.
sun esn ¬smmitþexov¦
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cab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa qñaM1999.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk Duc RtÚvCab;XuM
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66

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muneBlcUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa sun esn Føab;)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgnigFøab;eFVICa
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67

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smøab;ehIy kgT½BEdldwkGñkeTasBImnÞIrs-21eTA)ankb;saksBTaMgenHenAkñúgreNþAsaksBrYm Edl
reNþAtUcmanRbEhlR)aMmYynak; ehIyreNþAFMmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;.
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saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaeRkamCMnYy]btßmÖrbs;evotNamkñúgqñaM1979.
68

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69