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                                                                       Contents




                                                                      AL
            Preface                                                               ix

            Acknowledgments                                                       xii




                                                                  RI
                                                               TE
            PART ONE
               The Arbitrage Process
                                                     MA                            1


            CHAPTER 1
                                                ED

              Introduction to Merger Arbitrage                                     3
                  Cash Mergers                                                   12
                  Stock-for-Stock Mergers                                        19
                                           HT



            CHAPTER 2
                                    IG




              Incorporating Risk into the Arbitrage Decision                      43
                  Probability of Closing                                         45
                             R




                  Severity of Losses                                             60
                  Expected Return of the Arbitrage                               68
                          PY




            CHAPTER 3
                      CO




              Sources of Risk and Return                                          71
                  Deal Spread                                                     71
                  Two Aspects of Liquidity                                        73
                  Timing and Speed of Closing                                     80
                  Dividends                                                       87
                  Short Sales as a Hedge and an Element of Return                 90
                  Leverage Boosts Returns                                         93
                  Covered Call Writing                                            95
                  Commissions and Portfolio Turnover                              98
                  Bidding Wars and Hostile Bids                                  100


                                                                                   v
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            vi                                                                  CONTENTS


            CHAPTER 4
              Deal Structures: Mergers and Tender Offers                            103
                   Mergers                                                          103
                   Tender Offers                                                    108
                   Comparison of Mergers and Tender Offers                          109



            PART TWO
                 Pitfalls of Merger Arbitrage                                       117

            CHAPTER 5
              Financing                                                             119
                   Types of Debt Funding                                            122
                   Financing of Mergers versus Tender Offers                        130
                   Uncertain Merger Consideration                                   131
                   Conflicted Role of Investment Banks                               135
                   Fairness Opinions                                                140
                   Systemic Risk                                                    142

            CHAPTER 6
              Legal Aspects                                                         145
                   Merger Process                                                   148
                   Takeover Defenses                                                156

            CHAPTER 7
              Management Incentives                                                 163
                   Management Compensation                                          165
                   Continuing Management Interest in Private Equity
                     Buyouts                                                        171
                   Long-Term Planning in Management Buyouts                         173
                   Milking a Company through Related Party Transactions             182

            CHAPTER 8
              Buyouts by Private Equity                                             187
                   Private Equity’s Advantage                                       188
                   CEOs Don’t Want to Sell to the Highest Bidder                    191
                   Private Equity Funds Have Their Own Agenda                       193
                   Buyouts as Financial Engineering                                 196
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            Contents                                                              vii

            CHAPTER 9
              Minority Squeeze-outs                                              199
                  Boards Lack Effectiveness During Squeeze-outs                  200
                  Minority Shareholders Are in a Tough Spot                      202
                  Family Control                                                 210

            CHAPTER 10
              Government Involvement                                             213
                  Antitrust Enforcement                                          213
                  SEC’s Approach to Regulation                                   223
                  State Governments                                              231
                  Federal Government                                             236
                  Trade Unions                                                   240

            CHAPTER 11
              Four Ways to Fight Abuse of Shareholders in Mergers                243
                  “Just Sell” Is for Losers                                      243
                  Case for Activist Merger Arbitrage                             246
                  Legal Tactics                                                  248
                  Public Opposition                                              262


            PART THREE
               Investing in Merger Arbitrage                                     265

            CHAPTER 12
              The Role of Merger Arbitrage in a Diversified Portfolio             267
                  Volatility of Stocks Going through a Merger                    268
                  Return and Correlation Characteristics of Merger Arbitrage     272
                  Merger Arbitrage outside the United States                     278
                  Risk and Return of Merger Arbitrage Funds                      282
                  Benefits of Merger Arbitrage in a Diversified Portfolio          292

            CHAPTER 13
              Investing in Arbitrage                                             301
                  Trading versus Investing                                       301
                  Leverage and Options                                           302
                  Shorting Stocks                                                309
                  Transaction Costs                                              315
                  Managing the Cash Position                                     318
                  Risk Management                                                325
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            viii                                                                CONTENTS


                    Standard & Poor’s Merger Arbitrage Index                        329
                    Separate Accounts                                               331
                    Hedge Funds and Mutual Funds                                    333

            Notes                                                                   339

            About the Author                                                        346

            Index                                                                   347

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Merger Arbitrage Book Excerpt - Table Of Contents

  • 1. P1: a/b P2: c/d QC: e/f T1: g FM JWBT114-Kirchner June 4, 2009 17:38 Printer: Yet to come Contents AL Preface ix Acknowledgments xii RI TE PART ONE The Arbitrage Process MA 1 CHAPTER 1 ED Introduction to Merger Arbitrage 3 Cash Mergers 12 Stock-for-Stock Mergers 19 HT CHAPTER 2 IG Incorporating Risk into the Arbitrage Decision 43 Probability of Closing 45 R Severity of Losses 60 Expected Return of the Arbitrage 68 PY CHAPTER 3 CO Sources of Risk and Return 71 Deal Spread 71 Two Aspects of Liquidity 73 Timing and Speed of Closing 80 Dividends 87 Short Sales as a Hedge and an Element of Return 90 Leverage Boosts Returns 93 Covered Call Writing 95 Commissions and Portfolio Turnover 98 Bidding Wars and Hostile Bids 100 v
  • 2. P1: a/b P2: c/d QC: e/f T1: g FM JWBT114-Kirchner June 4, 2009 17:38 Printer: Yet to come vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 4 Deal Structures: Mergers and Tender Offers 103 Mergers 103 Tender Offers 108 Comparison of Mergers and Tender Offers 109 PART TWO Pitfalls of Merger Arbitrage 117 CHAPTER 5 Financing 119 Types of Debt Funding 122 Financing of Mergers versus Tender Offers 130 Uncertain Merger Consideration 131 Conflicted Role of Investment Banks 135 Fairness Opinions 140 Systemic Risk 142 CHAPTER 6 Legal Aspects 145 Merger Process 148 Takeover Defenses 156 CHAPTER 7 Management Incentives 163 Management Compensation 165 Continuing Management Interest in Private Equity Buyouts 171 Long-Term Planning in Management Buyouts 173 Milking a Company through Related Party Transactions 182 CHAPTER 8 Buyouts by Private Equity 187 Private Equity’s Advantage 188 CEOs Don’t Want to Sell to the Highest Bidder 191 Private Equity Funds Have Their Own Agenda 193 Buyouts as Financial Engineering 196
  • 3. P1: a/b P2: c/d QC: e/f T1: g FM JWBT114-Kirchner June 4, 2009 17:38 Printer: Yet to come Contents vii CHAPTER 9 Minority Squeeze-outs 199 Boards Lack Effectiveness During Squeeze-outs 200 Minority Shareholders Are in a Tough Spot 202 Family Control 210 CHAPTER 10 Government Involvement 213 Antitrust Enforcement 213 SEC’s Approach to Regulation 223 State Governments 231 Federal Government 236 Trade Unions 240 CHAPTER 11 Four Ways to Fight Abuse of Shareholders in Mergers 243 “Just Sell” Is for Losers 243 Case for Activist Merger Arbitrage 246 Legal Tactics 248 Public Opposition 262 PART THREE Investing in Merger Arbitrage 265 CHAPTER 12 The Role of Merger Arbitrage in a Diversified Portfolio 267 Volatility of Stocks Going through a Merger 268 Return and Correlation Characteristics of Merger Arbitrage 272 Merger Arbitrage outside the United States 278 Risk and Return of Merger Arbitrage Funds 282 Benefits of Merger Arbitrage in a Diversified Portfolio 292 CHAPTER 13 Investing in Arbitrage 301 Trading versus Investing 301 Leverage and Options 302 Shorting Stocks 309 Transaction Costs 315 Managing the Cash Position 318 Risk Management 325
  • 4. P1: a/b P2: c/d QC: e/f T1: g FM JWBT114-Kirchner June 4, 2009 17:38 Printer: Yet to come viii CONTENTS Standard & Poor’s Merger Arbitrage Index 329 Separate Accounts 331 Hedge Funds and Mutual Funds 333 Notes 339 About the Author 346 Index 347