This document discusses the design of torsion reinforcement in concrete girders. It provides formulas for calculating the torsional moment capacity of different girder cross-sections. It also outlines requirements for designing stirrups and longitudinal bars to resist stresses from torque, including spacing, area, and perimeter requirements. The document uses an example girder, A2-A3, to demonstrate how to design the required torsion reinforcement.

1. Torsion in Girders A2 A3 M u = w u l n 2 /24 M u = w u l n 2 /10 M u = w u l n 2 /11 B2 B3 The beams framing into girder A2-A3 transfer a moment of w u l n 2 /24 into the girder. This moment acts about the longitudinal axis of the girder as torsion. A torque will also be induced in girder B2-B3 due to the difference between the end moments in the beams framing into the girder.

2. Girder A2-A3 A2 A3 Torsion Diagram A2 A3

3. Strength of Concrete in Torsion As for shear, ACI 318 allows flexural members be designed for the torque at a distance ‘d’ from the face of a deeper support. where, A cp = smaller of b w h + k 1 h 2 f or b w h + k 2 h f (h - h f ) P cp = smaller of 2h + 2(b w + k 1 h f ) or 2(h + b w ) + 2k 2 (h - h f ) 2 8 Slab both sides of web 1 4 Slab one side of web k 2 k 1

4. Redistribution of Torque p. 44 notes-underlined paragraph When redistribution of forces and moments can occur in a statically indeterminate structure, the maximum torque for which a member must be designed is 4 times the T u for which the torque could have been ignored. When redistribution cannot occur, the full factored torque must be used for design. In other words, the design T max = 4T c if other members are available for redistribution of forces.

6. Design of Stirrup Reinforcement A oh = area enclosed by the centerline of the closed transverse torsional reinforcement A t = cross sectional area of one leg of the closed ties used as torsional reinforcement s t = spacing required for torsional reinforcment only s v = spacing required for shear reinforcement only S = stirrup spacing

7. Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement max. bar spacing = 12” minimum bar diameter = s t / 24 A l = total cross sectional area of the additional longitudinal reinforcement required to resist torsion P h = perimeter of A oh