1. The Study on
THE IMPACTS OF CORRUPTION ON THE
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY IN NEPAL
Study Conducted by:
Nepal Labour Foundation (NLF)
Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted to
CNV International - Fairfood International
Netherlands
January, 2011

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report on the Impacts of Corruption on the Social and Environmental sustainability in
Nepal would not have been possible without the support and hard work of institutions and many
individuals.
Nepal Labour Foundation (NLF) would like to extend its sincere thanks to CNV Internationaal
and Fairfood International for entrusting this research study to NLF. Likewise, NLF extends its
heartfelt thanks to Tea Estates and their workers (that were taken as sample) for providing their
valuable time and participating in the process of study. NLF is thankful to all key informants and
institutions that provided valuable information for this study.
The entire research team deserves much appreciation for their dedication and hard work to
accomplish this study. NLF thanks Mr. Keshav Prasad Bhattarai for leading the research, Mr.
Ram Narayan Kurmi and Ms. Leela Dahal for their excellent field work including support
provided for data collection, tabulation and logistic during the field work.
Khila Nath Dahal
President, NLF
Kathmandu, Nepal

3. Acknowledgements
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to The National Federation of Christian Trade
Unions in the Netherlands (CNV) and Fair food International for assigning Nepal Labour
Foundation this study with financial and technical support.
Similarly I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the facilities and persons (Annexure 2)
who with all their best possible efforts had supported us in filling the questionnaires and
providing the information. Mr. Ram Narayan Kurmi and Ms. Leela Dahal, did the hard work
showing much zeal and enthusiasm by visiting so many districts and facilities in a given time
frame and collecting the data and other needed information.
The enriched knowledge and experiences of Mr. Uddhav Paudel, Dr. Kusum Shakya and Mr.
Rabindra Bhattarai, the NLF associated researchers has been a continuous source of courage
and strength for me in conducting this study.
Mr. Anchan Bhattarai, did the most tremendous task of tabulating the collected data, preparing
charts and analyzing and interpreting the information. Without his skill and labor it was not
possible to prepare this study within a desired time frame.
Last but not least, I would like to express my larger part of thanks to Mr. Khila Nath Dahal, the
President and Dr. Khem Raj Bhetuwal, General Secretary of Nepal Labour Foundation and its
executive body for assigning me this job. It has given me new insights and experiences in
dealing with such a critical study of national importance.
Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
Team Leader
The Impacts of Corruption on
the Social and Environmental
Sustainability in Nepal

4. Contents
Executive Summary
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2. Corruption in Nepal and Global Experiences
1.3. Corruption and Environment Sustainability
1.4. Agriculture, the World in 2050 and Environmental Sustainability
1.5. High Value Agricultural Products and Export Situation
2. Methodology of the Study
2.1. Objectives of the Study
2.2. Study design and Research Methodology
2.3. Tools of Data Collection
2.4. Research Sites and Data Analysis
2.5. Limitation of Study
3. Data Analysis
3.01. Involvements in areas of agro products
3.02. Level of Channel of Production Respondent had involved
3.03. The attractive factors for selecting the business
3.04. The most distractive factors in the business
3.05. Corrupt Practices Respondent has faced
3.06. People responsible in the corrupt practices
3.07. Effects of corruption upon people
3.08. Good governance and corruption

5. 3.09. Provisions required holding the person involved in corruption
3.10. Products mainly exported
3.11. Corruption during Export
3.12. People engaged in corrupt practice
3.13. Mode of Transportation
3.14. Use natural resources in any channel of agro products
3.15. Measures taken to fulfill social or environmental commitment
4.1 Findings of the Study and Recommendations
4. 2.Conclusion
References
Annexes
1. Questionnaires developed for the Cases of Corruption in agricultural export of Nepal
2. Companies and facilities visited for data collection and questionnaires administration
3. Persons involved in production, processing, and exporting tea, coffee, ginger and essential
oils, consulted by the researcher to fill the questionnaires and interviewed informally to verify
data.

6. Executive Summary
This study investigates the impact of corruption on the social and environmental sustainability in
Nepal its nature and practices in Nepalese export trade and measures to control corruption so as
to insure social and environmental sustainability.
A country suffering a long course of political instability, violence and with weak institutions
cannot escape from the curse of corruption. The experiences around the world have also
confirmed this. But how has it affected the social and environmental sustainability was our
concern and this was the concern of present study.
The questionnaires were developed as per the assignment of Fairfood International Research
Department. The study was designed by the type of information needed, and availability of
resources.
As per the subject of the inquiry, questionnaire and informal interviews were adopted as primary
tools of data.
The respondents covering almost all geographical regions and involved in various level of
business of Tea, Coffee and Essentials Oil including Ginger, were randomly selected. To verify
the data collected through questionnaires with people involved in this sector and interviewed
informally.
Despite of various limitations information collected from the respondents have been classified
and analyzed by using simple statistical tools like mean, mode, bar diagram, pie chart for
illustrating relationship between the variables.
The results suggest a significant relationship between corruption, export fluctuations and
environmental sustainability. It, therefore, paves way for further research by involving the
government, businessmen, academic institutions, trade unions as the stake holders. Nepalese
products should strictly follow the quality standards on each area of production, processing,
packaging, labeling and quality testing in order to prove competitiveness in the global market.
Export oriented special production zone can be developed with proper security, uninterrupted
power supply and enough financial services, supported by long-term policy and programmes for
export promotion.

7. Support of international community can be vital towards the formation of institutional
mechanism and strengthen civil society on their movement against corruption Parliament, the
most important political actor can curb corruption by ensuring accountability and transparency in
the decisions of public bodies related with business. Parliamentary oversights through anti-
corruption agencies and empowerment of civil society and media have a most critical role in this
regard to play
A strong and independent judiciary accounts much in each and every national commitment
against corruption. Nothing can grow and be sustainable without strong public support. This
study has indicated sufficiently that corruption is not only the result of weak law and order
situation, but the product of values cherished by individual and society.

8. THE IMPACTS OF CORRUPTION ON THE SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NEPAL
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Nepal mainly is a sustenance agricultural country. Over 75 percent of its population depends
upon agriculture. 77 percent of its total land area is covered with hills and mountains and the rest
is the plain. About 21 percent land area is under cultivation. The forest, shrub land, grassland and
water cover about 54 percent of land mass. According to the Economic Survey made by the
Government of Nepal on the year 2009/10 the preliminary contribution of agriculture and forest
sector is 33.0 percent of the GDP1. As a share of total agro-crops, food crops comprises about 46
percent, cash crops 31 and the others comprise 23 percent.
To feed the over growing populations and earn their living Nepali farmers have few alternatives
than to farm in hilly slopes and fragmented plots of land under difficult climatic conditions. To
make the situation worse mass level migration from hills and mountains to valleys and plains
have spoilt the fertile land and worsened the situation further. This gradually has caused severe
food shortage in Nepal. This has changed this country from food exporter to net food importer.
This has put continuous pressure upon the forestland to a vulnerable situation. Within the last
three decades, it is estimated that half of its forest of Nepal has been destroyed due mainly to
political instability. This has laid tremendous pressures on the fragile ecosystems of the
mountains followed by mass deforestation leading to landslides and floods threatening the lives
and occupation of millions of people living in both Nepal and India.
Population pressure, land fragmentation, lack of irrigation and monsoon based farming, and
inadequate financial and technical support are attributed to low but fluctuating yield in farming.
Huge increase in population and mass unemployment have not only put unbearable pressure
upon land, agriculture and forest but also created ethnic divisions among people leading to
1
Economic Survey (2009/10), Ministry of Finance the Government of Nepal

9. political, social and economic instability. To feed its growing population, Nepal has to use all its
land resources and much less is available for high value crops.
Nepal belongs to the Pale arctic and Indo-Malayan bio-geographical realms. It is located at the
convergence of the eastern and western Himalayas. As a result of both this location, and the great
and dramatic altitudinal and climatic variation found within its borders, Nepal is home to a
tremendous diversity of ecosystems, especially for a country of its size. While the exact number
of ecosystems varies from source to source, the government of Nepal has recognized 118
ecosystems in Nepal, ranging from tropical monsoon forests to alpine pastures. (1)
This could give Nepal an unmatchable export markets for diverse agro and forest based products.
But it has been left unattended. Further, y Nepal has not been able to make smooth supply of its
limited products into international markets. Nepal’s land-locked location has hindered its export
trade potential. All these factors are attributed for inability in the production of agro and forest
based products as a significant share of Nepal’s export trade.
Absence of product specialization has limited export of agricultural production. Further,
commercialization of agriculture in both India and China has left with very little options for
Nepalese products. To compensate this, Nepal at times has shown trends exporting crude natural
resources e.g. timber, stone, boulders and sand which ultimately have deteriorated the
environment.
1.2. Corruption in Nepal and Global Experiences
According to the Corruption Perception Index published by Transparency International (TI) on
October 26, 2010 Nepal is one of the highly corrupt countries, 146th among the 178th surveyed.
The rate of corruption in Nepal has increased in comparison to that of previous year.
While making its report public, the TI has stated the increase in corruption has been a direct
impact of the unstable political situation in the nation. In its 2009 report, Nepal was ranked 143
positions out of 178 countries and back in 2008 it was on 138 positions.
TI also observes that political instability, lawlessness, nepotism and lack of accountability have
mainly characterized this situation in Nepal. Unfortunately, corruption has not only dominated
governance at all levels, but also that an anti-corruption agenda has not become a political and
social priority of Nepal. Corruption, as a great socio-political and economic evil of Nepali
society, has been the major obstacles to justice, democracy and overall national development. In

10. a 2003 Global Poll, conducted by the World Bank covering 48 countries, corruption is ranked the
fourth critical issue of development after economic growth, poverty reduction and education. (2)
This is still relevant for Nepal
Corruption is said to be a major constraint to the enjoyment of human rights, reduce
discrimination and subjugating the poor and marginalized groups. Their powerlessness to raise
the voice for their cause and inability to pay bribes for the enjoyment of their rights creates
further inequalities and marginalization: a gross violation and betrayal of their human rights.
According to an estimate of World Bank Institute (WBI), worldwide bribery totals at least one
trillion dollar per year. This amount is equivalent to approximately 3 percent of the gross world
product. This is just the volume of the bribes but not the impact, which ultimately goes to a much
higher level.
One of the pioneers of anti-corruption movement, James D. Wolfensohn, former president of the
World Bank (1995-2005) observes that corruption diverts resources from the poor to the rich,
increases the cost of running business, distorts public expenditures and deters foreign investors.
(3)
His immediate successor, Paul Wolfowitz, in a similar vein, mentions that corruption is a
disease that threatens the hopes of the poor for a better future for themselves and their children (4)
indubitably, corruption in Nepal, especially at the political level, has cruelly violated the ethos
and mores of a democratic system. Buying votes as well as selling favors and opportunities has
been the standard political practices maintained studiously by almost all political parties. Those
who gain access to political power also bag the most wealth, which resultantly, widens the
existing level of inequality to an intolerable level. This, in consequence, has produced
frustrations among the youths and the common people breeding severe instability and even more
corruption during such instability.
The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) is an authority in Nepal
which can take actions against all officials including the Prime Minister to ordinary public
servants. The CIAA acts to investigate the corruption and penalize the corrupt so as to promote
good governance, build morale of public servants and raise public confidence on the state. Nepal
also has an anti graft body called as National Vigilance Center several and owns several legal
provisions against corruption. As a signatory of the United Nations Convention against
Corruption (UNCAC), Nepal has recently enacted several acts to qualify with the legislative pre-

11. requisites of UNCAC. However, despite of these institutional arrangements, Nepal is at the top
of the index of corrupt countries.
One of the renowned political scientists of present time, Samuel P. Huntington mentions that
corruption involved with politics in many societies has become the grand road to wealth-
exchanging political action with immense economic wealth an exchange of political actions.
The amount of wealth that politics help to amass could not be possible with business. (5) He has
also explained that societies having high capacity for corruption also have high capacity for
violence. (6)
And, violence, as we have experienced in our own context, is translated into terrorism in no
time, this or that way.
This, unquestionably, is fairly understood that both corruption and violence serve the same
goal; putting pressures upon the government and system to satisfy their demands in an
illegitimate way. This further weakens the state, its institutions and energizes violence and
terrorism in return. The most detestable thing we have come across these days is that politics
has lost its whole set of essence, ethos and mores. Politics has become a major industry or
business for people in power and again the wealth generated by power would bring more power
and correspondingly more wealth in a cyclic way. Understandably, investment in no industry or
business can give as much wealth in a short time than the investment in politics.
Therefore it is political stability, good policy; a strong and committed leadership can bring
exceptional achievement for any country. A society is judged by its treatment to the weakest
and most vulnerable members. Corruption, violence and environmental destruction live and
work together.
David Nussabaum, the Chief Executive of Transparency International (TI) has rightly remarked
that the corruption has a long history but research and analysis about its cause and effects has
erupted over recent years .(7).
In human history here are innumerable examples of how corruption has played a critical role in
making a state go weaker and weaker and crumble at last on social, political and environmental
grounds. It has long played the organized societies from ancient China and India to modern day
European and American governments. (8) In many parts of the world corruption has made its
successful journey unchallenged, caused development suffer worst, investment discouraged
piteously and poverty go unbounded. Paulo Mauro after the study he made in more than 100

12. countries concluded that if a given country is to improve its corruption score by 2.38 points on a
10 point scale, its per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth would raise by more than half
a percentage point. (9). Similarly, The Global Organization of Parliamentarians against
Corruption (GOPAC) has identified corruption as the greatest threat to the democratic ideal of
self government.
1.3. Corruption and Environment Sustainability
A society sustains if it has the ability and capacity not only to meet the requirements of present
generation but more to the requirements of future generation. When we mean development and
progress it is also the wise and sustainable use of its natural assets available.
Corruption does not only distort development priorities, leads to conflict, violence and chaos. It
undermines social fabric binding people in unity and cooperation for centuries also spoiling the
environment and its sustainability.
Our natural assets comprise of both renewable and non renewal as land, forest, oil, minerals, air,
water etc. How nations and people use these natural assets defines not only the sustainability of
human civilization it also generates conflict, violence and even war among them.
Greed for accumulating more money and grab political power through it and further using the
same power to accumulate more wealth has caused the depletion of invaluable natural resources
worldwide. Developing Countries dependent mainly on natural resources, are suffering mainly
from this vicious cycle.
Obviously, rampant corruption weakens state and social institutions that are responsible protect
nature and environment. The entire protective shields available for the preservation of natural
resources are weakened by corruption. Nepal’s forest resources as well as rare wild life have
been the target of corrupt practices among people in power and authority for long. Cruel
exploitation of stone, boulders, concrete and sand and its export to India, is one but sufficient
example that has been causing Siwalik (Chure) range of mountain crumbling and bringing havoc
in the plains with floods and landslides. If it continues this way the fertile plain land not only in
Nepal but the Gangatic plains of India and Bangladesh will be deserted. The millions of lives
living there will suffer the worst.
Nepal’s bio-diversity has fallen into troubled waters due to rampant human encroachment and
the global warming induced climate change. There is serious concern because the measures to
tackle the damages are nowhere visible. However, Nepal itself can do very little to fight against

13. corruption due to its weak institutional capacity. Climate change can bring devastating effects in
the whole Himalayan plains of Nepal, India and even Bangladesh, if things are left unattended.
In this respect, all the countries within the same river system should join hands with Nepal to
tackle the catastrophe. Even a minor change in the temperature is bound to lead not only to the
decimation of many species of flora and fauna but millions of population living in this region.
Nepal has shown and this research has also proved that when a state is weak, it cannot provide
protective shield to environment and people. Only very few people with power and authority
command over the state property and natural assets. People may be denied for their property
rights. Insecure property rights also iampact on natural and environmental assets. Life in water is
threatened and trees are cut prematurely. Natural balance will be affected and climate change
would bring harsher and harsher calamities leading to more environmental disaster. Thus, it
reduces investment in human made capital; but it encourages encroachment on forest and public
land (10).
Thus protecting the environmental assets and improve governance is one of the biggest challenge
of humanity in the 21st century. In the last 60 years, we have made tremendous achievement in
obtaining knowledge, wealth, health and human happiness. But, what we have failed in all these
years is protecting our environment, prolonging the life of earth and sustaining the happiness we
have achieved. Desertification has advanced to an unimaginable level affecting 250 million and
threatening about a billion people living in 110 countries and this figure could double by 2050.
(11).
If deforestation continues at the present pace, rainforests will have been eliminated from the
surface of the earth by 2050. (12) If all developing countries follow the same ecological foot
marks of developed countries humanity will need nine more planets to the size of the earth to
meet the needs of the natural resources of the world population. (13). Environmental problems
like climate change would cause large dislocations in ecosystems fundamental to human
societies and economies e.g. complete loss of world’s major rain forest, glaciers in the Andes and
Himalayas and rapid acidification of oceans leading disruption of whole marine ecosystem. This
could extinct more than 50 percent of sea lives. Besides a mere one meter increase in sea level
by the end of this century will threaten the lives of more than 60 million people and 200 billion
in assets in developing countries alone. About 400 million more people could risk hunger and
about 2 billion people may no longer have enough water to meet their basic needs (14)

14. No doubt, Climate change has become the most formidable environmental threat of our time
and this according to World Bank President Robert B. Zoellick ‘is one of the most complex
challenges of our century. No country is immune. No country alone can take on the
interconnected challenges posed by climate change, including controversial political decisions,
daunting technological changes and far reaching global consequences.’(15). Again, according to
Zoellick as the planet warms, rainfall patterns shift and extreme events such as droughts, floods
and forest fires become more frequent. Millions of densely populated coastal areas and islands
will lose their homes as the sea level rise. Poor people in Africa, Asia and elsewhere face
prospects of tragic crop failures; reduced agricultural productivity and increased hunger
malnutrition and disease. (16)
Certainly, corruption contributes to the weak enforcement and implementation of environmental
regulations and the violators' laws are left untouched for their crimes against the environment
and harms they inflicted to the people. Corruption makes a country handicapped in using its
natural resources for the larger interest of people and hampers growth and development.
1.4. Agriculture, the World in 2050 and Environmental Sustainability
One third of the land used for cultivation and animal grazing was almost deserted by the end of
last century. During that time only 25 percent of the surface was suitable for rainwater – reliant
agriculture and 35 percent of the productive land in Asia had become desert. In Latin America 73
percent of dry lands in agricultural use suffer from a kind of desertification.(17) According to the
estimate of World Bank - by 2050 the world population could be 9 billion (i.e., about 50 percent
more than today). Similarly, the world income would increase about fourfold (135 trillion
Dollar) by present ratio. The share of low and middle income country in the world income will
be 40 percent to that of 20 percent now. Average per capita income in developing countries
would be US$ 6,300 and more than 65 percent of the population by that time will live in urban
areas. With rising income and population growth the demand for food could double. (18)
To supply food for the increased population by 2050, we need more and high quality foods. But,
sustained agriculture growth cannot be achieved by increasing the land area under cultivation.
Further expansion of agricultural land would cost highly to the environment and bio-diversity.
Therefore, environment friendly, high yielding and sustainable crops farming is the only valid
but responsible answer available to us.

15. This means we need an agricultural revolution and a new sustainable agro trade policy that
could ensure our life and safety in the new millennium. Better policy and programs to answer the
problems of land and water degradation, deforestation and air pollution. Nutrient management,
integrated pest management, conservation and policies and institutions that can promote better
practice adapting climate change. (19) But, this cannot be attained without better and responsible
markets for agricultural products. Better trade practices between and among states is another
crucial matter on this regard.
1.5. High Value Agricultural Products and Export Situation
The primitive nature of agro based economy has led widespread unemployment and low yield.
So growing fruits, cash crops and industrial crops have been popular these days. But Nepal does
not have any product specialization. One year Nepal finds a good market for its one kind of
agricultural products but the next year, the market of that particular product is flooded with
products from India and China. Small Nepali farmers and agro businessman are to suffer heavy
losses at the hands of successful and powerful agro- business houses of its immediate
neighbors- India and China.
So there is little consistency on agricultural products for the purpose of exports. To compensate
this Nepal at times have shown trends exporting natural resources e.g. timber, stone, boulders
and sand which ultimately have deteriorated the environment.
Food markets in Nepal are rapidly changing with urbanization and growing number of middle
class population. They are demanding more high value agricultural products. Newer market
opportunities are being open for agro traders. Market liberalization in many countries has also
motivated the producer, processors, retailers and exporters of agricultural traders in Nepal. Since
the last two decades, Nepal has begun to produce some high value agricultural crops in
remarkable volume. During this period the area of land used for growing high value crops e.g.
vegetables, fruits, spices, and other industrial cash crops has increased three fold. More than one
third of cultivable land area (1061379 Hectare) is covered with such crops. This has helped to
improve the living standards of thousands of farmers.
According to the primary estimate of Trade and Export Promotion Center, a government body
related with export promotion in Nepal, in the fiscal year of 2009/2010 the total Nepali export

16. was only 14 percent whereas the import was 86 percent. The export when compared with the
previous year has decreased by 11.1 percent and the import was increased by6 29.1 percent.
Total amount of import was Rs.367.61 billion while the export was only Rs.60.95 billion rupees.
The proportion import and export in the year was 1:6.2 while in previous year it was 1:4.2.
During the year 2009/2010 Nepal exported tea with equivalent to Rs.1.20 billion, ginger Rs.460
million, coffee Rs.24.30 million and essential oil Rs.35.9 million.
Nepal’s trade imbalances have been widely increasing year after years. Trade deficit of Nepal in
the year 2009/2010 has increased by 41.5 percent (Rs.314.66 billion). It has made it clear that
Nepal has to expend its valuable foreign reserve to import the daily needs. In the mean time,
export based industries are facing trouble due not only to interrupted power supply and labour
unrest but the more by corruption. As a result employment opportunities are narrowed down. If
Nepal fails to increase its internal production as well as its quality, its political instability and
internal conflict will deteriorate the situation further.
The table given below shows the position of given crops production and export in the year
2008/2009 and 2009/2010
Commo Area under production KG Values in NRs.000 Main Districts Main countries for
dities Cultivation of production Export
(in Hectare
2008/2009 2009/2010 2008/2009 2009/2010
Tea 16718 9,195,5179 85,48,534 1,24,0864 1,195,318 Jhapa, Illam USA, UK,
Kg. Panchthar, France, Canada,
Terathum, Japan,
Dhankuta etc. Netherlands,
India, China,
Korea etc
Coffe 1531 88,100 kg. Palpa, Gulmi, India, Japan,
e 79,2900 Syangja, Korea, USA,
Kavre etc. Canada.
Germany etc.
Ginge 15836 26,723,603 30,415,678 403,408 456,014 Illam, India, USA
r Palpa,Morang,
Nawalparasi
and almost all
districts
Essen 27,501 16,108 54,928 35,905 Kathmandu, USA, Canada,
tial Bara, Parsa, China, Japan,

17. Oils Dolakha, UK, Germany,
Sindhupalcho Sweden etc.
wk etc.
Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives- Government of Nepal, December 2009, www.tepc.gov.np and AEC/ FNCCI Nepal,
2009.
Following this introductory chapter, methodology of the study is described in the second
chapter. The third chapter has a detailed data analysis. Findings of the study are given in the
fourth chapter along with recommendation and conclusion.

18. Chapter two
2. Methodology of the Study
2.1. Objectives of the Study
The Objectives of the present study is to investigate:
1. The nature and practices of corruption in Nepalese export trade.
2. The impacts of corruption on social and environmental sustainability.
3. The needed measures to control corruption and ensure sustainability.
2.2. Study design and Research Methodology
In order to gather the background information for the study and assess the real situation dozens
of relevant literature were thoroughly reviewed. The questionnaires were developed to gather
information. Research team visited 16 facilities/companies and interviewed 32 persons engaged
in the relevant trade practices (Annexure2). Among the facilities, 20 respondents were selected
randomly to cover the whole cycle of production, processing and exporting.
This study adopts both quantitative and qualitative methods for analyzing and interpretation of
the data collected. Questionnaire and interviews along with observation of enumerators are the
primary source of information.
2.3. Methods of Data Collection
In this study primary information are respondents. The questionnaires were developed, discussed
and pre-tested before finalizing for data collection. The twenty respondents were randomly
selected, covering almost all geographical regions and involved in various level of business of
Tea, Coffee, Essentials Oil and Ginger. They comprise of exporter, trader, producer and
processor. They were the key elements of this study and are the sources of data as well.
Some people who were involved in this sector were interviewed informally to verify the data
collected through questionnaires. The complete list of companies, organizations and persons
from whom data was collected is given in annexure.

19. 2.4. Research Sites and Data Analysis
Kapilvastu, Syangja, Arghakhanchi and Palpa districts from western Nepal were selected for
Coffee and ginger. Salyan from mid –western region was selected for ginger. Dhankuta,
Morang, Ilam and Jhapa districts were found for tea (Eastern Development Region) and finally
Kathmandu was selected for essential oil from Central Development region. In this way this
research has covered four from the five development region and 10 out of 75 districts of the
country. These sites were selected because of trade related concentration of production and
procession activities. The companies and individual for administering questionnaires and
informal interviews were selected randomly for the availability and accessibility of data needed
for.
All the data and information gathered through questionnaire and interview were checked and
edited for internal consistency. The information is classified and simple statistical tools like
mean, mode, bar diagram, pie chart were used for illustrating relationship between the variables.
2.5. Limitation of Study
The study has several limitations which are given as follows:
The respondents were hesitant to talk on issues like corruption. They did not want to share their
exact trade volume and transaction.
Many people who are engaged in production of coffee, ginger and essential oils produce it as
supplementary crops on their lands. Middlemen and traders collect those products from
individual farmers and bring them to mainly local markets. Absence of institutional set up to
produce, price and export and organized efforts are some other limitations of the study.

20. Chapter Three
3. Data Analysis
Chart no. 3.01.
Involvements in areas of agro products
Total Number of Respondents:-20
8
7
6
5
4 Ginger
3
2 Essential Oils
1
Cofee
0
Tea
Out of 20 respondents a 40% (08) respondent belongs to tea production, 25% (05) respondents
belong to essentials oil where as only 20% (04) and 15% (03) respondents belong to coffee and
ginger respectively. Majority of the respondents belongs to tea because tea production is famous
in the Nepal and respondents were easily available, whereas in the case of the coffee production
is just a new starts in very few districts.

21. Chart no.3.02
Level of Channel of Production Respondent had involved
Levels of Channel of Production
Production
Processing
Domestic Trade
Export Trade
Others
Out of 20 respondents, majority of the respondents (28%) were involved in both the domestic
trade and export trade, whereas (24%) respondents were involved in processing and only (20%)
respondents were involved in production.

22. Chart no. 3.03.
The attractive factors for selecting the profession
7
6
5 High Yielding and Profitable
Personal Experience
4 Smooth marketability
Others
3
2
1
0
When the respondents were asked on the attractive factors to choose the profession, majority
(35%) of the respondents told that their personal experience encouraged them to choose this
profession, Smooth marketability was the next attractive factors for them with 25% of the
respondents. Some of the respondents 20% told high yield and profitability encouraged them,
where as some 20% told other causes like as easy bank loan, job opportunity, suitable
environment and experts advisory.

23. Chart no. 3.04.
The most distractive factors in the business
Absence of Technical Support and
Bank Loan
Low Yielding and unfavorable
climate
Absence Marketability
Corruption
Others (specify)
When the respondents were asked about the most distractive factors seven among the twenty
respondents 35% told that absence of the technical support and lack of loan from banks is the
most distractive factors they had faced. Twenty percent of respondents told that low yielding and
unfavorable climate and absence of marketability were the distractive factors for them. Equal
number of respondents said that it was absence of marketability. But the second most distractive
factor for all the respondents (25 %) was indeed corruption.
Table no:-3.05
Corrupt Practices Respondent has faced(In percentage)
Corrupt Practices Production Processing Trade Export
Extortion 30 50 24 17

24. Favoritism 9 15 28 25
Carteling 30 05 17 17
Coercive/ 17 15 12 25
forceful
Obstruction
Embezzlement 5 00 6 00
Others 9 15 12 16
Most of the respondents involved in the production level told that extortion and trade cartel are
the most corrupt practices they faced during their business, followed by the coercive/forceful
obstruction. Favoritism and illegal local tax, various forms of donation and lottery in the name of
the various religious/ cultural practices and lottery are included in the others.
In the case of the processing fifty percent of respondents faced extortion then followed by the
favoritism, coercive and cartel, whereas no one faced the embezzlement problems, where as
various kinds of local tax, donation were mentioned by the respondents.
Majority of the Respondents involved in the local trade faced either favoritism or extortion. Then
other respondents told that cartel, coercion and embezzlement were the problems they faced
during their business. The respondents came under others categories were faced with problems
like, local tax, transport problems and etc.
Likewise equal number of respondents 25% involved in export trade told that favoritism and
coercive activities were the corrupt practices they faced during their business. Similarly, equal
numbers of respondents 17% respondents told that extortion and cartel were the bad practices
they faced during their business. None of the respondents faced embezzlement during the
business The respondents from other category told that, problems in custom and border areas and
donation were the main problems they faced during their business.

25. Chart no: - 3.06.
People responsible in the corrupt practices
8
7 Government Officials
6
5 Member of Political Parties and
4 their affiliates
3
2 Trade Unionist
1
0 Middle Man
All
Others (specify)
Data showed that all (government officials, members of political parties, trade unionist and
middle man) actively found engaged in the corrupt practices. This mean that corruption in Nepal
has institutionalized and majority of the respondents (8) told this. Some underground rebels
groups included in the others.

26. Chart no.3.07
Effects of Corruption
Low Salary/Income or Profit
Poverty/ Deprivation
6
Discrimination in gender and other
5 Aspects
Restrictions on the Access of
4
individual and Community to
Natural Resources
3 Environmental Degradation
2 All
1
Others (specify)
0
Most of the respondents answered that most of the problems with their job was the corrupt
practices. As a result of this they are forced to suffer from poverty, low salary or profit, gender
based discrimination, and restrictions on access to natural resources. Environmental degradation
is the common problems experienced and faced by the respondents. Personal humiliation, lack of
the political support to raise voice against such practice, inferiority complex are mention in the
others category.

27. Table no:-3.08
Good governance and corruption
Conditions of Laws Yes No Not Sufficient
Sufficient law against 00 06 14
Corruption
Strong Legal and 00 08 12
Constitutional
mechanism
Implementation of 03 12 05
Anti Corruption law
in Local level
Organization to 01 11 08
support the victims
Others (specify) 00 00 00
Overwhelming majority of the respondents this or that way believed that present legal systems
are not competent to control corruption and institutional support mechanism to protect the
victims are not sufficient.
Table no:-3.09
Provisions required to hold the person involved in corruption
Provisions Percentages
Strong Constitutional Mechanism 15
Strong Legal Mechanism 13
Strong Political Commitment 08
Strong Civil Commitment 05
Interfering by the donor agencies 03
Capacity building of the organizations 08
working against corruption
Transparent procedure 08
Making Strong network of the victims 13
Banning corrupt organizations in 03
international trade Promoting fair practices
Strengthening the Role for international 03
Trade bodies and Trade Unions
All 13
Others (Specify) 08

28. When researcher asked, what can be done to hold people engaged in corruption accountable?
majority of the respondents argued to amend the present legal system (28% respondents argued
for the strong constitutional and legal provision), and followed by the strong network of the
victims and some respondents argued all options given in the question are essential to check the
corruption, and the respond from other category told that all rights should given to companies to
check the corruption, but they are not clear what short of right they want.
Chart no.3.10
Products mainly exported
10
9 India
8
7 China
6
5 South Asian Countries other than
4 India
3 Asian Countries (excluding South
2 Asian Countries)
1
European Countries
0
Others (if any)
Majority of the respondents export their products to India since it is the nearest neighboring
country. Another large numbers of the respondents export their products in European Countries,
like Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Belgium and others. Whereas some others respondents
export their products to other Asian countries (except South Asia) were Japan, South Korea and
Gulf Countries. Bangladesh was another South Asian Country except India, where Nepali trader
exports their products. USA is included in others. Most of the respondents were not interested to
answer their amount of business and profit.

29. Chart no.3.11
Corruption during Export
12
10
8 Yes
No
6
Little or more is to be given anyway
4
2
0
Majority of the respondent 15 out of 20 ( included both yes and little or more is to be given any
way) agreed that they have been paying bribes in the time of the exporting their goods, only five
respondent told that they were not forced to pay bribes.

30. Chart no.3.12
People engaged in corrupt practice
7
6
5
4 Police or Border Security Force
3 Custom Officers
2 Foreign trade syndicates
1 All
0
Another aspect of the corruption is shown by the chart (3.12) Respondent told that all (police and
border security force, custom Officers, foreign trade syndicates) were actively participated in
corrupt practices.

31. Chart no.3.13
Mode of Transportation
Road
10 Sea
8 Air
Rail
6
All
4
2
0
Most of the respondents who export their products to India used road, those who export Europe
use Sea and those who export others Asian, North American and South Asian Countries use Air.

32. Chart no.3.14
Use natural resources in any channel of agro products
River water
Ground water
Forest products
Solar energy
Bio/natural gas
Nothing
All
Others
Majority of the respondents used forest products (35%), and then ground water (19%), river
water (15%) and bio gas (12%), none of the respondents used solar energy. The respondents
from others used water, form Lake as well as collect rain water.
Table no.3.15
Measures taken to fulfill social or environmental commitment
Social Commitment Respondents in percentages
Supporting to open and run Schools, libraries 19
and Health facility to local people
Have opened and run schools, libraries and 05
Health and sanitation facility as well as
subsidized supply of foods and other
consumer goods for the labor engaged in your
company
Providing drinking water facility and supports 16

33. to local development infrastructures e.g. roads,
bridges, communication facilities community
houses etc.
Recharging ground water 16
Waste water treatment plant 02
Solid Waste Disposal System 19
Reforestation in public land or Community 12
forest
Others (Specify) 00
Nothing 11
Majority of the respondent were involved in the social welfare like as building schools, drinking
water facilities, health post, roads, library and others which shows that they are committed
towards their social responsibility. Like this, respondents are found serious towards the
environmental protection (16%) respondents involved in recharge of ground water, (12%)
respondents were involved in reforestation, (2%) respondents had water treatment plant and
(19%) has solid waste treatment plant and they made organic fertilizer by solid waste, which
show that (49%) respondents directly involved in the environmental protection, only few
respondents (12%) were not serious about their social responsibility, they did nothing.

34. Chapter Four
4.1. Findings of the Study
And
Recommendations
The results of this research do suggest a significant relationship between corruption and
environmental sustainability, care needs to be taken while interpretation.
The analyses presented in this paper provide some clues on the relationship between corruption
and environmental sustainability; more qualitative analysis could generate insights that would
help with the interpretation of the national studies
Corruption thrives when government and political parties are weak and inefficient to represent
people with their interests, confidence and enthusiasm. This study has also shown that
corruption has both national and international dimension. It has strong connection with each
other. Therefore, both the national and international community has a tremendous job to do in
this regard. They may effectively build pressures and encourage any country to ratify
international treatise against corruption. The table 3.11 and 3.12 has forced us to make this
conclusion. Nepali export traders have not only to pay bribes to the Nepali officials but also to
foreign officials and trade syndicates.
Nepal needs intensive researches on goods for exports. The government, businessmen, academic
institutions, trade unions and all other stake holders with their own initiations are to be engaged
in researches with bigger as well as smaller and effective research units. More efforts on policy
and program level are to be given to provide Nepali products wider international markets. Global
standards are to be met and continuously maintained strictly as well on areas of production,
processing, packaging, labeling and quality testing.
Similarly, special production zones for export trade are to be developed and export oriented
industrial and business sector are to be provided with special security and other befitting
measures. Up to now only tea sector is found with such zone. Attractive benefits are to be
provided with infrastructural support including uninterrupted power supply, communication and
transport network including short term and long term policy and program support.

35. Nepal alone cannot do this. International community also must feel an urgent need to provide
financial and technical support to a developing country like Nepal in building strong political and
constitutional bodies to make a fight against corruption and ensure smooth passage to their
products. They may also support civil societies working against corruption. Parliament, the most
important political actor can curb corruption by ensuring accountability and transparency.
Parliamentary oversights through anti-corruption agencies and empowerment of civil society and
media have a most critical role in this regard to play. Media in Nepal have shown great efforts in
bringing corruption cases into public, but they are not supported by legal institutions. So soon the
media zeal and commitment against corruption dies or come under the influence of corrupt
people.
A strong and independent judiciary accounts much in each and every national commitment
against corruption.
Nothing can grow and be sustainable without strong public support. So, in the case of combating
corruption, this study has also indicated that it is the public who must come to lead the nation.
With confidence and strong civic actions, they can raise their voice and build effective advocacy
in favor of zero tolerance to corruption at the political level.
Corruption is not only the result of weak law and order situation, but also the result of values
cherished by individual and society. All the respondents involved accepted this as normal and
routine. And this is the most terrible thing. This makes the whole society fall into shatters. So
reforming strengthening good values system and reforming the opposite one through strong
advocacy and campaigning is a basics for fighting corruption.
People and companies engaged in trades related with tea, coffee, ginger and essential oils are
heavily dependent upon natural resources. For example 35 percent of the respondent used forest
resources (table 3.14) but only 12 percent involvement in reforestation makes it clear that we
need much to do in ensuring environmental sustainability. Policy intervention is most needed for
safer waste water and solid waste disposal system to control the contamination of both ground
and river water resource. If strong policy and technical support could be made available to use
solar energy at the processing level, it would help both to protect the forest resources. A country
suffering from power cut almost every time of the year and up to 11 – 18 hours a day in the off
season makes future of all our industry and trade with a bleak.

36. As mentioned above, political instability, lawlessness, nepotism and lack of accountability have
been identified as the overall situation of Nepal. Corruption has dominated governance at all
levels, It has weakened our national will power in such a way that an anti-corruption agenda has
failed to exist as a political and social priority of Nepal. So this has even corrupted the justice,
democracy and overall national economy.
4.2. Conclusion
As anywhere in world, Nepal has also shown that higher levels of corruption lead to lower level
of investment, and growth. It lowers productivity in all sectors whereas agriculture or
manufacturing causes low spending in education health and infrastructure development. (20) This
also produces a more unequal distribution of income, tax evasion at a larger scale undermines
poverty reduction programs and eats up the political legitimacy of whole system, brings political
disaster, strengthens the morale of terrorist organizations and ensures the collapse of whole set of
socio-political and economic system. This obviously will bring havoc in environment because all
the actors cruelly exploit the natural resources available in the country to fund their life and
activities. Political instability is the gravest cause for corruption which further steers for more
instability and loot on natural resources. Even at the level of top government official, the Forest
Ministry Secretary Yubaraj Bhusal, has recently claimed that only in the last seven years Nepal
has cleared 100,000 hectors of forest area due to such political loot. (21)
When trade fails, it is not only the traders responsible for this. The main is policy and politics for
good governance. Making strong demands for good policies and selecting responsible and
credible people is the answer to corruption. When people go to polls probably the most important
measure they themselves can do to change the situation is to vote the right person with a clear
conscience.
Nothing will be impossible and a country is sure to win its bright future if it has right people with
right policies to govern. Nepal can never be an exception. What we need are leaders at all levels
of society and governance -transparent and accountable in their conduct of public affairs.
Yes a nation needs good policies. With good leaders and good policies, we need a good team to
be in control, to run our nation curb corruption and protect environment and as mentioned above,
only electorates and opinion builders can do it much better.

37. References
(1) ARD/ USAID, Tropical Forestry and Bio Diversity (FAA 118 &119) Assessment Report, Nepal, 2006.
(2) Keshav Prasad Bhattarai, The Himalayan times (July 12, 2010)
(3) James D. Wolfensohn, Voice For The World’s Poor- Selected Speeches and Writing, The World Bank,
2005, page 45,50-51.
(4) In the preface of Rick Stapenhurst, Niall Johnston and Ricardo Pellizo (edited) The Role of
Parliament in Curbing Corruption, the World Bank, 2006.
(5) Samuel P. Huntington: Political Order in Changing Societies, Adarsh Books, 2009, page-66.
(6) ibid page - 63.
(7) (Quoted in J. Edgardo Campos and Sanjay Pradhan edited: The Many Faces of Corruption –
Tracking Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level, The World Bank, 2007, page 1.)
(8) ibid.
(9) Rick Stapenhurst, Niall Johnston and Ricardo Pellizo (edited) The Role of Parliament in Curbing
Corruption, The World Bank, 2006, page 14.
(10) World Development Report 2003, page 42.
(11).Federico Mayor in collaboration with Jerôme Bindé , The World Ahead : Our future in the Making,
Zed Books and UNESCO Publishing House,2001, Page 178.
(12). Mayor and Bindé ibid page 154.
(13). Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided
World, page 3
(14) World Development Report 2010 – Development and Climate Change, The World Bank, Page 4.
(15) World Development Report 2010 page xiii
(16) Zoellick ibid
(17) Federico Mayor in collaboration with Jerôme Bindé , The World Ahead : Our future in the Making,
Zed Books and UNESCO Publishing House,2001, Page 179.
(18) Responsible Growth for the New Millennium - Integrating Society, Ecology, and the Economy, The
World Bank, 2004, page 1-2)
(19) Responsible Growth for the New Millennium - Integrating Society, Ecology, and the Economy, The
World Bank, 2004, page 9.
(20) Bjørn Lomborg (edited) Solutions to the World’s Biggest Problems – Costs and Benefits, Cambridge
University Press, 2007, page 232.
(21). Nagarik Daily, December 30, 2010

38. Annexes
Annexure 1
1. Questionnaires developed for the Cases of Corruption in agricultural export in
Nepal
Questions for the person related with particular area of agro- products
Answer Pattern Supporting Remarks
( Give a Tick in box )
Tea
1. Name of the agro- products
you are engaged in - Coffee
Essential Oils
Ginger
Answer Pattern Supporting Remarks
( Give a Tick in box )
Production
2. What level or Channel of Level
production are you involved at?
Processing
Level
Domestic
Trade

39. Export Trade
Answer Pattern Supporting Remarks
( Give a Tick in box )
High Yielding
3. What are the most attractive and Profitable
factors you have been facing with
in this particular chain?
Favorable to
geography and
Climate
Suites to your
interest
Easy to farm
,harvest, store
Smooth
Marketability
Other (please
specify)
Answer Pattern Supporting Remarks
( Give a Tick in box )
Absence of
4. What are the most technical
distractive factors you know-how and
have been facing with support for
In this particular chain? production,
Processing,
storing,
bank loan/etc.

40. Low Yielding
& unfavorable
climate
Absence
Marketability
Corruption
5. What kind of Corrupt practices you are facing with and at which level?
(Answer Pattern ( Give a Tick in related box )
Production Processing Marketing/ Supporting Remarks
Exporting
Bribery □ □ □
Extortion □ □ □
Favouritism □ □ □
Carteling □ □ □
Coercive/ □ □ □
forceful
Obstruction
Embezzlement □ □ □
6. Who is mainly responsible for such corrupt practices?
(Give a Tick ) Supporting Remarks
Government Officials □
□
Member of Political Parties and their affiliates
Trade Unionists □
Middleman □
Companies buying products from the farmer □

41. Big farmers and traders □
Others (Please specify) □
7. How has it affected you? Give a Tick Supporting Remarks
Low Salaries/ Income or Profit □
Poverty and Deprivation □
Discriminations in Gender or other aspects □
Violation of Land Rights of the individual or local □
Community
Restrictions on the Access of individual and Community □
to Natural Resources
Environmental Degradation □
a) Contamination of Water Resources □
b) Air Pollution □
c) Destruction of Forest and wild Life □
d) Others (Please Specify)
8. Please answer the following regarding the existing conditions on good governance and corruption ( Give tick
in the proper box)
Yes No Not adequate
1. Do we have stronger legal bodies
against corruption?
2. Do we have stronger laws against
corruption?
3.If the laws against corruption is
implemented at the local level?
4.If are civic bodies to protect victims of
corruption?
5.Others ( please specify)

42. 9 .What can be done to hold Supporting Remarks
People engaged in corruption accountable? Give a Tick
1.Making constitutional provision against □
corruption more stronger
2.Making new laws (more strict against □
corruption)
□
3.Strong political determination and
commitment
□
4.Strengthening the capacity of anti
corruption agencies
5.Forming new unions among people
engaged in production, processing and trade □
channel
6. Strengthening the capacity of traders, □
trade unions and other civic bodies against
corrupt practices.
7. Intervention from Donor Agencies. □
8.Making strong Networks of the Victims □
9.Making Procedure Transparent □
10.Banning corrupt organizations in □
international trade Promoting fair practices
11. Others
10. Where is your products mainly exported to? How much profit did you earn from your trade in the years
mentioned?
Profit Earned from export in the Years
Countries / Regions Answer 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010
Pattern

43. (Give a
Tick)
India □
China □
South Asian Countries other □
than India
Asian Countries (excluding □
South Asian Countries)
Overseas Countries (Please □
specify the country or
countries)
Others if any □
If you have any comments/ remarks please give it here:
11. (a)Are You forced to pay bribe or similar type of money to foreign officials or trade syndicates or networks (
please give a tick in the box
Yes, I have to pay No I do not Any how I have to pay little or more
□ □ □
11,(b)Whom do you have to pay such bribe
Police and border Security Force Custom Officials People/ institutions engaged in
foreign trade
□ □ □
(c) Could you please provide some example?
(d). which mode of transportation do you use when you export your goods?
By Road By Air By Sea By Train Comments
□ □ □ □

44. 12. What natural resources do you use in any channel of agro products you are engaged in?
Give a Tick in the Supporting Remarks
box
Forest Products □
River water □
Ground water □
Solar energy □
Bio Gas/ Natural Gas
None of them □
All of them □
13. What measures you have taken for the promotion of your social or environmental commitment and
responsibility?
Give a Tick in the Supporting Remarks
box
Supporting to open and run Schools, □
libraries and Health facility to local people
Have opened and run schools, libraries and □
Health and sanitation facility as well as
subsidized supply of foods and other
consumer goods for the labor engaged in
your company
Providing drinking water facility and □
supports to local development
infrastructures e.g. roads, bridges,
communication facilities community houses
etc.
Reforestation in public land or Community □
forest
Recharging ground water □
Waste water treatment plant □
Solid Waste Disposal System □
Others, please specify □

45. 14. Could you help us to have a look on Eco Audit situation in the production, processing and exporting process
of your farm or company?
How much you saved? How much you managed?
Number of Amount Energy Green liters of Tons of Toxic Remarks
Trees Water house waters solid chemi
gases waste cals
If You have something more to say please write here:
17. If you have any comment you would like to make:
1.
2.
3.
18. Please use additional paper if you need to elaborate your answer and comments
1. Name - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . (optional)
2. Age - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Company -. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
4. Position - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Job Description - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Experience:
7. Motivation that keeps you in this job/ profession:
19. If you want to say more about you, your job, your company and your observation on this area
of study you are welcome.
With Thanks

46. Annexure 2
Companies and facilities visited for data collection and questionnaires administration
1. Annapurna Organic Agro Industry, Sandhi Kharka Arghan Khanchi.
2. District Cooperative Associations, Tamghas 4, Gulmi.
3. Giri Bandhu Tea Estate Pvt. Ltd. Birtamod, Jhapa.
4. Ginger Research Program, Ghanawang, Salayan.
5. Gorkha Tea Estate Pvt. Ltd. Phikkal, Illam.
6. Gurnas Tea Estate, Dhankuta 1, Dhankuta.
7. Herbs Production and Processing Co. Ltd. Kathmandu Metropolitan city 35, Kathmandu.
8. Highland Coffee Promotion Co.Ltd. Ichangunarayan , Kathmandu
9. Himalayan Bio Trade Co. Ltd. Dhapasi, Kathmandu.
10. Himalayan Sangrila Tea Pvt.Ltd. Sankhejung 7 - Nepal Tar, Illam
11. Himalayan Tea Processing Pvt.Ltd. Sankhejung 3 , Illam
12. Kuwapani Tea Plantation, Hile, Dhankuta.
13. Nepal Small Tea Producer Pvt. Ltd. Phikkal Illam,
14. Ginger Production Cooperatives Association, Limited, Tansen 4, Palpa
15. Siddha Kalika Coffee Production Association, Madan Pokhara ,Palpa.
16. Shiva parbati Community Consumer Group,Banganga, Kapilbastu.
17. Sankhejung Hill Range Tea State, Sankhejung, Illam.
Annexure 3.
Persons involved in production, processing, and exporting tea, coffee, ginger and essential
oils, which were consulted by the researcher to fill the questionnaires and interviewed
informally to verify data.
1. Mr.Amar Bahadur Rai, Sankhejung 3, Illam.
2. Mr.Bashanta Raj Chitrakar, Jadibuti, Kathmandu.
3. Mr.Bir Bahadur Basnet,Sankhejung Illam.
4. Mr.Bhesh Raj Timilsina, Tansen 4, Palpa.
5. Mr.Dadhi Ram Acharya, Sandhikharka 6, Arghankhachi.
6. Mr.Dilip Rai,Phikkal 5,Illam.
7. Mr. Gopi Dhungana, Panchkhel, Kabhre.
8. Mr.Hom Sitaula, Sankhejung 7 - Nepal Tar, Illam
9. Mr.Janardan Gauttam, Dhanawang Salyan
10. Ms. Kalpana Tamang,Garamani Jhapa.
11. Mr.Khagaswar Gauttam, Tamghas, Gulmi
12. Mr.Khilendra Gurung, Dhapasi, Kathmandu.
13. Krishna Dahal, Hile, Dhankuta

47. 14. Krishna G.C, Tansen 4, Palpa
15. Krishna Ghimire, Ichangunarayan, Kathmandu
16. Ms. Madhu Malla, Banganga 7, Kapilbastu
17. Mr.Maheswar Ghimire, Banasthali, Kathmandu.
18. Mr.Nabin Karki, Dhankuta.
19. Mr.Nadip Gaha Magar,Tansen 4, Palpa
20. Mr.Parshuram Acharya, Sandhikharka, Arghakanchi.
21. Ms.Punam Rai,Phikkal Illam.
22. Mr.Raj Kumar Dahal, Birtamod Jhapa.
23. Mr.Ram Prasad Ghimire, Madan Pokhara, Palpa.
24. Ms.Renu Ghatri Chhetri, Jadibuti, Kathmandu.
25. Mr. Roshan Rai, Sundarpani, Illam
26. Ms.Sabitri Rai, Jadibuti, Kathmandu
27. Mr. Sameer Dhungel, Putali sadak, Kathmandu.
28. Mr.Sanjib Budathoki, Dandagaon, Salyan
29. Ms.Shanti Gurung, Sainik Tole, Jhapa
30. Mr. Sushil Prasad Rijal, Kanchanbari - Biratnagar, Morang
31. Mr.Uttam Pradhan Phikkal, Illam
32. Mr.Yubaraj Acharya, Tamghas 4, Gulmi