slideshow presentation discussing the nervous and endocrine systems for biology reporting

1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2. COORDINATION PROCESSES
 Coordination is the process through which
two or more organs interact and complement
the functions of one another.
 Coordination occurs because of two systems:
the nervous and the endocrine systems.

3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
 consists of the brain,
spinal cord, and nerves
 (1) receive and transmit
stimulus; (2) interpret and
analyze a stimulus; (3) and
evoke a proper response by
an effector.
The Nervous System

4. THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Brain
Nervous
System Spinal
(CNS) Cord
Nervous Sympathetic
System
Parasympathetic
Peripheral Autonomic
Nervous
System Somatic Sensory
(PNS)
Motor

5. THE NEURON
 Bundles of cells and
the basic unit of the
nervous system
 send electrical
signals that direct
all of your body’s
activities
Neuron

6. STRUCTURAL PARTS OF A NEURON
 Dendrites – receives the
information
 Cell Body – where
signals travel
 Axon – carries the signals
 Synapse - place where
TRIVIA: the longest axon in
the worldand dendrites come
axons measures around
together feet!
15
Neuron

7. The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell
TRIVIA: How many
1 synapses are in one
neuron?
1,000 to 10,000!!
3 4
2

8. TYPES OF NEURONS
 SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURONS
- Carry impulses towards the integrating centers
• MOTOR OR EFFERENT NEURONS
- Carry impulses away from integrating centers to the
body’s effectors, the muscles or glands
• CONNECTOR OR ASSOCIATION NEURONS
- Main component; integrates information and relays the
impulse from the sensory neurons to the motor
neurons

9. The Central Nervous System
• made up of the brain, the
spinal cord, and nerves that
connect the two to the rest of
the body.
•The brain sends messages
through the rest of the nervous
system to tell your body
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Central Nervous System

10. THE BRAIN
 made of about 100
billion nerve cells
 Divided into three
parts:
a. Forebrain
b. Midbrain
c. Hindbrain
Brain and its parts

11. THE SPINAL CORD
 Neural cable that extends
from the base of the brain to
the hips
 Axons from the brain carries
down signals to the spinal
cord
TRIVIA: There are 1
billion neurons in the
spinal cord

12. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Somatic System - These nerves act as
transmission lines between the internal and
external environment, and CNS
 Autonomic System – regulates internal organs
o Sympathetic
o Parasympathetic

13. Autonomic Nervous System

14. The Endocrine System
 Ductless glands use to
produce, store, and
secrete chemical
substances known as
hormones which
carry messages and
secretes substances.

15. Endocrine Organs
 Purely endocrine
organs
 Pituitary gland
 Pineal gland
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid glands
 Adrenal: 2 glands
 Cortex
 Medulla
15

16. Endocrine Organs
• Endocrine cells in
other organs
oPancreas
oThymus
oGonads
oHypothalamus
16

18. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Pituitary Gland is
located directly under
the hypothalamus
portion of the brain
 Two distinct parts:
1. Anterior
2. Posterior

19. Secretion in the Pituitary Gland
 TSH: thyroid-stimulating
Two divisions: hormone
 ACTH: adrenocorticotropic
hormone
 Anterior pituitary  FSH: follicle-stimulating
(adenohypophysis) hormone
 LH: luteinizing hormone
 GH: growth hormone
 PRL: prolactin
 MSH: melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
 Posterior pituitary  ADH: antidiuretic hormone
(neurohypophysis)  Oxytocin

20. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Parathyroid
Glands
- The secretion of these
glands is the
parathormone (PTH)
which regulates the
use of substances such
as calcium.

21. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
• Adrenal Glands
- on top of the kidneys
- The adrenal medulla
secretes a hormone
permits the body to react
quickly and strongly
during emergencies

22. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Pancreas
- located near the stomach and the duodenum
- Functions: (1) to produce and release digestive enzymes into
the small intestines and (2) to secrete several hormones into
the bloodstream
- is found in a cluster of cells called the islets of Langerhans
TRIVIA: Alpha cells
secrete glucagon, beta
cells secrete insulin, and
delta cells secrete
somatostatin.

23. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Gonads
- Located in the seminiferous tabules in the
testes are the interstitial cells which secrete
the male sex hormones called testosterone or
androgen which affects the production of
sperm cells.

24. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Pineal Gland
- pea-sized gland located
in the midbrain.
- melatonin, a
hormone that affects the
modulation of
wake/sleep patterns.

25. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Thymus Gland
- found under the
breastbone and active
during childhood.
- site of development of
immune system to
form anti-bodies.

26. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
AND THEIR SECRETIONS
 Digestive Hormones
- Gastrin, secreted from
the stomach
- The secretion stimulates
the release of pancreatic
juice to neutralize the
stomach acid.

27. DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Disorders of the
Pituitary Gland
 Giantism - over
secretion of growth
hormone
 Dwarf or Midget
– insufficient of
growth hormone

28. DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Disorder of the
Thyroid Gland
 Hyperthyroidism
(Graves’ Disease)
– over secretion of
TSH or a thyroid
tumor
 Hypothyroidism
(Goiter) –
insufficient iodine

29. DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Disorders of the
Adrenals
 Addison’s Disease
– underactivity of the
cortex
 Cushing’s Disease
– overactivity of the
cortex
 Adrenogenital
Syndrome –
accelerrated sexual
development

30. DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Disorders of the Pancreas
 Diabetes meilitus – not enough insulin
 Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar –
excessive insulin

31. REFERENCES
Campbell, Karen L., Campbell, John R., Kenealy, Douglas M. 2003.
Animal Sciences: 4th Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill
Comp. Inc. pp.192-193, 196-202.
Campbell, Neil A., Mitchell, Lawrence G., Reece, Jane B. 1999.
Biology: 5th Edition. California: The McGraw-Hill Comp.
Inc. pp. 898-910, 960-964.
Carino, Virginia S., Realuyo, Zenaida M. 2003. Basic Concepts of
Biological Science. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Corp.
pp.148-167.