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Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
Overview: The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-1
Fig. 45-UN1
Concept 45.1: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways ,[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Secreted Signaling Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-2 Blood vessel Response Response Response Response (a) Endocrine signaling (b) Paracrine signaling (c) Autocrine signaling (d) Synaptic signaling Neuron Neurosecretory cell (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Blood vessel Synapse Response
[object Object]
Local Regulators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-2a Blood vessel Response Response Response (a) Endocrine signaling (b)   Paracrine signaling (c) Autocrine signaling
Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-2b Response (d) Synaptic signaling Neuron Neurosecretory cell (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Blood vessel Synapse Response
[object Object]
Pheromones ,[object Object],[object Object]
Chemical Classes of Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-3 Water-soluble Lipid-soluble Steroid: Cortisol Polypeptide: Insulin Amine: Epinephrine Amine: Thyroxine 0.8 nm
Hormone Receptor Location:  Scientific Inquiry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-4 MSH injected into melanocyte Nucleus Melanosomes do not disperse MSH injected into interstitial fluid (blue) Melanosomes disperse Melanocyte with melanosomes (black dots) RESULTS
Cellular Response Pathways ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-5-1 NUCLEUS Signal receptor (a) (b) TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone
Fig. 45-5-2 Signal receptor TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response OR (a) NUCLEUS (b)
Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones ,[object Object],Animation: Water-Soluble Hormone
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-6-1 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine
Fig. 45-6-2 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A
Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Animation: Lipid-Soluble Hormone
Fig. 45-7-1 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor
Fig. 45-7-2 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin
Multiple Effects of Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-8-1 Glycogen deposits    receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine    receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown)
Fig. 45-8-2 Glycogen deposits    receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine    receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Epinephrine    receptor Different receptors Epinephrine    receptor Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel
Fig. 45-9 (a) (b)
Fig. 45-9a (a)
Fig. 45-9b (b)
Signaling by Local Regulators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Concept 45.2: Negative feedback and antagonistic hormone pairs are common features of the endocrine system ,[object Object]
Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Adrenal glands Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Kidney Ovaries Testes Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Liver Stomach Kidney Small intestine
Simple Hormone Pathways ,[object Object]
Fig. 45-11 Pathway Example Stimulus Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete secretin (  ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Pancreas Target cells Response Bicarbonate release Negative feedback –
[object Object],[object Object]
Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose ,[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-12-1 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises.
Fig. 45-12-2 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose.
Fig. 45-12-3 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon.
Fig. 45-12-4 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises.
Fig. 45-12-5 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver   breaks down   glycogen and   releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin
Target Tissues for Insulin and Glucagon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diabetes Mellitus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Concept 45.3: The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal physiology ,[object Object]
Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems in Invertebrates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-13-1 Ecdysone Prothoracic gland Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum Juvenile hormone (JH)
Fig. 45-13-2 Ecdysone Brain PTTH Juvenile hormone (JH) EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA Prothoracic gland
Fig. 45-13-3 Ecdysone Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT Low JH Juvenile hormone (JH) Prothoracic gland
Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems in Vertebrates ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-14 Spinal cord Posterior pituitary Cerebellum Pineal gland Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Thalamus Cerebrum
Table 45-1
Table 45-1a
Table 45-1b
Table 45-1c
Table 45-1d
Posterior Pituitary Hormones ,[object Object]
Fig. 45-15 Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Hypothalamus Axon HORMONE Oxytocin ADH Kidney tubules TARGET Mammary glands, uterine muscles
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-16 Suckling Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Positive feedback Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin (  ) Target cells Response Smooth muscle in breasts Milk release +
Anterior Pituitary Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-17 Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus HORMONE TARGET Posterior pituitary Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Testes or ovaries Thyroid FSH and LH TSH Adrenal cortex Mammary glands ACTH Prolactin MSH GH Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues
Hormone Cascade Pathways ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-18-1 Cold Pathway Stimulus Blood vessel Example Sensory neuron Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH  ) Neurosecretory cell
Fig. 45-18-2 Cold Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH  ) Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel + Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin  )
Fig. 45-18-3 Cold Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH  ) Negative feedback Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Anterior pituitary secretes  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin  ) Target cells Response Body tissues Increased cellular metabolism – Thyroid gland secretes  thyroid hormone  (T 3  and T 4   ) –
Tropic Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nontropic Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Growth Hormone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Concept 45.4: Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior
Thyroid Hormone: Control of Metabolism and Development ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-19 Normal iodine uptake High level iodine uptake
[object Object]
Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-20-1 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+  level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+  level (about 10 mg/100 mL)
Fig. 45-20-2 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+  level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+  level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca 2+   level rises. Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Stimulates  Ca 2+  release  from bones Increases  Ca 2+  uptake  in intestines Active vitamin D
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress ,[object Object],[object Object]
Catecholamines from the Adrenal Medulla ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-21 Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney (a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased   alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and   reproductive system activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium   ions and water by   kidneys 2. Increased blood   volume and blood   pressure 2. Possible suppression of   immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down   and converted to glucose, leading   to increased blood glucose
Fig. 45-21a Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal  cortex Spinal cord Adrenal  medulla Kidney
Fig. 45-21b (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased   alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and   reproductive system activity Adrenal gland Adrenal medulla Kidney
Steroid Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-21c (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium   ions and water by   kidneys 2. Increased blood   volume and blood   pressure 2. Possible suppression of   immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down   and converted to glucose, leading   to increased blood glucose Adrenal gland Kidney Adrenal cortex
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gonadal Sex Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-22 Embryonic gonad removed Chromosome Set Appearance of Genitals XY (male) XX (female) Male Female Female Female No surgery RESULTS
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Melatonin and Biorhythms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 45-UN2 Pathway Example Stimulus Low blood glucose Pancreas secretes  glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Liver Target cells Response Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Negative feedback –
Fig. 45-UN3 Patient X No drug Normal Dexamethasone Cortisol level in blood
Fig. 45-UN4
You should now be able to: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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ฮอร์โมนและระบบต่อมไร้ท่อ

  • 1. Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. Fig. 45-2 Blood vessel Response Response Response Response (a) Endocrine signaling (b) Paracrine signaling (c) Autocrine signaling (d) Synaptic signaling Neuron Neurosecretory cell (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Blood vessel Synapse Response
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. Fig. 45-2a Blood vessel Response Response Response (a) Endocrine signaling (b) Paracrine signaling (c) Autocrine signaling
  • 13.
  • 14. Fig. 45-2b Response (d) Synaptic signaling Neuron Neurosecretory cell (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Blood vessel Synapse Response
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. Fig. 45-3 Water-soluble Lipid-soluble Steroid: Cortisol Polypeptide: Insulin Amine: Epinephrine Amine: Thyroxine 0.8 nm
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Fig. 45-4 MSH injected into melanocyte Nucleus Melanosomes do not disperse MSH injected into interstitial fluid (blue) Melanosomes disperse Melanocyte with melanosomes (black dots) RESULTS
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Fig. 45-5-1 NUCLEUS Signal receptor (a) (b) TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone
  • 26. Fig. 45-5-2 Signal receptor TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response OR (a) NUCLEUS (b)
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. Fig. 45-6-1 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine
  • 30. Fig. 45-6-2 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A
  • 31.
  • 32. Fig. 45-7-1 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor
  • 33. Fig. 45-7-2 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin
  • 34.
  • 35. Fig. 45-8-1 Glycogen deposits  receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine  receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown)
  • 36. Fig. 45-8-2 Glycogen deposits  receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine  receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Epinephrine  receptor Different receptors Epinephrine  receptor Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43. Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Adrenal glands Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Kidney Ovaries Testes Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Liver Stomach Kidney Small intestine
  • 44.
  • 45. Fig. 45-11 Pathway Example Stimulus Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete secretin ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Pancreas Target cells Response Bicarbonate release Negative feedback –
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48. Fig. 45-12-1 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises.
  • 49. Fig. 45-12-2 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose.
  • 50. Fig. 45-12-3 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon.
  • 51. Fig. 45-12-4 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises.
  • 52. Fig. 45-12-5 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59. Fig. 45-13-1 Ecdysone Prothoracic gland Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum Juvenile hormone (JH)
  • 60. Fig. 45-13-2 Ecdysone Brain PTTH Juvenile hormone (JH) EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA Prothoracic gland
  • 61. Fig. 45-13-3 Ecdysone Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT Low JH Juvenile hormone (JH) Prothoracic gland
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64. Fig. 45-14 Spinal cord Posterior pituitary Cerebellum Pineal gland Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Thalamus Cerebrum
  • 70.
  • 71. Fig. 45-15 Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Hypothalamus Axon HORMONE Oxytocin ADH Kidney tubules TARGET Mammary glands, uterine muscles
  • 72.
  • 73. Fig. 45-16 Suckling Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Positive feedback Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin ( ) Target cells Response Smooth muscle in breasts Milk release +
  • 74.
  • 75. Fig. 45-17 Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus HORMONE TARGET Posterior pituitary Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Testes or ovaries Thyroid FSH and LH TSH Adrenal cortex Mammary glands ACTH Prolactin MSH GH Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues
  • 76.
  • 77. Fig. 45-18-1 Cold Pathway Stimulus Blood vessel Example Sensory neuron Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Neurosecretory cell
  • 78. Fig. 45-18-2 Cold Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel + Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin )
  • 79. Fig. 45-18-3 Cold Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Negative feedback Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin ) Target cells Response Body tissues Increased cellular metabolism – Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (T 3 and T 4 ) –
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87. Fig. 45-19 Normal iodine uptake High level iodine uptake
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90. Fig. 45-20-1 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL)
  • 91. Fig. 45-20-2 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca 2+ level rises. Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
  • 96. Fig. 45-21 Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney (a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
  • 97. Fig. 45-21a Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney
  • 98. Fig. 45-21b (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Adrenal gland Adrenal medulla Kidney
  • 99.
  • 100. Fig. 45-21c (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose Adrenal gland Kidney Adrenal cortex
  • 101.
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104. Fig. 45-22 Embryonic gonad removed Chromosome Set Appearance of Genitals XY (male) XX (female) Male Female Female Female No surgery RESULTS
  • 105.
  • 106.
  • 107. Fig. 45-UN2 Pathway Example Stimulus Low blood glucose Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Liver Target cells Response Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Negative feedback –
  • 108. Fig. 45-UN3 Patient X No drug Normal Dexamethasone Cortisol level in blood
  • 110.
  • 111.

Editor's Notes

  1. Figure 45.1 What role do hormones play in transforming a caterpillar into a butterfly? For the Discovery Video Endocrine System, go to Animation and Video Files.
  2. For the Discovery Video Endocrine System, go to Animation and Video Files.
  3. Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
  4. Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
  5. Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
  6. Figure 45.3 Hormones differ in form and solubility
  7. Figure 45.4 Where in the cell is the receptor for melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
  8. Figure 45.5 Receptor location varies with hormone type
  9. Figure 45.5 Receptor location varies with hormone type
  10. Figure 45.6 Cell-surface hormone receptors trigger signal transduction
  11. Figure 45.6 Cell-surface hormone receptors trigger signal transduction
  12. Figure 45.7 Steroid hormone receptors directly regulate gene expression
  13. Figure 45.7 Steroid hormone receptors directly regulate gene expression
  14. Figure 45.8 One hormone, different effects
  15. Figure 45.8 One hormone, different effects
  16. Figure 45.9 Specialized role of a hormone in frog metamorphosis
  17. Figure 45.9 Specialized role of a hormone in frog metamorphosis
  18. Figure 45.9 Specialized role of a hormone in frog metamorphosis
  19. Figure 45.10 Major human endocrine glands
  20. Figure 45.11 A simple endocrine pathway
  21. Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
  22. Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
  23. Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
  24. Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
  25. Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
  26. Figure 45.13 Hormonal regulation of insect development
  27. Figure 45.13 Hormonal regulation of insect development
  28. Figure 45.13 Hormonal regulation of insect development
  29. Figure 45.14 Endocrine glands in the human brain
  30. Table 45.1
  31. Table 45.1
  32. Table 45.1
  33. Table 45.1
  34. Table 45.1
  35. Figure 45.15 Production and release of posterior pituitary hormones
  36. Figure 45.16 A simple neurohormone pathway
  37. Figure 45.17 Production and release of anterior pituitary hormones
  38. Figure 45.18 A hormone cascade pathway
  39. Figure 45.18 A hormone cascade pathway
  40. Figure 45.18 A hormone cascade pathway
  41. Figure 45.19 Thyroid scan
  42. Figure 45.20 The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating blood calcium levels in mammals
  43. Figure 45.20 The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating blood calcium levels in mammals
  44. Figure 45.21 Stress and the adrenal gland
  45. Figure 45.21 Stress and the adrenal gland
  46. Figure 45.21a Stress and the adrenal gland
  47. Figure 45.21b Stress and the adrenal gland
  48. Figure 45.22 What role do hormones play in making a mammal male or female?