22. Fig. 45-4 MSH injected into melanocyte Nucleus Melanosomes do not disperse MSH injected into interstitial fluid (blue) Melanosomes disperse Melanocyte with melanosomes (black dots) RESULTS
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25. Fig. 45-5-1 NUCLEUS Signal receptor (a) (b) TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone
26. Fig. 45-5-2 Signal receptor TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response OR (a) NUCLEUS (b)
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29. Fig. 45-6-1 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine
30. Fig. 45-6-2 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A
45. Fig. 45-11 Pathway Example Stimulus Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete secretin ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Pancreas Target cells Response Bicarbonate release Negative feedback –
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48. Fig. 45-12-1 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises.
49. Fig. 45-12-2 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose.
52. Fig. 45-12-5 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin
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59. Fig. 45-13-1 Ecdysone Prothoracic gland Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum Juvenile hormone (JH)
60. Fig. 45-13-2 Ecdysone Brain PTTH Juvenile hormone (JH) EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA Prothoracic gland
61. Fig. 45-13-3 Ecdysone Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT Low JH Juvenile hormone (JH) Prothoracic gland
91. Fig. 45-20-2 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca 2+ level rises. Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D
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96. Fig. 45-21 Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney (a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
98. Fig. 45-21b (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Adrenal gland Adrenal medulla Kidney
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100. Fig. 45-21c (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose Adrenal gland Kidney Adrenal cortex
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104. Fig. 45-22 Embryonic gonad removed Chromosome Set Appearance of Genitals XY (male) XX (female) Male Female Female Female No surgery RESULTS
Figure 45.1 What role do hormones play in transforming a caterpillar into a butterfly? For the Discovery Video Endocrine System, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Discovery Video Endocrine System, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
Figure 45.3 Hormones differ in form and solubility
Figure 45.4 Where in the cell is the receptor for melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
Figure 45.5 Receptor location varies with hormone type
Figure 45.5 Receptor location varies with hormone type
Figure 45.6 Cell-surface hormone receptors trigger signal transduction
Figure 45.6 Cell-surface hormone receptors trigger signal transduction