This presentation prepared by Mr. KVS Kartha on behalf of Parishath Padanakendram Kottarakkara for Science Classes Campaign in connection with the International Year of Chemistry. You can use and share this presentation as per the terms of CC BY.

1. ck-X{´hÀjw 2011
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j¯v

4. ASp¡fbnse
ck-X-{´w
Ah-X-cWw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
]T--tI-{µw, sIm«m-c-¡-c.

5. “Life is
nothing but
an orderly function of
enzymes.”

6. DÂt{]-c-I-§-fpsS temIw
• H¯ncn ka-bhpw IqSnb Xm]-nebpw Bh-
iy-apÅ {]hÀ¯--§sf s]«¶v Ipdª
Xm]-nebn S-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw
kzbw amä-sam¶pw hcm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶-h-bmWv DÂt{]-c-I-§Ä.
• F³ssk-ap-IfmWv ico-c-¯nse ssPh
DÂt{]-c-I-§-Ä. Cu F³ssk-ap-IÄ t{]m«o-
p-I-fmWv.
• F³ssk-ap-IfnsÃ-¦n {]`m-X-`-£Ww Zln-
¡m³ 50 hÀjw.

7. ASp-¡f Hcp inev]-im-e-bmWv.
]co-£-W-þ-K-th-jW ime-bm-Wv.
]mN-Iw Hcp imkv{X-am-Wv,
kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bmWv,
Ie-bp-am-Wv.

8. F³ssk-ap-I-fpsS
AÛp-X-temIw
• 3000 Â A[nIw F³ssk-ap-IÄ Is−-¯n-bn-
«p-−v.
• Hcp F³sskanv Hcp tPmen am{Xw. ape-¸m-
ense emIvtSm-kv F¶ ]©-km-csb
¥qt¡mkpw Kme-IvtSmkpw B¡n amäp-¶Xv
emIvssSkv F¶ F³sskw BWv.
• H¯ncn ka-bhpw 3000 Un{Kn NqSn DÂ]m-Zn-
¸n-¡p¶ A{X DuÀPhpw th− {]hÀ¯-§-
fmWv 37 Un{Kn NqSn ½psS icoc¯n S-
¡p-¶-Xv.

9. cmk-{]-hÀ¯--§Ä
• `£Ww Zln-¡p-¶-Xv, lrZ-b-¯ntâbpw
Ic-fn-tâbpw Xe-t¨m-dn-tâbpw
{]hÀ¯w, tIÄhn, ImgvN, cpNn FÃmw
cmk-{]-hÀ¯-w.
• F³ssk-ap-I-fn-ÃmsX Cu {]hÀ¯--§-
sfm¶pw S-¡n-Ã.
• icocw Xs¶ cmkn-I-am-Wv.

10. nÀ½m-W-{]-{Inb
• `£Ww hnL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p, th−-sXms¡
Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p, Bh-iy-an-Ãm-¯Xv
]pd´Åp-¶p, t{]m«o-p-Ifm ]pXnb
skÃp-IÄ nÀ½n¡p¶p, AXn-pÅ
DuÀPw ImÀt_m-ssl-t{U-än ns¶-Sp-
¡p-¶p, sImgp¸v tX¨p-]n-Sn-¸n¨v ico-cm-
IrXn D−m-¡p-¶p.
• CXn-m-h-iy-amb `£Ww nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv
ASp-¡-f-bn-em-Wv.

11. ASp-¡-f-bn Fs´ms¡?
thhn-¡p¶p
hd-¡p¶p
hc-«p¶p
s]mcn-¡p¶p
Nps«-Sp-¡p¶p

12. amä-§Ä
• ]mNIw `£y-]-ZmÀ°-§-fn amä-§Ä
D−m¡p¶p.
• Ch `uXnIamätam cmkamätam BImw.
• ]mNIw sN¿p¶ BÄ¡v sN¿p-¶
{]{In-b-bpsS A-´-c-^ew F´m-bn-
cn¡pw F¶-dn-hp-−m-bn-cn-¡Ww.

13. ]mNIw F´nv?
1. kq£vam-Wp-¡sf in-¸n-¡m³
2. kzmZv hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³- -
3. Zlw kpJ-I-c-am-¡m³
4. sshhn²yw D−m-¡m³
5. BIÀj-I-am-¡m³

14. kq£vam-Wp-¡sf in-¸n-¡m³-
– -]-¶n-amw-k-¯nÂ
n¶pw {Sn¡n-tm-
knkv F¶ tcmKw-
– -PÀ½-n-bnÂ
]¨-I-¡n-cn¡bnÂ
n¶pw AXn-km-cw.

15. kzmZv hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³-
kzmZv cpNnbpw
hmk-bpw
Ap-`q-Xnbpw
tN˦-Xv
– cmk-amäw aqew hmk-bpÅ ]ZmÀ°-
§Ä D−m-Ip-¶tXm hmk-¡v tlXp-
hmb -hkvXp NqSv X«p-t¼mÄ _mjv]o-
I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶tXm BImw.

16. sdm«n samcn-¡p¶ aWw
boÌnse F³ssk-ap-
IÄ ÌmÀ¨nsâ Hcw-
is¯ B¡-tlm-
fm¡p-t¼mÄ
ImÀ_¬ssU-Hm-
IvsskUv D−m-Ip-¶p.
CXv sNdp-Ip-an-f-I-fmbn
sdm«n-bn nd-bp-¶p.
samcn-¡p-t¼mgpÅ aWw
B¡-tlm-Ä _mjv]o-
I-cn-¡p-¶XmWv.

17. Zlw kpJ-I-c-am-¡m³
• NqSpw CuÀ¸hpw thK-¯n Zln-¸n¡p-¶p.
• Acn thhn¡p-t¼mÄ A¶P¯nsâ sNdp-
tKm-f-§Ä XIÀ¶v A¶Pw ]pd-t¯-¡p-h-
cp-¶p. IqSp-X sh´m A¶Pw
sUIvkvt{Sm-km-Ipw.
thhn-¡p-t¼mgs¯
hmk Zl--c-k-§Ä
DÂ-]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p.

18. sshhn²yw D−m-¡m³
hyXy-Ø-amb hn`-h-§Ä

19. BIÀj-I-am-¡m³
]mNIw sN¿msX Ign¡m³ tXm¶m-¯h
]mN-I-¯n-eqsS cq]w amdp-t¼mÄ
Ign-¡m³ tXm¶p-¶p.

20. ]mNIw
`£W-]-ZmÀ°-§-fnÂ
Fs´ms¡ amäw
hcp¯psa¶v
tm¡mw.

21. ]¨¡dn-IÄ
]¨-¡-dn-I-fn A¶-
Pw, t{]m«o-p-IÄ,
Poh-I-§Ä, skÃp-
tem-kv, Jn-P-§Ä,
sNdnb Af-hnÂ
sImgp-¸v.
• ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ ssl{U-P³ s]tdm-IvsskUv
tNÀ¯ shÅ-¯ntem D¸p-sh-Å-¯ntem
Igp-In-bm IoS-§Ä in¡pw

22. ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ thhn-¡p-t¼mÄ
• Ign-bp-¶Xpw Ipd¨p shÅ-¯n ]mNIw
sN¿p-I.
• PohIw F F®-bnÂ/sImgp-¸nte ebn-¡q.
AXn-m shÅ-¯n thhn-¨m jvS-s¸-Sn-Ã.
• PohIw _n shÅ-¯n ebn-¡pw. AXn-mÂ
thhn¨ tijw shÅw Duän-¡-f-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-I.
• PohIw kn NqSm-¡p-t¼mÄ _mjv]-amIpw. AXn-
m sNdnb NqSn AS-¨p-h¨p thhn-¡p-I.
• PohIw C thhn-¡p-t¼mÄ jvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.

23. ]¨-¡-dn-bnse t{]m«o-p-IÄ
• Nne t{]m«o-p-IÄ shÅ-
¯n ebn-¡pw. At¸mÄ
Zlw thK-¯n-em-Ipw.
• aäp NneXv sImbm-Kp-eo-I-cn-
¡pw. At¸mÄ Zlw ITn-
-am-Ipw.
• AXn-m Ch o−-tcw
thhn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv
ÃXv.

24. AXn-]m-NIw
• IqSp-XÂ thhp-¶Xv ]IpXn thhp-¶-Xp-
t]mse tZmj-Icw
• ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ, ]g-§Ä ]¨-tbmsS `£n-
¡p-t¼mÄ Poh-I-§Ä ]qÀ®-ambpw
e`n¡p-¶p.
• AXn-]m-NIw Blm-cs¯ A{]n-b-am-¡p-
¶p, Nne-t¸mÄ Zlw ZpjvI-c-am-¡p¶p.

25. ]¨-¡-dn-bnse Jn-P§Ä
• ImÕyw, Ccp-¼v, aáojyw XpS-§nb
Jn-P-§Ä thhn-¡p-t¼mÄ shůnÂ
ebn-¡pw.
• AXn-m thhn¨ shÅw If-b-cp-Xv.

26. ]¨-¡-dn-bnse mcp-IÄ
• ]pdw-tXm-Snepw X−nepw
Ce-bnepw FÃmw skÃp-
temkv (m-cv) D−v.
F§s ]mNIw
sNbvXmepw mcnv cmk-
amäw hcn-Ã. Aev]w arZp-
hm-Ip-sa¶p am{Xw. CXv
ap-jy-i-co-c-¯n Zln-
¡p-Ibpw CÃ.

27. mcp-IfpsS KpWw
• mcv ae-¯nsâ hym]vXw hÀ²n-¸n-¡pw.
tim[ kpJ-I-c-am-¡pw. sImgp-¸ns
hen-s¨-Sp-¡pw.
• AXn-m ]¨-¡dn pdp-¡p-t¼mÄ Bh-
iy-¯n-e-[nIw sXmen sN¯n-¡-f-b-cp-Xv.

28. {i²n-¡pI
• ]mNIw Ipd¨p shÅ-¯nÂ.
• shÅw Duän-¡-f-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-I.
• AS-¨p-h¨v thhn-¡p-I.
• Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw sXmen
sN¯n-¡-f-b-cp-Xv.
• Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw thhn-¡-cp-Xv.
• ]¨-¡dnIÄ ssl{U-P³s]-tdm-
IvssktUm Dt¸m tNÀ¯
shÅ-¯n Igp-Ip-I.

29. [my-§Ä • A¶Pw IqSp-Xepw
t{]m«o³ Ipd-hpw.
• Xhn-Sn Jn-P-§fpw
Poh-I-§fpw mcpw.
Xhn«p-n-d-apÅ ]pgp-¡-e-
cn.
• H¯ncn shÅ-¯nÂ
thhn¨v Iªn hmÀ¯p-I-
f-b-cpXv. thhn¨v hän-¡p-
¶Xv D¯-aw.
• thhv Ipd-bp-I-bp-a-cp-Xv,
IqSp-I-bp-a-cp-Xv.

30. tZmibpw
CUvenbpw
• Acn Dgp¶v 3:1 F¶ Ap-]m-X-¯n FSp¯v
shtÆsd shÅ-¯n IpXnÀ¯v Ac¨v Iq«n-
t¨À¯v Hcp cm{Xn ]pfn-¡m³ hbv¡p-¶p.
• Dgp-¶nepw Acn-bnepw DÅ kq£vam-Wp-¡-Ä
DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ F³ssk-ap-Ifpw boÌp-am-bpÅ
{]hÀ¯--^-e-ambn ImÀ_¬ssU-Hm-IvsskUv
D−m-Ip-¶p.
• Dgp-¶nepw Acn-bnepw DÅ ]i-t]m-se-bpÅ
cmkn-I-§Ä ]pfn¨p s]m´p-¶ amhns Ønco-I-
cn-¡p-¶p. A¾-cpNn D−m-Ip¶p.

31. tZmibpw CUvenbpw
• ocmhn X«p-t¼mÄ ImÀ_¬ssU-Hm-IvsskUpw
hmbphpw ]pd-t¯¡v hcp-Ibpw amhv sh´v
kvt]m©v t]mem-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
• Dgp¶p Ipd-ªm ]md t]mse. IqSn-bmÂ
I¿nepw tZmi-¡-Ãnepw H«pw.

32. tKmX¼vv
1. B« þ XhnSpw _oPm¶hpw {`qWhpw
tNÀ¶ s]mSn þ A¶-Phpw t{]m«opw
Poh-Ihpw Jn-Phpw þ N¸m¯n D−m-
¡m³
2. dh þ tKmX-¼nsâ _oPm¶w Xcn-bm-
¡nbXv þ {][m--ambpw A¶Pw þ D¸p-am-
hv, lÂh, ssakqÀ]m¡v F¶n-hbv¡v
3. ssaZ þ tKmX-¼nsâ DÄ¡m-¼p-am{Xw
s]mSn-bm-¡n-bXv þ A¶Pw am{Xw þ
s{_Uv, s]mtdm-«, tI¡v, _nkv¡äv þ ]i

33. tKmX-¼nse Kvfq«³
• Acn-amhpw tKmX-¼p-amhpw X½n-epÅ
hyXymkw tKmX-¼p-amhnepÅ Kvfq«³ F¶
t{]m«o³ (8-þ10%) BWv.
• ¥nbm-Un³, Kvfqs«-n³, sdkn-Uyq-t{]m-«o³
F¶o LS-I-§Ä tNÀ¶-XmWv Kvfq«³.
tKmX-¼p-s]mSn Hgp-Ip¶
shÅ-¯n Igp-In-bmÂ
_m¡n-bmhp¶ d_Àt]m-
epÅ D−-bmWv Kvfq«³.

34. N¸m¯n D−m¡p-t¼mÄ
• amhv ¶mbn Ii¡n aÀ±n¨v Ipg-¡p-t¼mÄ
AXnse A¶Pw ]pd-t¯¡p hcpw.
• _oä Assa-tekv F¶ F³sskansâ
{]hÀ¯--^-e-ambn A¶Pw amÄt«mkv F¶
]©-km-c-bmbn amdpw. CXv amhnv teiw
a[pcw D−m-¡pw.
• amhv Ipg¨v Ipd¨p tcw hbv¡p-¶Xv Ã-Xm-
Wv.

35. N¸m¯n D−m¡p-t¼mÄ
• F³ssk-ap-I-fpsS km¶n-²y-¯n ]©-km-c-
IÄ InWz-¯nv hnt[-b-am-hp-Ibpw
ImÀ_¬ssU-Hm-IvsskUv D−m-hp-Ibpw
sN¿pw. amhv IqSp-XÂ arZp-hm-Ipw.
NqSmb IÃn N¸m¯n CSp-
t¼mÄ amhn-epÅ _mjv]oI-
cn¨ Pehpw ImÀ_¬ssU-Hm-
IvsskUpw nd-bp-¶-Xn-mÂ
N¸m¯n s]m´n hcpw.

36. N¸m¯n D−m¡p-t¼mÄ
• NqSp X«p-t¼mÄ amhnse t{]m«o-p-I-fnse Aan-
tm-A-¾hpw ]©-km-cbpw {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯n¨v
k¦oÀ®-amb buKn-I-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶p.
• NqSv IqSp-t¼mÄ Ch hnL-Sn¨v Xhn-«p-n-d-¯n-epÅ
buKn-I-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶p. CXmWv N¸m-¯n-bpsS
Xhn-«p- n-d-¯n-pÅ Imc-Ww.
• amhnv InWzw kw`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ D−m-Ip¶
B¡-tlmÄ _mjv]o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpw ]©-kmc
Aev]w Icn-bp-¶-Xp-amWv sImXn-¸n-¡p¶ hmk-
bv¡v Imc-Ww.

37. N¸m-¯n-bpsS arZpXzw
• Kvfq«³ tNcph IqSp-X-epÅXpw
Kvfq«nse aq¶p LS-I-§fpw Xpey-am-bp-
Å-X-amb amhp-sIm-−p-−m-¡p¶ N¸m¯n
arZp-hm-bn-cn-¡pw.
• amhn sdkn-Uyq-t{]m-«o³ IqSp-X-em-sW-
¦n N¸m¯n tXmep-t]m-en-cn-¡pw.
• Kvfnbm-Un³ IqSp-XepÅ amhm-sW-¦nÂ
N¸m-¯n¡v ISp-¸-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

38. F®bpw sImgp¸pw
• DuÀP-¯nsâ km{µo-I-cWw þ t{]m«opw ]©-
km-cbpw 4 Intem Itemdn DuÀPw ÂIp-
t¼mÄ sImgp¸v 9 Intem Itemdn.
• kky-F-®-Ifpw arK-sIm-gp-¸p-Ifpw ¥nk-tdmÄ
F¶ B¡-tlmfpw ^män-A-¾-§fpw kwtbm-
Pn-¨p-−m-Ip¶ FÌ-dp-IÄ.
• Poh-I-§Ä F,-Un,C,sI Chsb ebn-¸n-¡mpw
ico-c-¯nsâ iotXm-jvW-ØnXn nb-{´n-¡m-
pw sImgp-¸p-th-Ww.

39. ]qcn-Xhpw A]q-cn-Xhpw
• Ahiy ^män A¾-§Ä ico-c-¯n- nÀ½n-
¡m-m-hn-Ã. `£-W-¯n-eqsS ÂIWw.
• ]qcnX ^män A¾-§Äþ t]mj-I-aqeyw Ipdhvþ
s]«¶v tISm-Inà (sh-fn-s¨-®,- sh-®,- s-¿v)
• A]qcnX ^män A¾-§Äþ t]mj-I-aqeyw
IpSpXÂþ s]«¶v tISm-Ipw.

40. tISp-h¶ F®
• HmIvko-I-c-Ww aqe-ap-−m-Ip¶ Pe-hn-tÇ-jWw
hgn F®bv¡v ZpÀK-Ô-ap-−m-hp-Ibpw tISp-
hcpIbpw sN¿pwþ I-bv¡p-I, ImdpIþ Btcm-Ky-
¯nv lmn-I-cw.
• Htc F® ]e-{]m-hiyw ]mN-I-¯nv D]-tbm-Kn-
¨m F® hnL-Sn¨v At{Im-en³ F¶ hnj-
hkvXp D−m-Ipw.
• F®bpw sImgp¸pw `£-W-¯nv kzmZv ÂIpw.
• Aan-tXm-]-t`mKw A]-I-Sw.

41. amwkw
• t]io-m-cp-Ifpw kwtbm-P-I-
I-e-I-fpw -tN˦-XmWv
amwkw.
• ]mNIw sN¿p-t¼mÄ
t{]m«o³ irw-J-e-bpsS
NpcpÄ Agn-bp-¶p. CXv
ho−pw kwtbm-Pn-¡p-Itbm
sImbm-Kp-eo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-
Itbm sN¿pw.
• Pehpw Dcp-Inb sImgp¸pw
]pd-t¯¡p hcpw. amwkw
kt¦m-Nn-¡pw.

42. ]mN-I-¯nsâ {]iv-§Ä
• ]mNI¯neqsS t]io-m-cp-IÄ ZrV-am-Ip-
t¼mÄ kwtbm-P-I-I-e-IÄ arZp-hm-Ip-w. t]io-
m-cp-IÄ A[nIw ZrV-am-ImsX kwtbm-P-I-I-
e-IÄ th−{X arZp-hm-IpIbmWv th−-Xv.
• Cu {]{In-bsb kwtbm-P-I-I-e-bnse sImfm-
Pn³ F¶ t{]m«osâ Af-hv, ]mN-I-hn-[n,
]mN-I-¯n-s-Sp¯ kabw, Xm]-ne Ch--
sbÃmw kzm[o-n-¡p-¶p.
• ]¸m-b-I-j-W-§Ä C«m ]¸m-b-bnse ]¸-
bn³ F¶ F³sskw amwks¯ arZp-hm¡pw.

43. hÀ®-I-§Ä
• kzm`m-hnI hÀ®-I-§Ä þ aªÄ, Ip¦p-a-
¸qhv
• Ir{Xna hÀ®-I-§Ä þ Ap-h-Zn-¨n-«p-ÅXv F«v
F®w þ AXn Xs¶ SmÀSvdm-kn³ Nne
AeÀPn-tcm-K-§Ä D−m-¡pw.
• Ap-h-Zn-¨n-«n-Ãm-¯h þ saäm-n FtÃm(_ncn-
bm-Wn, eÍp, aªÄs]mSn), seUvt{Im-taäv
(aªÄs]mSn), Xpcn-iv(-]m-h-¡, ]«m-Wn-¸-b-dv)
• saäm-n FtÃm Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ AÀ_p-Z-Im-cn.

44. ]cn-c-£-I-§Ä
• `£y-kw-kvI-cWw h³ hyh-kmbw þ ]cn-c-£-
I-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw IqSn hcp-¶p.
• tkmUnbw sst{Säv/ssss{SävþssUm-anävþ
amwk-¯nsâ tizX-ndw ne-nÀ¯m³
þF¶m CXv sst{Smtkm Aao³ F¶
AÀ_p-Z-Im-cn-bpsS nÀ½m-W-¯nv tlXp-hm-
Ipw.
• tkmUnbw s_³tkm-thäv, s]m«mkyw saäm-
ss_-kÄt^-äv, kÄ^À ssU-Hm-IvsskUv þ
tkmkp-IÄ, Pmap-IÄ.

45. aäp-]-tbm-K-§Ä
• ]©-km-c¡v _Z-embn þ km¡-dn³,
Akv]mÀtSw, tkmÀ_n-tämÄ, ssken-tmÄ,
ssk¢-ta-äv, ]nþ4000.
• kzmZv hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³ þ APn-m-tam-t«m
(tamtWm tkmUnbw ¥q«m-ta-äv) þ ssNokv
hn`-h-§-fn hym]Iw þ ssNokv dtÌm-dâv
kn³t{Umw F¶ AeÀPn tcmK-¯nv Imc-Ww.
• `£Ww ]mbv¡v sN¿m³ þ t]mfn-¯o³,
t]mfn s{]m¸n-en³, t]mfn-Ì-dn³.

46. Cn ho«nse
ck-X{´
]co-£-W-im-e-bn-te¡v
t]mImw.