1. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

2. CHAPTER 14: USING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN ESSAYS
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3. CHAPTER OUTLINE AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this chapter, you will be able to strengthen your
essays by:
 incorporating supporting details from valid sources,
 using proper MLA documentation for internal citation
and Works Cited entries, and
 blending direct quotations and effective paraphrasing.
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4. THE ROLES OF RESEARCH
 The ability to include supporting material from outside
sources to strengthen your writing.
 Starting with a Basic Outline and Essay
 An Essay Without Research
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5. FINDING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN ESSAYS
 Locating Material in Your College Library
 Online Catalog
Lists all of the library’s books and major
holdings.
 Popular Periodical Indexes
College libraries subscribe to several index
services that provide access to complete articles
from periodicals.
• EBSCOhost
• InfoTrac
• WilsonWeb
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6. FINDING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN ESSAYS
 Internet Search Engines
 Search engines that help users locate specific Web
sites and potential sources if they do not show URL
addresses.
• Google
• BING
• AltaVista
• Yahoo!
 Checking for Validity of Sources
 Check author’s credentials
 Evaluate sources, both print and online, carefully.
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7. INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
 Gathering and Organizing Sources
 Print out articles and photocopy sources.
 Organize and label sources.
 Taking Notes and Acknowledging Your Sources
 Documentation involves acknowledging the source.
 When you provide the documentation within a
research essay, you are using an internal citation.
 Works Cited is the last page of the essay where you
list all of the sources you cited within the paper.
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8. INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
 Avoiding Plagiarism
 Plagiarism occurs when you use a source’s words
or ideas and fail to give proper credit to the author
and/or course of the work.
 Even if you paraphrase, you must give credit to the
original source.
 Options for Acknowledging Your Sources
 English and Humanities instructors prefer students
to follow MLA (Modern Language Association)
system of documentation.
 MLA handbooks are readily available.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

9. INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
 MLA Internal (“In-text”) Citation
Several options for incorporating and giving
credit to the source of your information.
Parenthetical documentation.
 Signal Phrases
 Phrases that enable you to lead smoothly into
documented information.
 Examples: According to Smith; As Smith notes;
Smith suggests that; Smith reports that
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10. INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
 Documenting Information from a Source with an
Unknown Author
 If there is no author listed for a source, introduce the
full title of the work after a signal phrase or place an
abbreviation of the title in parenthesis at the end of the
information cited.
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11. WORKS CITED ENTRIES: MLA FORMAT
 Works Cited list of sources contains only the works you
cited in your paper.
 The list is alphabetized and starts on a separately
numbered page after the essay itself.
 Entries should be double-spaced and the second and
subsequent lines of each entry should be indented five
spaces.
 Double spacing should also be used between each
entry.
 The medium of publication is now required to be listed
for all Works Cited entries.
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12. WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
 Books
 Book by One Author
 Book by Two Authors
 A Short Work in an Anthology
 Introduction from a Book
 Dictionary or Encyclopedia
 Periodicals
 Newspaper Article
 Newspaper Editorial
 Magazine Article (from a Monthly or Bimonthly
Publication)
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13. WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
 Magazine Article (from a Weekly Publication)
 Journal Article
 Electronic Sources
 Entire Web Site
 Article or Short Work
 Article from an Online Magazine
 Article from an Online Subscription Service
 Email
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14. WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
 Other Sources: Non-Print
 Personal Interview
 Radio or Television Program
 At a Glance: Seven Common Types of Works Cited
Entries
 Book
 Magazine Article
 Newspaper Article
 Journal Article
 Article from an Online Magazine
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15. WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
 Articlefrom an Online Database Subscription
Service
 An Entire Web Site (No Named Author)
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16. INCORPORATING RESEARCH INTO YOUR OUTLINE
 Include research information in the outline
 A Draft of an Essay with Research
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17. PREPARING THE FINAL VERSION OF AN ESSAY WITH RESEARCH
 Making Final Changes and Refinements
 Include refinements, changes, and MLA documentation
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18. WHEN CHECKING FOR VALIDITY OF ONLINE SOURCES,
A STUDENT SHOULD
A. check the author’s credentials.
B. assume that the information is valid because it appears
online.
C. disregard any information about the background of the
company.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

19. WHEN CHECKING FOR VALIDITY OF ONLINE SOURCES,
A STUDENT SHOULD
A. check the author’s credentials.
B. assume that the information is valid because it
appears online.
C. disregard any information about the background of
the company.
incorporating supporting details from valid sources,
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20. MLA FORMAT IS PREFERRED BY
A. psychology instructors
B. engineering instructors
C. English instructors
D. art instructors
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

21. MLA FORMAT IS PREFERRED BY
A. psychology instructors
B. engineering instructors
C. English instructors
D. art instructors
using proper MLA documentation for internal citation
and Works Cited entries
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.