1. The End of the Cold War
Rise of Global Terrorism
2. Objectives
Examine rise of global terrorism.
Investigate biographical background of terror
leader, Osama bin Laden.
3. Vocabulary
mujahideen - Afghanistan guerilla fighter, “people doing
jihad”
Sunni/Shia Islam - sects of Islam determined by choices of
Mohammed’s followers
Ayatollah Khomeini - religious leader in Iran who oversaw
the Iranian Revolution of 1979
terrorism - acts of violence intended to cause fear
Saddam Hussein - leader of Iraq from 1979-2003
jihad - “struggle”; call for Islamic followers to strive for
some change
4. Cold War Ends
Evidence: Berlin Wall falls
(1989)
Germany Reunites - East and
West (1990)
Communist governments fall
across East Europe (1989-90)
Communist government falls in
Russia (1991)
USA ➙ still selling Big Macs
5. Why?
Major factor: Money
American economy stronger,
able to grow through difficult
times (market economy); Soviet
economy inefficient (command
economy)
Arms Race
Technology
Innovation
1980s: US President Ronald
Reagan
6. Afghanistan (Soviet “Afghan
Trap”)
Vietnam: US fails to win; unpopular; expensive
(1950-1975) ➙ economically able to recover
1979 - USSR invades Afghanistan to ‘liberate’ Afghanistan
Ill-prepared; local mujahideen prove stronger than
expected
Receive aid and support from many other countries,
including US
1988 - USSR retreats ➙ failed to win; unpopular;
expensive ➙ not able to economically recover
Middle East ➙ chess board for superpowers
7. Middle East: Islam
Middle East - many nations with
different beliefs
Most popular religion - Islam
Fundamental difference in Islamic
belief: Sunni and Shia
Sunni: Believe that after Muhammad
died, the Islamic faith was led by an
elected leader (Abu Bakr)
Shia: Believe that after Muhammad
died, his family should lead (cousin
Ali (Shia-t-Ali - party of Ali)
8.
9. US Involvement
Afghanistan - secret aid: military,
money and training
Iran - Long time US supported
leader (Shah Rezi Pahlavi)
overthrown; Ayatollah Khomeini
➙ Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)
Iraq - US back Iraq in Iran-Iraq
War (1984) ➙ retribution
Israel & Palestinian conflict -
consistently support Israel
Net effect: Rising resentment of
US
10. Terrorism
Acts of violence intended to cause fear
Goals can be political, religious or
ideological; domestic or international
1970s - IRA (North Ireland)
1972 - Munich Olympics; ‘Black
September’ (Palestine)
1983 - Beirut Bombing (Lebanon)
1988 - Pan Am Flight 103 (Libya)
1995 - Tokyo Subway - Sarin Gas
(Japan)
1995 - Oklahoma City (US)
11. US - Gulf War I
Iraq invades Kuwait
US leads UN coalition of forces (1990-91)
Did not invade Iraq or remove Saddam
Hussein
Why not? ➙ fear of more radical Shia
government replacing Sunni
government under Hussein (Buffer)
US Troops in Saudi Arabia ➙ close to Mecca
US Support of Israel ➙ their control of
Jerusalem
Net effect ➙ rising ANGER against US
12. Global Terrorism Strikes US
Al Qaeda - political organization
from mujahideen; other groups rise
up too (Hamas, Islamic Jihad, etc.)
Call for jihad
1993 - World Trade Center ➙
truck bomb
1998 - US Embassies in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania & Nairobi,
Kenya ➙simultaneous bombing
2000 - USS Cole in Aden, Yemen
➙ bombing
2001 - World Trade Towers,
Pentagon ➙ 9/11