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| Jul 2012|   © 2012 UPES
CONTENTS




     Jul 2012
      Jul 2012   © 2012 UPES
A resource is anything we get from the environment to meet our
     needs and desires, which has a dependability through time.

Or

Any material which is required or used to sustain life or livelihood
     is termed as a resource.

Or

Resources are all those requirements of organisms, population
     and communities which tend help in accumulation of energy by
     increased availability.

           Jul 2012
            Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
 Air for breathing
 Water for drinking
 Land for living and growing food
 Forests for timber and paper
 Ores for metals
 Oil, coal and natural gas for producing energy




         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                 © 2012 UPES
 Form of energy and/or matter which is essential for the
  functioning of organisms, populations and ecosystems.
  (Ramade, 1984)
 In the case of humans, a natural resource refers to any form of
  energy or matter essential for the fulfillment of physiological,
  socio-economic and cultural needs both at the individual level
  and that of the community
 The 5 basic ecological variables – energy, matter, space, time
  and diversity are sometimes combinedly called natural
  resources. These natural resources are maintaining ecological
  balance among themselves.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
 The 5 basic ecological variables – energy, matter, space, time
  and diversity are sometimes combinedly called natural
  resources. These natural resources are maintaining ecological
  balance among themselves.
 Any stock or reserves that can be drawn from nature is a
  natural resources.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                            © 2012 UPES
 Forest resources
 Water resources
 Mineral resources
 Food resources
 Energy resources
 Land resources




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012     © 2012 UPES
Classification 1
 Biotic Resources
These are living resources e.g. plants, wildlife etc.


 Abiotic Resources
These are non-living resources e.g. land, minerals etc.




         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                        © 2012 UPES
Classification 2
 Inexhaustible Resources
These resources are not changed or exhausted by mans
 activities and are abundantly available for ever e.g. solar
 energy, wind energy, power from tides etc.


 Exhaustible Resources
These resources are limited in nature and are non-maintainable
 e.g. coal, petrol etc.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
Classification 3 : According to Odum
 Renewable Resources
Those resources that can be replenished through rapid natural
 cycles. Examples :1)Oxygen in air which is replenished through
 photosynthesis, 2)Freshwater that is replenished through water
 cycle
 Non- Renewable Resources
Those resources that cannot be replenished through natural
 processes. These are available in limited amounts and cannot
 be increased. Examples: Fossil fuels, salts, metals etc.
                                                  continued…


        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                           © 2012 UPES
Classification 3 : According to Odum                cont…
Non renewable resources are divided into 2 categories
 Recyclable Resources
These are non renewable resources which can be collected after
 they are used and can be recycled. Eg. Non energy mineral
 resources which occur in earth’s crust and deposits of fertilizer
 nutrients.
 Non- Recyclable Resources
These are non-renewable resources which cannot be recycled in
 anyway. Eg. Fossil fuels and uranium which provide 90% of our
 energy requirements.


        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
Classification 4
Classification of resources based on quality, mutability and
 reusability.


Refer black board/notes




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
Jul 2012
 Jul 2012   © 2012 UPES
There are four basic reasons of the depletion of natural
 resources.


1.Rapid population increase
2.Pollution
3.High consumption of resources
4.Deterioration of land




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                   © 2012 UPES
 There has been a tremendous increase in India ‘s
  population and it will be about 130 billion by the next
  decade.
 An increase in population will decrease all types of
  natural resources and consequently result in
  environmental pollution.
 Ultimately, there will be short supply or detoriating quality
  of natural resources.
 This is because increase in population will increase the
  demand of natural resources and environment.


        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                            © 2012 UPES
 At present, the world population is 3600 million and is
  increasing by two percent every year.
 The industrialized countries have annual growth rate of 0.5
  to 1%. The developing countries have annual growth rate
  of 2 to 3%.
 The per capita use of energy and mineral resources shows
  a difference between the developed countries of the world.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                           © 2012 UPES
 The developed countries consume less but their
  resources are enough.


 The population and per capita consumption have a
  considerable impact on the environment.


 The world can not meet the continuous increased demand
  for natural resources.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                     © 2012 UPES
 We are deteriorating our environment due to increasing
  population. We are polluting lakes, streams, rivers by
  sewage, industrial wastes, heat radioactive materials,
  detergents, fertilizers and pesticides.
 Besides these , we are releasing a number of toxic
  materials into our surroundings.
 The uncontrolled use of pesticides has disturbed the
  entire food chains by which animals including man is
  affected.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                          © 2012 UPES
 Recent researches have revealed that the proportion of
  pesticides in our body has deleterious effects on heart and
  liver and higher concentration may cause several other
  diseases including cancer.
 Many gases e.g. carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and
  nitrous oxide are known to cause respiratory troubles. The
  unplanned and uncontrolled industrial growth may
  adversely affect or destroy the health of the society.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                         © 2012 UPES
 Due to tremendous increase of population, most of the
  natural resources are being consumed.
 The high rate of consumption has disturbed our
  ecosystem. But on the other hand, many of the natural
  resources are essential to man for the basic needs.
 Many industries require raw materials which are essential
  for the advancement of the country.
 However there is no doubt that high consumption will
  affect adversely the quality of our environment either by
  unwise use of natural resources or by increasing pollution.




        Jul 2012
         Jul 2012                                         © 2012 UPES
 Due to excessive consumption of minerals of the soil by
  cropping or soil erosion or other natural events, fertility of
  the soil is lost and land deteriorates gradually.
 Sometimes draught also results in deterioration of land
  and many nutrients of the top soil are destroyed and their
  fertility is lost. As a result of cropping; mineral cycling of
  soil nutrients is greatly reduced.
 Erosion has also depleted soil fertility because most of the
  mineral remain in the upper part of the soil and they are
  easily removed by wind or washed away by water.
 For the proper economic development land for cropping,
  forest, recreation, urban land, transportation and wild life
  are needed but they are reduced day by day.

         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                            © 2012 UPES
Jul 2012
 Jul 2012   © 2012 UPES
The protection of various resources from unwanted destruction is called
  conservation.
Or
Conservation is an intelligent and judicious management of resources,
 optimum utilization without depleting the basic stock.




         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                                  © 2012 UPES
Now it is known that the world resources of minerals , oils and
 natural gas are limited. Mineral resources are of following
 types:
 Metallic minerals
Under this category are mainly iron, non-ferrous metals, silver
 and gold are important.
 Non-metallic minerals
These are called non-metallic or industrial minerals include a
 wide variety of substances which comprise the building
 materials such as rock and gravels, cement and clay.




         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                                © 2012 UPES
There are three important conservation approaches which should
 be taken in to consideration:
 To reduce wastes and to minimize the demand
 By changing the way of life, and
 To increase and reclamation and recycling of materials.
 Use of substitutes should be encouraged.
 Shifting from scarce to abundant metals.
Solid wastes should be reutilized for their energy content and it is
 possible to recycle the materials and the reserve is to be met
 by reclamation.
Increasing the amount of reclamation, the total demand can be
  met with a decrease in the consumption of new materials.
         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                               © 2012 UPES
Forests are important natural resources. It is most important
 natural habitat for wild life.
It is also utilized by farmers for commercial and recreational
   purpose
Forests plays very important role in keeping the atmospheric
 balance by consuming CO2 and releasing O2; the latter is
 essential for life.
So, the removal of plants and trees would disturb the composition
 of natural air.




         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                               © 2012 UPES
If a forest is cut down, energy stored in the wood is lost and most
   of the nutrients of the system are lost.
Such deforestation leaves a poor soil ,which can support
 agriculture only for short time, because the harvesting of the
 first few crops removes the other remaining nutrients and
 renders its uses.
Deforestation causes other disastrous results also. Removal of
 trees exposes the surface of the land resulting into erosion.
Soil is then washed away. Soil erosion is particularly more on hill
 sides where heavy rain sweeps soil downhill to choke rivers.
Social forestry can play a very important role to check flood and
 draught , which affect 34-68 million hectares of land
 respectively.
         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                                © 2012 UPES
Wild life provides recreational and economic benefits to man.
Recreational and economic benefits are closely related to each
 other. For e.g. Fishing and hunting provide entrainment and
 economic benefit to man.
Wild life includes 350 species of mammals, 1200 species of birds
 and more than 20,000 species of insects.
The causes of decline of wildlife in India are many, wild elephants
 were captured and trained for use in war; rhinos were killed for
 making shield.
Forests were cleared for the development of agriculture, industry
 and other developmental projects. Wild animals were
 mercilessly were killed, which resulted in decline of their
 number and they are facing extinction now.
         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
Many species of wild life have become extinct or in the way of
 extinction. Until now around 106 species of animals and 139
 species of birds have become extinct due to the climate and
 geographical changes and by the hunting of man and about
 600 species of birds are going to be extinct if they are not
 protected.
Well planned projects for the conservation of forests and wild life
 are executed with the aid from several world organizations.
Due to the help from these organization a lot of species mainly
 lion, tiger and rhino have been saved.
In 1973, a project for saving tiger was started which yielded very
 satisfactory results.
Under the wildlife protection act hunting of wild animals is banned
 such as elephants, lion, leopard and crocodile .
          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                               © 2012 UPES
Conservation of wildlife
 Protection of natural habitat of wildlife
 Favourable conditions for multiplication of wildlife
 All threatened species should be protected eg. Tiger project
 International trade in wildlife to be regulated
 Ban on hunting/illegal hunting
 Public interest and awareness in conservation of wildlife should
  be promoted.




          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                              © 2012 UPES
Water is most important for the life of living organisms such as
 plants, animals and man.
It is also essential for agriculture, industries drinking and many
  other purposes.
It has been estimated that the annual production of water through
   rain is about 370000 cubic kilometer and total water which is
   used annually is about 10,000 cubic kilometer.
Still there is shortage of water and there are two man reason of
 its shortage .




          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                                  © 2012 UPES
Firstly, there is no proper utilization and distribution of water and
  secondly water quality is deteriorating.
To day there is great problem about water pollution. Many of the
 wastes of human society are disposed of in the river, lake and
 ocean and water becomes polluted and not fit for drinking and
 other purposes. Common effects on water bodies are:
• Addition of poisonous substances
• Addition of suspended particles
• Reduction of oxygen
• Heating of water




          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                               © 2012 UPES
Recommendations for water conservation
 Cropping patterns need a major change
 Balanced geographical distribution of pumps and pumping rate
  should be fixed
 Irrigation canals should be brick lined
 Irrigation methods like sprinkling and drip irrigation can save water
 Industries should be encouraged to reuse their own water after
  treatment
 New techniques should be evolved to reduce domestic demand
 Check on over irrigation
 Check on excessive use of             fertilizers/pesticides   so   that
  underground water is not polluted
          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                                    © 2012 UPES
The top layer of the earth is called soil, which is very fertile
 because it contains minerals and humus.
Soil is natural habitat for plants and animals.
It provides water and nutrients to the living organisms.
Soil is damaged through tree cutting running water and wind. It
 has been estimated that from 1959 to 1969 there was a loss of
 16.9 lacs of hectare of land.




          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                                © 2012 UPES
Trees check the force of strong winds which causes the fertile
  soil to move from its original place. Thus trees act as wind
  breakers.
Roots of the soil bind the soil firmly. This prevents the soil erosion
 from rain and floods and fertile soil is checked from damage
Plants and animals when die are decomposed by bacteria and
  fungi, which increase the fertility of soil.
Soil fertility can be restored by supplementing manures and
 fertilizers




          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                                © 2012 UPES
Soil conservation ( used by W.J. Spilllman of USA in 1930)
 Agronomic methods:
 Contour farming/contour furrowing/strip cropping/mulching/crop
 rotation/green manuring/cover crops.
 Forestry methods:
 Afforestation/pasture development/ pasture
 improvement/controlled grazing/planting of shelter belts
 Mechanical/engineering methods:
 Contour bunding/contour terracing/diversion of channels/flood
 control measures



         Jul 2012
          Jul 2012                                           © 2012 UPES
The ocean covers nearly three fourth of earth’s surface. Ocean has
  sufficed many needs of man from the time immemorial.
The rapid growth of human population and the advancement of
  industrialization have exerted great pressure on ocean resources and
  ocean environment.
According to a study about 35 km3 of sewage and 3.5 km3 of industrial
 wastes is released annually into the coastal waters of India. In
 addition, the offshore oil installations have added another stress on
 the ocean environment.
The task of harnessing the potential of ocean resources for the
  development purposes is of great importance. We should harness
  necessary resources of ocean when our land resources are in short
  supply.
Much awareness needs to be generated by national and international
 agencies including United nations on conservation of ocean’s wealth.

          Jul 2012
           Jul 2012                                                   © 2012 UPES
FOREST RESOURCES




Jul 2012
 Jul 2012                      © 2012 UPES
NEXT CLASS…




     Jul 2012
      Jul 2012   © 2012 UPES
NEXT CLASS…




     Jul 2012
      Jul 2012   © 2012 UPES

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Unit 2 natural resources lecture 1

  • 1. | Jul 2012| © 2012 UPES
  • 2. CONTENTS Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 3. A resource is anything we get from the environment to meet our needs and desires, which has a dependability through time. Or Any material which is required or used to sustain life or livelihood is termed as a resource. Or Resources are all those requirements of organisms, population and communities which tend help in accumulation of energy by increased availability. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 4.  Air for breathing  Water for drinking  Land for living and growing food  Forests for timber and paper  Ores for metals  Oil, coal and natural gas for producing energy Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 5.  Form of energy and/or matter which is essential for the functioning of organisms, populations and ecosystems. (Ramade, 1984)  In the case of humans, a natural resource refers to any form of energy or matter essential for the fulfillment of physiological, socio-economic and cultural needs both at the individual level and that of the community  The 5 basic ecological variables – energy, matter, space, time and diversity are sometimes combinedly called natural resources. These natural resources are maintaining ecological balance among themselves. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 6.  The 5 basic ecological variables – energy, matter, space, time and diversity are sometimes combinedly called natural resources. These natural resources are maintaining ecological balance among themselves.  Any stock or reserves that can be drawn from nature is a natural resources. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 7.  Forest resources  Water resources  Mineral resources  Food resources  Energy resources  Land resources Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 8. Classification 1  Biotic Resources These are living resources e.g. plants, wildlife etc.  Abiotic Resources These are non-living resources e.g. land, minerals etc. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 9. Classification 2  Inexhaustible Resources These resources are not changed or exhausted by mans activities and are abundantly available for ever e.g. solar energy, wind energy, power from tides etc.  Exhaustible Resources These resources are limited in nature and are non-maintainable e.g. coal, petrol etc. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 10. Classification 3 : According to Odum  Renewable Resources Those resources that can be replenished through rapid natural cycles. Examples :1)Oxygen in air which is replenished through photosynthesis, 2)Freshwater that is replenished through water cycle  Non- Renewable Resources Those resources that cannot be replenished through natural processes. These are available in limited amounts and cannot be increased. Examples: Fossil fuels, salts, metals etc. continued… Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 11. Classification 3 : According to Odum cont… Non renewable resources are divided into 2 categories  Recyclable Resources These are non renewable resources which can be collected after they are used and can be recycled. Eg. Non energy mineral resources which occur in earth’s crust and deposits of fertilizer nutrients.  Non- Recyclable Resources These are non-renewable resources which cannot be recycled in anyway. Eg. Fossil fuels and uranium which provide 90% of our energy requirements. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 12. Classification 4 Classification of resources based on quality, mutability and reusability. Refer black board/notes Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 13. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 14. There are four basic reasons of the depletion of natural resources. 1.Rapid population increase 2.Pollution 3.High consumption of resources 4.Deterioration of land Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 15.  There has been a tremendous increase in India ‘s population and it will be about 130 billion by the next decade.  An increase in population will decrease all types of natural resources and consequently result in environmental pollution.  Ultimately, there will be short supply or detoriating quality of natural resources.  This is because increase in population will increase the demand of natural resources and environment. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 16.  At present, the world population is 3600 million and is increasing by two percent every year.  The industrialized countries have annual growth rate of 0.5 to 1%. The developing countries have annual growth rate of 2 to 3%.  The per capita use of energy and mineral resources shows a difference between the developed countries of the world. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 17.  The developed countries consume less but their resources are enough.  The population and per capita consumption have a considerable impact on the environment.  The world can not meet the continuous increased demand for natural resources. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 18.  We are deteriorating our environment due to increasing population. We are polluting lakes, streams, rivers by sewage, industrial wastes, heat radioactive materials, detergents, fertilizers and pesticides.  Besides these , we are releasing a number of toxic materials into our surroundings.  The uncontrolled use of pesticides has disturbed the entire food chains by which animals including man is affected. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 19.  Recent researches have revealed that the proportion of pesticides in our body has deleterious effects on heart and liver and higher concentration may cause several other diseases including cancer.  Many gases e.g. carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide are known to cause respiratory troubles. The unplanned and uncontrolled industrial growth may adversely affect or destroy the health of the society. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 20.  Due to tremendous increase of population, most of the natural resources are being consumed.  The high rate of consumption has disturbed our ecosystem. But on the other hand, many of the natural resources are essential to man for the basic needs.  Many industries require raw materials which are essential for the advancement of the country.  However there is no doubt that high consumption will affect adversely the quality of our environment either by unwise use of natural resources or by increasing pollution. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 21.  Due to excessive consumption of minerals of the soil by cropping or soil erosion or other natural events, fertility of the soil is lost and land deteriorates gradually.  Sometimes draught also results in deterioration of land and many nutrients of the top soil are destroyed and their fertility is lost. As a result of cropping; mineral cycling of soil nutrients is greatly reduced.  Erosion has also depleted soil fertility because most of the mineral remain in the upper part of the soil and they are easily removed by wind or washed away by water.  For the proper economic development land for cropping, forest, recreation, urban land, transportation and wild life are needed but they are reduced day by day. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 22. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 23. The protection of various resources from unwanted destruction is called conservation. Or Conservation is an intelligent and judicious management of resources, optimum utilization without depleting the basic stock. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 24. Now it is known that the world resources of minerals , oils and natural gas are limited. Mineral resources are of following types:  Metallic minerals Under this category are mainly iron, non-ferrous metals, silver and gold are important.  Non-metallic minerals These are called non-metallic or industrial minerals include a wide variety of substances which comprise the building materials such as rock and gravels, cement and clay. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 25. There are three important conservation approaches which should be taken in to consideration:  To reduce wastes and to minimize the demand  By changing the way of life, and  To increase and reclamation and recycling of materials.  Use of substitutes should be encouraged.  Shifting from scarce to abundant metals. Solid wastes should be reutilized for their energy content and it is possible to recycle the materials and the reserve is to be met by reclamation. Increasing the amount of reclamation, the total demand can be met with a decrease in the consumption of new materials. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 26. Forests are important natural resources. It is most important natural habitat for wild life. It is also utilized by farmers for commercial and recreational purpose Forests plays very important role in keeping the atmospheric balance by consuming CO2 and releasing O2; the latter is essential for life. So, the removal of plants and trees would disturb the composition of natural air. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 27. If a forest is cut down, energy stored in the wood is lost and most of the nutrients of the system are lost. Such deforestation leaves a poor soil ,which can support agriculture only for short time, because the harvesting of the first few crops removes the other remaining nutrients and renders its uses. Deforestation causes other disastrous results also. Removal of trees exposes the surface of the land resulting into erosion. Soil is then washed away. Soil erosion is particularly more on hill sides where heavy rain sweeps soil downhill to choke rivers. Social forestry can play a very important role to check flood and draught , which affect 34-68 million hectares of land respectively. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 28. Wild life provides recreational and economic benefits to man. Recreational and economic benefits are closely related to each other. For e.g. Fishing and hunting provide entrainment and economic benefit to man. Wild life includes 350 species of mammals, 1200 species of birds and more than 20,000 species of insects. The causes of decline of wildlife in India are many, wild elephants were captured and trained for use in war; rhinos were killed for making shield. Forests were cleared for the development of agriculture, industry and other developmental projects. Wild animals were mercilessly were killed, which resulted in decline of their number and they are facing extinction now. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 29. Many species of wild life have become extinct or in the way of extinction. Until now around 106 species of animals and 139 species of birds have become extinct due to the climate and geographical changes and by the hunting of man and about 600 species of birds are going to be extinct if they are not protected. Well planned projects for the conservation of forests and wild life are executed with the aid from several world organizations. Due to the help from these organization a lot of species mainly lion, tiger and rhino have been saved. In 1973, a project for saving tiger was started which yielded very satisfactory results. Under the wildlife protection act hunting of wild animals is banned such as elephants, lion, leopard and crocodile . Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 30. Conservation of wildlife  Protection of natural habitat of wildlife  Favourable conditions for multiplication of wildlife  All threatened species should be protected eg. Tiger project  International trade in wildlife to be regulated  Ban on hunting/illegal hunting  Public interest and awareness in conservation of wildlife should be promoted. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 31. Water is most important for the life of living organisms such as plants, animals and man. It is also essential for agriculture, industries drinking and many other purposes. It has been estimated that the annual production of water through rain is about 370000 cubic kilometer and total water which is used annually is about 10,000 cubic kilometer. Still there is shortage of water and there are two man reason of its shortage . Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 32. Firstly, there is no proper utilization and distribution of water and secondly water quality is deteriorating. To day there is great problem about water pollution. Many of the wastes of human society are disposed of in the river, lake and ocean and water becomes polluted and not fit for drinking and other purposes. Common effects on water bodies are: • Addition of poisonous substances • Addition of suspended particles • Reduction of oxygen • Heating of water Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 33. Recommendations for water conservation  Cropping patterns need a major change  Balanced geographical distribution of pumps and pumping rate should be fixed  Irrigation canals should be brick lined  Irrigation methods like sprinkling and drip irrigation can save water  Industries should be encouraged to reuse their own water after treatment  New techniques should be evolved to reduce domestic demand  Check on over irrigation  Check on excessive use of fertilizers/pesticides so that underground water is not polluted Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 34. The top layer of the earth is called soil, which is very fertile because it contains minerals and humus. Soil is natural habitat for plants and animals. It provides water and nutrients to the living organisms. Soil is damaged through tree cutting running water and wind. It has been estimated that from 1959 to 1969 there was a loss of 16.9 lacs of hectare of land. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 35. Trees check the force of strong winds which causes the fertile soil to move from its original place. Thus trees act as wind breakers. Roots of the soil bind the soil firmly. This prevents the soil erosion from rain and floods and fertile soil is checked from damage Plants and animals when die are decomposed by bacteria and fungi, which increase the fertility of soil. Soil fertility can be restored by supplementing manures and fertilizers Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 36. Soil conservation ( used by W.J. Spilllman of USA in 1930)  Agronomic methods: Contour farming/contour furrowing/strip cropping/mulching/crop rotation/green manuring/cover crops.  Forestry methods: Afforestation/pasture development/ pasture improvement/controlled grazing/planting of shelter belts  Mechanical/engineering methods: Contour bunding/contour terracing/diversion of channels/flood control measures Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 37. The ocean covers nearly three fourth of earth’s surface. Ocean has sufficed many needs of man from the time immemorial. The rapid growth of human population and the advancement of industrialization have exerted great pressure on ocean resources and ocean environment. According to a study about 35 km3 of sewage and 3.5 km3 of industrial wastes is released annually into the coastal waters of India. In addition, the offshore oil installations have added another stress on the ocean environment. The task of harnessing the potential of ocean resources for the development purposes is of great importance. We should harness necessary resources of ocean when our land resources are in short supply. Much awareness needs to be generated by national and international agencies including United nations on conservation of ocean’s wealth. Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 38. FOREST RESOURCES Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 39. NEXT CLASS… Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
  • 40. NEXT CLASS… Jul 2012 Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES