Rural housing in india

RURAL HOUSING IN INDIA
Subtitle

RURAL HOUSING CONTEXT
• There are divergent views on what constitutes “rural areas”,
where rural “ends” and urban “begins”. There is no universally
accepted definition and it may be useful to adopt the
approach of UN Habitat in viewing urban and rural as a
continuum of settlements and emphasize the linkages
between urban areas and rural areas.
• Such linkages often take the form of flows of capital, labor and
goods between urban and rural areas. E.g. urban areas are
dependent on the import of food from rural areas which are in
turn dependent on the urban manufacturing base for goods
and high order services.

“RURAL AREAS” - CHARACTERISTICS
• Rural areas are often referred to as those areas outside of the
city or urban boundary or periphery where populations are
spatially dispersed.
• Agriculture is the main economic activity that provides job
opportunities. In these areas opportunities for socio-economic
development are often perceived as limited, leading to the
migration of able bodied individuals to the “bright city lights”
and leaving a residual of generally vulnerable, under
educated, aged and very young population.
• These households are often largely dependent on social
grants and remittances from family members working in the
cities.

“RURAL HOUSEHOLDS” - CHARACTERISTICS
• Their income is constrained as the rural economy is not
sufficiently vibrant to provide them with jobs or self –
employment opportunities.
• Women form the majority of the rural population and female-
headed households are particularly disadvantaged.
• Their cost of living is high because they spend relatively more
on basic social services such as food and water, shelter,
energy, health and education, and transport and
communications services.
• The poorest households also have low levels of literacy and
education.

“RURAL – URBAN” - CONNECTIONS
• Rural housing has been marginalized both in wider policy discussions
as well as within the debate on rural issues because rural housing
needs are generally subordinated to urban housing needs in policy
priority.
• The important difference between rural and urban contexts is the
level of income needed to avoid poverty is the key difference.
• In urban areas there is a very high proportion of income going
toward non-food items such as rent, public transport, payment to
water vendors and for pay-as-you use public toilets, keeping
children at school, health care/medicines, and informal payments
to stop homes being demolished or to be allowed to sell goods on
the street.

“RURAL – URBAN” - CONNECTIONS
Rural Urban
Livelihoods drawn from agriculture, livestock, forestry Livelihoods drawn from labour markets within non-
or fishing (i.e. key for livelihood is access to natural agricultural production or making/selling goods or
capital) services
Access to land for housing and building materials Access to land for housing very difficult; housing and
not generally a problem land markets highly commercialised
More distant from government More vulnerable to >bad= governance
Access to infrastructure and services difficult
Access to infrastructure and services limited (largely
because of high prices, illegal status and poor
because of distance/low density?)
governance
Less opportunities for earning cash; more for self Greater reliance on cash for access to food, water,
provisioning sanitation, employment, garbage disposal.......
Greater reliance on house as an economic resource
(asset, location for production, income-earner)
Urban characteristics in rural locations (e.g. Rural characteristics in urban locations (urban
prosperous tourist areas, mining areas, areas with agriculture, >village= enclaves, access to land for
high value crops and many local multiplier links ) housing through non-monetary traditional forms)

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND HOUSING NEEDS
• Estimated population in India in
2001 was 1029 million, a growth of
18.1 per cent from 1991.
• Nearly 72 per cent of the Indian
population lives in rural areas. The
total number of households in rural
India is 143 million (Census, 2001).
• Two trends, which will have
significant impact on the rural
population are (i) declining fertility
and (ii) increasing urbanization.

HOUSING SUPPLY AND ACCESS
• A measure of housing construction
activity, in rural India, is the number of
new housing completions.
• During 1991– 2001, 34.56 million new
houses were added to the stock. During
this period 25.61 million new households
were formed.
• Translating these figures into number of
houses completed per thousand people
indicates that while in 1971–81, 3.66
houses were completed per 1000 persons
and the figure for 1991–2001 is 4.65. The
number of new house construction, at
4.65 houses per 1000 persons, is still quite
low compared to urban areas where new
completions are around 7 housing unit per
1000 persons.

TENURE
• Home ownership is the dominant form of tenure in rural India
with more than 95 per cent households owning their homes
(Table 10.3). The percentage of rental tenure is 4.6 per cent.
These are mainly the houses rented to farm workers by
landlords.

HOUSING CONDITIONS
• Mismatch between housing stock and the number of
households represents only one aspect of housing
inadequacy. The other aspect of housing inadequacy is
reflected in the mismatch between desired and actual
housing quality.
• In rural India, mismatch between required and available
housing stock is not as stark as urban areas but the quality of
house leaves much to be desired.
• The first measure of Housing quality is by type of structure.
• The second measure is the number of rooms per house.

HOUSING CONDITIONS
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
•Based on building materials used for construction of structure,
houses have been classified as
•pucca (building materials used for construction are brick and
mortar and other permanent materials),
•semi-pucca (building materials used for part of the
construction of either the roof or the walls are mud or thatch)
•kutcha (materials used for construction are mud and thatch).

HOUSING CONDITIONS
NUMBER OF ROOMS PER HOUSE
•In
2001, 39.8 per cent of rural households lived in one-room
houses, 68.5 per cent of households were living in houses with
one or two rooms.
•Though there has been progress, the average size of rural
homes is disproportionately small compared to the average size
of households.
•For
an average household size of 5.2, the sizes of homes are
small. Overcrowding in existing homes is the main cause of new
household formation and this is driving the demand for new
houses in the rural areas.

NUMBER OF ROOMS PER HOUSE

TYPE OF STRUCTURE
The trend indicates that the share of pucca
houses in total has increased from 18.5 per
cent in 1971 to 35.4 per cent in 2001.

HOUSING CONDITIONS
STRUCTURAL CONDITION
•According to Census (2001),
•only 45 per cent (58.10 million) of residential and 42.2 per cent (2.52
million) of nonresidential houses are in good condition.
•48.7 per cent (62.81 million) of residential and 53.3 per cent (3.2
million) of nonresidential houses have been classified as livable.
•6.3 per cent (8.14 million) of residential and 4.5 per cent (0.27 million)
of non-residential houses are in dilapidated condition.
•Replacement needs for dilapidated and a part of livable houses
would add to the demand for housing in rural areas in the future.

HOUSING CONDITIONS
PRESENCE OF EXCLUSIVE AMENITIES such as drinking water, toilet
and electricity.

• According to Census (2001),
nearly 80.5 per cent of households
had access to safe drinking water
in 2001. There has been steady
progress in access to safe drinking
water over the two decades
preceding 2001. In 1981, only 26.3
per cent of households had
access to safe drinking water.

HOUSING CONDITIONS
PRESENCE OF EXCLUSIVE AMENITIES such as drinking water, toilet
and electricity.

• The situation of access to
exclusive toilet is shabby and in
2001, only 21.9 percent of
households had access to toilet
facilities. As for electricity
connection, only 43 per cent of
houses had electricity connection
in 2001, though this proportion has
increased from 14 per cent in
1981.

HOUSEHOLD ASSET AND LIABILITY STRUCTURE
NEED
•Understanding of asset holding and
liability structure of households is
important for understanding their
wealth status and debt leveraging
potential.
•A popular criticism is that formal
institutions perceive the credit
worthiness of the borrowers in rural
areas as significant risk.
•Among rural households, a cultivator
household, on an average, owned
assets of 3.73 lakh, which was three
and half time that owned by a non-
cultivator2 household (1.07 lakh).

HOUSE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY IN RURAL AREAS
• During the five year period
1997–2002 reports that about
25 per cent rural households
had initiated some form of
construction activity.
• Among the initiated
constructions, 82 per cent
were completed during the
five years.

APPROPRIATE RURAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGIES FOR WALLING

•Precast Stone Masonry Block Walling Scheme
•Solid Concrete Block Masonry Scheme
•Concrete Block Making Machine
•Solid/ Hollow Concrete Blocks
•Concrete Block- Shaker Machine
•Rat Trap Bond Masonry
•An Improved Hand Molding for Building Bricks
•Thin Precast RCC Lintels in Brick Walls
•Non- erodible Mud Plaster for Mud Walls
•C Brick Technology
•Stabilized Mud Blocks

TECHNOLOGIES FOR ROOFING

•Precast R.C. Plank Flooring/Roofing Scheme
•Precast Channels Units
•Precast R.C. Coed Units
•L-Pan Roofing Schemes
•Prefab Brick Panel System for Flooring/Roofing
•Unreinforced Pyramidal Brick Roofs
•Precast Concrete Funicular Shells for Roofs and Floors
•Precast R.C. Waffle Units for Floors and Roofs
•Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles
•Country Roofing Tiles
•Improved Method of Making Durable and Fire Retardant thatch Roof

FERROCEMENT PRODUCTS
•Ferro-Cement Products and Applications
•Ferro-Cement Door Shutters
•Ferro-Cement Cupboards, Trusses & Rafters
•Ferro-Cement Water Tanks
•Ferro-Cement Toilet Slab
•Ferro-Cement Dual Pit Water Seal Latrines

RURAL BUILDING & ENVIRONMENT
•Low Cost Sanitation
•Concrete Skeleton System
•Timber Skeleton System
•Balli Skeleton System
•Pedestal Pile
• Kedar Kuti
•Gauri Kuti
•Improved Smokeless Chullah
•Waste Water Disposal System

SAFETY FROM NATURAL CALAMITY
•Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Building
•Cyclone Resistant House for Coastal Areas
•Earthquake Resistant Construction –A Simple guide
•Disaster Resistant Features for Non engineered house
PROCESSES MACHINERY
•Precast Concrete Door/Window Frames
•Ferro-Cement door shutter Making Machine
•Ferro-Cement Concrete Beam (Rafter) Machine
•Machine for Ferro-cement Roofing Channels

PROCESSES MACHINERY

•Technology for Manufacture of Fly-Ash Bricks
•MCR Tiles Machine
•Energy Efficient Gypsum Calcinatory.
•Heavy Duty Brick Extrusion Machine
•Concrete Block Maker
•Lime Hydrating Machine
•Pollution Control System for Lime Kilns
•Mini Climbing Crane
•Semi- mechanized Brick Making Machine
•Clay Tiles
•CBRI High Draught Brick Kiln
•Manufacture of Country Tiles from Alluvial, Black/Red Soils of India
•Project for RCC Planks & Joist

COMFORTS & DURABILITY
•Guidelines for Designing Airy
•Building

•Practical Lessons in Quality Control for
•Building Construction
•Seepage Problems (Waterproofing)
PRODUCTS FROM AGROINDUSTRIAL WASTES
•Fly-ash

•Local Materials & Environment-friendly
•Technologies

GOVERNMENT HOUSING INITIATIVES
• The government has formulated various initiatives targeted towards
rural housing but a comprehensive rural housing policy,
• The Ministry of Rural Development has formulated an Action Plan for
Rural Housing that consists of the following programs:
• 1. Provision for upgrading unserviceable kutcha houses under the Indira Awas
Yojana (IAY) in addition to the new construction.
• 2. Credit cum subsidy scheme for rural housing.
• 3. Innovative scheme for rural housing and habitat development.
• 4. Setting up of rural building centers.
• 5. Samagra Awas Yojana.
• 6. Enhancement of equity contribution by the Ministry of Rural Development
to HUDCO.
• 7. National Mission for Rural Housing and Habitat.
• 8. Two Million Housing Programme.

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
IAY is being implemented since 1985–6. The focus of this scheme is to provide
assistance to rural households who are economically classified as below
poverty line or belong to schedule caste/scheduled tribe or are freed
bonded labourers.
The scheme has also been extended to families of ex-servicemen killed in
action. Three per cent of total houses are reserved for physically and
mentally challenged persons who are below poverty line.
Since inception Rs 13,840 crore have been spent under this scheme. A total
of 10.34 million units have been constructed/upgraded under this scheme up
to 2003–4 (NHB, 2004 and NHB, 2005).

Credit-cum-Subsidy Scheme
This was a means tested scheme initiated in 1999 targeting households with
annual income of less than Rs 32,000. Assistance was in the form of loan and
subsidy. The subsidy component was less than Rs 10,000 and maximum
permissible loan amount was Rs 40,000.
District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) were responsible for making loan
arrangements for the beneficiaries through commercial banks, RRBs, and housing
finance institutions.
The subsidy part of the scheme was funded through shared allocation from
centre and state contributing in the ratio of 75:25. Since its inception, the scheme
funded 85,564 houses incurring an expenditure of Rs 77.79 crore. From the year
2002–3, the scheme has been merged with IAY (NHB, 2004).

Innovation Scheme for Rural Housing and Habitat Development
This scheme was launched in 1999–2000 with the objective of
promoting cost effective, environmentally sound construction
technologies.
Potential beneficiaries under this scheme include recognized
educational/technical institutions, corporate bodies, government,
autonomous societies, development institutions, and credible non-
government organizations with proven record in the field of rural
housing.
Maximum limit for assistance for non-government organizations is Rs
20 lakh and for government institutions the limit is Rs 50 lakh. Nearly
125 projects have been approved for funding under this scheme
(NHB, 2004).

Setting up of Rural Building Centre
Government provides an assistance of Rs 15 lakh to set up
rural building centres. Objective of rural building centres is to
provide technology transfer and information dissemination,
skill enhancement, and to produce cost effective building
materials.
Since 2002–3, ninety-four project proposals for setting up of
rural building centres have been approved (NHB, 2004 and
NHB, 2005).

Samagra Awaas Yojana
This scheme was launched in 1999–2000 and is aimed at comprehensive
development of shelter, sanitation, and drinking water facilities.
In its first phase, one block each from twenty-five districts of twenty-four states
and one union territory was identified for implementing the scheme. A central
assistance of Rs 25 lakh was provided for each block to undertake overall
habitat development, information, education, and communication activities
with the requirement that 10 per cent contribution should come from people.
During 2002–3, thirty-three proposals were approved and an amount of Rs 0.43
crore released (NHB, 2004).

National Mission for Rural Housing and Habitat
This mission has been set up by the Ministry of Rural Development to
facilitate the induction of science and technology inputs on a continuous
basis to provide affordable shelter for all in rural areas within a specified
time frame through community participation.
A Working Group was formed to specify the aims and objectives,
formulate a road map for private capital to flow in housing development
in rural areas, and shortlist agencies that could undertake the task of
preparing techno-legal regime for rural planning (NHB, 2004).

Two Million Housing Programme
As part of this programme, primary lending institutions are expected to
finance an additional 2 million houses annually with a focus on
economically weaker and low income group housing. Of the 2 million
houses, 1.3 million are to be financed annually in rural areas.
During 1998–2004, HUDCO has sanctioned loans for 3.3 million houses in
rural areas (NHB, 2005). It is difficult to exactly state the number of houses
financed by other lending institutions during this period.
A report by NHB (2004) indicates that during 2000–3, primary lending
institutions (excluding HUDCO) financed around 5.44 lakh houses (NHB,
2004).

Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance Scheme
In order to improve access to institutional finance in the rural areas, NHB
launched the Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance Scheme in 1997. The
scope of the scheme was for construction of new houses or improvement
of existing rural houses.
This is essentially a refinance scheme, wherein institutions making loan for
housing construction in rural areas to the extent of Rs 10 lakh (now the
limit has been enhanced to Rs 15 lakh) could be refinanced by NHB. The
refinance is also available for improvements in existing homes.
Since 2004, NHB offered 0.5 per cent concession on normal refinance
rates for lending to rural areas. As part of the scheme, 1.1 million houses
have been financed during 1997–2004 (NHB, 2005).

“ARANYA”- LOW COST HOUSING T , INDORE

The Indore housing in India, designed at B. V. Doshi's Vastu-Shilpa,
represents in many ways a 'classic' architectural approach to largescale,
low-cost dwellings for the poor: the professional designer responded to
the public client (IDA) with a concrete project, thoroughly researched
and conceived. What is different, however, is that a "sites and services“
approach has been rifined (while remaining flexible, attentive to
individual resources and spontaneity) to include 'models' for future
dwellers, house-types, suggested materials, steps for implementation.
This proposal searches a middle ground, betwen a house 'with no rooms'
(i.e. sites-services) and totally non-participatory, public housing schemes
by architects alone.

BRIEF
In order to meet the acute shortage of housing for the economically weaker
section (EWS) of the society, Indore Development Authority had initiated a
project of a new township.
The site, largely rectangular in plan on the outskirts of the city measures 214
acres. The proposed township on this flat land is to provide for about 6500
residential plots ranging in size from 35 sq.mts. For EWS housing to 475 sq.mts.
For high income groups.
65% of the total of 6500 plots are allocated to the EWS category. A fully
serviced plot is to be allocated to each EWS household with the basic building
care (wash, wc and a room which can be extended by the occupants at their
own pace and resources). Basic amenities such as schools, health care
centres, shops and utilities are to be provided for the whole community

Rural housing in india

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