1. Industrial & Management Systems Engineering
College of Engineering & Petroleum
Kuwait University
Dr. Esra AlEisa
Eng. Rana Hishmi
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2. Construction & Demolition (C&D)
Waste Sources
Construction Waste:
Erecting
Remodeling
Repairing
Demolition Waste:
Pulled-down buildings
Environmental Disasters:
Earthquakes
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Engineering Department

3. C&D Waste Composition
Asphalt
Gravel
Concrete
Ferrous & Non-ferrous metals
Plastic
Paper
Wood
(Huang et al, 2002)
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Engineering Department

4. Disposing C&D Waste
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Compost
Incinerate
Landfill
(Tam and
Tam, 2006)
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Engineering Department

5. Recycling C&D Waste
Benefits:
 Reducing shortage in raw materials
 Minimizing energy and cost of production
 Decreasing landfilling
(Tam and Tam, 2006)
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Engineering Department

6. Contamination Collection &
Contamination Collection & Transportation
Transportation
Issues Affecting
Recycling C&D Waste
Sorting, Transformation,
Sorting, Transformation, and Standards
Standards
and Disposing
Disposing
(Nabil Kartam et al, 2004)
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Engineering Department

7. Recycled products should compete with original
materials according to:
 Technical specifications
 Price
(Tam and Tam, 2006)
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Engineering Department

8. Potential Usage of Recycled C&D
Waste
Recycled C&D
aggregates can
be used for:
Low-value High value
purposes purposes
Road sub-base Engineering Structural
construction landfill concrete
Huang et al, 2006)
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Engineering Department

9. Potential Usage of Recycled C&D
Waste (Cont.)
Recycled C&D aggregates can:
Replace primary limestone aggregates
Produce precast concrete building blocks
(Soutsos et al, 2011)
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10. Replacement Percentages of Recycled
C&D waste
Maximum Maximum
Replacement Replacement
for recycled for recycled
concrete masonry
aggregate aggregate
60% 20%
coarse coarse
fraction fraction
20% fine 20% fine
fraction fraction
(Soutsos et al, 2011)
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11. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications
Recycled asphalt:
Produce new asphalt
Used instead of sand or cement sub-bases
Industrial & Management Systems (Tam and Tam, 2006)
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Engineering Department

12. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications
Ferrous metal
Reused directly
Melted, and reused to produce new steel
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Engineering Department

13. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications
Recycled concrete rubble:
 Landfilling material
Replace natural aggregate in new concrete
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Engineering Department

14. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications
Recycled glass:
Replace asphalt in roads
GlassTile
Fiber
Paving Blocks
Filling Material
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Engineering Department

15. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications (Cont.)
Recycled masonry aggregate:
Thermal insulating concrete
 Aggregate in traditional clay or sodium silicate
bricks
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(Townsend et al, 2004)
Engineering Department

16. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications (Cont.)
Non-ferrous metals:
Reused directly, or melted and then used
Produce galvanized steel strip and brass
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Engineering Department

17. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications (Cont.)
Recycled plastics: 70 %
Recycled
Produced with sufficient resistance 30 %
Used in street furniture, roof and floor, piling,
Virgin
panel, cladding and insulation foam
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Engineering Department

18. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications (Cont.)
Recycled timber:
Reused in furniture and insulation boards
Used to produce lightweight concrete
Used as fuel to generate power
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Engineering Department

19. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications (Cont.)
Recycled paper and cardboard
Easily purified and reused
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Engineering Department

20. Other Recycled C&D Waste
Applications (Cont.)
Screened soil (fines):
Reused as filling material
Construction fill (i.e. embankments)
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Engineering Department

21. Recycling Process of C&D Waste
Waste Recycling Methods:
Chemical
Chemical Closed Cycle
Closed Cycle Mechanical
Mineralogical
Mineralogical Construction Sorting
Appraisal
Appraisal
(Mulder et al, 2007)
(Huang et al, 2002)
(Bianchini et al, 2005)
(Townsend et al, 2004)
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Engineering Department

22. Mechanical Sorting Process
Bar Trommel Magnetic Air Disk
Screening Screening Separation Classification Screening
Final Manual Sorting
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Engineering Department

23. Closed Cycle Construction Technology
1 • Closing material cycles for
Closing material cycles for
Mainly based on Closing the material cycles
concrete and masonry
concrete and masonry
2 Higher profits
• Higher profits
• Utilizing fraction of demolition
3 Utilizing fraction of demolition
waste as a fuel
as a fuel
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Industrial & Management Systems
• Reduction in transportation
• Reduction in transportation costs
costs (Mulder et al, 2007)
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Engineering Department

24. Closed Cycle Construction
(CCC)Concept
Separation
Mineral Power
Materials generation
Processing
Construction
Products
Manufacturing
(Mulder et al, 2007)
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Engineering Department

25. Chemical-Mineralogical Appraisal
Recognizes particular grain-size fraction
 X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) investigates chemical compositions in
terms of major elements.
 X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) recognizes the constituent
mineralogical phases.
(Bianchini et al, 2005)
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Engineering Department

26. C&D Waste in Kuwait
C&D Waste
C&D Waste Other S Waste
olid
Other Municipal Household Waste
Nabil Kartam et al, 2004)
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Engineering Department

27. Composition of C&D waste in Kuwait
Concrete Bricks Wood Steel
Sand
30%
30%
(Nabil Kartam et al, 2004)
8%
25%
2%5%
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Engineering Department

28. Demolition Waste Rates in Kuwait
Residential (ton/m2) Industry (tons/m2)
1.45 1.75
Average = 1.5 ton/m2
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Engineering Department

29. Construction Waste in Kuwait
Total C&D Waste is 1.6 Million Tons/Year
Waste Tons/ Year 600,000
450,000
300,000
150,000
0
Demolition
Construction & R ir
epa
Cons truction of New Buildings
Concrete Ma cturing
nufa
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Engineering Department

30. C&D Waste Recycling in Kuwait
Benefits:
Decreases the high cost of treating landfill sites
Preserving desert natural environment
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31. Recycling C&D Waste in Kuwait
C&D waste Tons/Day
15,000
11,250
7,500
3,750
0
Facility's Capacity
C&D Amounts received
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Engineering Department

32. Types of C&D Waste
A • Large & pure C&D waste bars
B • Smaller C&D waste
C
• Mixture of 10% pure C&D
• Mixture of 10% pure C&D waste,
20% of 20% of Type 70% of 70% of
waste, Type B, and B, and wastes
wastes
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Engineering Department

33. C&D Waste Recycling Process
Trucks Arrival
Classification
&
Segregation
Cleaning
Crushing
Separation
Decide on
size
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Engineering Department

34. Production sizes’ percentages of
Batch No. 1
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35. Production sizes’ percentages of
Batch No. 2
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36. Why Simulation?!
Mimicking current processes
Better Understanding
Monitoring the current system and investigating
bottlenecks
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Engineering Department

37. Simulating Current (As-Is) C&D Waste
Recycling Process
Process Activity
C&D waste materials enter the factory
Classifying and segregating materials using excavators
Cleaning
Crushing using jaw crushers
Crushing using crusher machine
Separating the iron by a magnate
Decide on the size of the gravel
Storing
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38. Simulating Recycling Process
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39. Discrete-event simulation model of C&D Recycling
Process
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40. Statistical Model Validation
 Provides evidence on whether or not the
model is a legitimate representation of reality
(Law and Kelton 2000)
 95% Confidence Level
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Engineering Department

41. Statistical Validation Assumptions
Independency (Randomness)
Normality
Hypothesis testing and Confidence Intervals
can be then applied
http://www.andymeneely.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/gaussian6.gif
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Industrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department

42. Test the Equality of Populations’
Means
Results:
-97.8194 ≤ µ1-µ2 ≤ 275.8194
 statistically equal at a 95% level of
confidence
 The simulation model is a legitimate
representation of As-Is system
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Engineering Department

43. Optimizing Resources
(Manpower & Machinery)
Objective:
Maximizing resources utilization and plant
profitability
Using OptQuest Arena
Z= Max ( ))
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Engineering Department

44. List of best feasible solutions
suggested by OptQuest
Dumper Excavator Jaw Crusher Loader Crushing Worker
Machine
2 2 1 2 1 10
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Engineering Department

45. Applying Other C&D Recycling
Processes in Kuwait
How could it be applied in AIIP
Process Benefit
plant
Apply Lab analyses
Closing Investigate to reuse in civil
(i.e. sieve analysis, LA abrasion
Ensure the ability
Mechanical Sorting Applytest, organic
test, friability
XRF engineering projects
materials’ cycles chemical
analysis
content test, and fitness test)
(i.e. thermal
Apply Lab analyses
Improve
composition
Closed Cycle (i.e. sieve analysis,
Chemical- treatment, recycled
Closing materials’ cycles Ensure the ability
Constructio(i.e. thermal treatment, physicalto products recycled products
Mineralogical
Mechanical physical
LA abrasion test, Improve
reuse in civil
quality
CCC friability test,
separation,
separation, apply density quality
n
Sorting
Appraisal separation techniques)
organic content
apply density
engineering
Save energy
Recognize the
Save energy
projects
test, and fitness
separation
Apply XRD constituent
test)
techniques)
analysis
Apply XRF analysis
mineralogical composition
Investigate chemical
Chemical-Mineralogical
phase
Appraisal Apply XRD analysis
Recognize the constituent
mineralogical phase
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Engineering Department

46. Limitations & Considerations
 Regulations and rules of
Kuwait Municipality to allow
the usage of recycled products
 Market Demand
 Illegal demolition procedures
 Recycled product prices
(Nabil Kartam et al. 2004)
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Engineering Department

47. Acknowledgement
Dr. Khalid Mahdi, Chairman- Environment Preservation
Industrial Co. (EPIC)
Eng. Raddad
Eng. Ahmed Shather Al-Enezi
Eng. Saud Nasser Al-Saleh
Eng. Abdulaziz Bader Al-Annaz
Eng. Hamad Sulaiman Al-Essa
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Engineering Department

48. Thanks for Listening
Any Questions ?
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Engineering Department