4. What is a Bit ?
• Bit is smallest classical information carrier: 0 or 1
– e.g.: TTL 0Volt, 5 Volt
Combination of Bits with Gattes => Computer
NOT
NAND
74LS00
With this you can build an universal computer!
Try it:http://www.nand2tetris.org/
5. How do you build a gate?
NAND
74LS00
With this you can build an universal computer!
Try it:http://www.nand2tetris.org/
6. Relais in Z1 Zuse (1938)
Through miniaturization from
the Bit to the computer
601.08.2013
Vaccum tube computer Collosus (1944)
Transistor Computer IBM 7090(1959) First micro chip byJack Kilby (1958)
11. Quantum mechanics
describes the movement of a small particle
Questions:
• Where do the spectral lines come from?
• Why are they at these wavelength?
• Why does the electron not fall into the atom core?
(as moved charge transmits electromagnetical radiation)
12. Bohr’s atom modell
Niels Bohr (1913)
Centrifugal force=Coloumb force
Coulomb potential => Coloumb force
Questions:
Where do the spectral lines come from?
• Why are they at these wavelength?
• Why does the electron not fall into the atom core?
(as moved charge transmits electromagnetical radiation)
19. What is the relation between ex and
sin(x) & cos(z) ?
Taylor series:
Taylor series also work for complex numbers:
Maxima-File
http://maxima.sourceforge.net/
20. What is light? Photo effect
(1905 Albert Einstein)
Existency of photons with energy
Short wavelength
UV light
Alcali metal
electrode
Monochromatic
light
Quarz window
23. Bohr’s atom model
Multiples of the DeBroglie-wave length have to fit on
circumference
Questions:
Where do the spectral lines come from?
Why are they at these wavelength?
• Why does the electron not fall into the atom core?
(as moved charge transmits electromagnetical radiation)
24. Why does the electron not fall
into the atom core?
Schrödinger equation
(1926)
Erwin Schrödinger
http://vergil.chemistry.gatech.edu/notes/quantrev/node8.html
39. What is a quantumbit ?
• QBit is smallest quantunmechanical information
carrier:
40. What is a quantumbit ?
• QBit is smallest quantunmechanical information
carrier:
• Mathematical representation with vectors:
Measurement
50%
50%
41.
42. Through lower temperatures
from quantum bits to quantum computers
Nuclear spins in
silicon
Molecular
NMR
photons
nanomechanical
oscillators
superconducting
qubits Rydberg
atoms
Atoms
in optical
dipol traps
Trapped ions
Atoms
in cavities
Quantum dotsNV color centers
Quantum bits
43. Temperature scales
Anders Celsius
(1701- 1744)
Daniel Fahrenheit
(1686 – 1736)
William Thomson
Baron Kelvin
(1824 – 1907)
Absolute temperature scale:
Atoms and molecules at rest: 0 °K = - 273,15 °C
Melting point of ice: 0 °C = 273,15 °K
Evaporation point of water: 100 °C = = 373,15 °K
44. Gas thermometer
pressure p and volume V increase
with increasing temperature T
N : Amount of gas molecules in mol
kB : Boltzmann‘s constant 1,38 · 10−23 J/K
Boyle-Mariotte‘s law
p . V = N . kB
. T
What happens at T=0 ???
45. Interessante Effekte bei Tiefen
Temperaturen
• Supraconductivity
• Suprafluidity
• Nuclear magnetic resonance
tomography
• Quantumcomputing
…
