This paper describes the use of hippotherapy with children who have autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It details the rationale, frames of references and a review of the literature. Furthermore, descriptions of a capstone project are provided on the investigation of hippotherapy outcome measures being used by current occupational therapists. Five hippotherapy sites were visited and at least one full day of sessions was observed at each. Occupational therapists were also interviewed about current practices. Findings support the use of non-standardized testing for measuring outcomes of children with ASD. Also noted are the various methods for delivering hippotherapy services.
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Analysis Of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures
1. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 1
Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures
OTD-E Capstone
Lacy Lee Gardner
University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences
November 25, 2009
2. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 2
Abstract
This paper describes the use of hippotherapy with children who have autism spectrum
disorders (ASD). It details the rationale, frames of references and a review of the literature.
Furthermore, descriptions of a capstone project are provided on the investigation of
hippotherapy outcome measures being used by current occupational therapists. Five
hippotherapy sites were visited and at least one full day of sessions was observed at each.
Occupational therapists were also interviewed about current practices. Findings support the
use of non-standardized testing for measuring outcomes of children with ASD. Also noted are
the various methods for delivering hippotherapy services.
Keywords: Hippotherapy, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Outcome Measures
3. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 3
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are estimated to affect approximately 1 in 150
children in the United States yet it is still unclear as to what causes ASD. This developmental
disorder affects numerous aspects of a child’s daily functioning, including communication,
social interaction, cognitive functioning, motor functioning and sensory integration (CDC, 2009).
A wide variety of treatments are available, including behavior and communication approaches,
dietary approaches, medication, and complementary and alternative approaches (CDC, 2009);
however there is currently no consensus as to which treatment strategies are most effective
(Bass, Duchowny, & Llabre, 2009). Some families have participated in traditional therapies
without much success and are seeking complementary and alternative approaches to trial.
“Current research shows that as many as one third of parents of children with an ASD may have
tried complementary or alternative medicine treatments” (CDC, 2009). Therefore, it is not
surprising that hippotherapy is in demand and on the rise (AHA, 2009).
Hippotherapy originates from the Greek word hippos meaning horse and literally
translates to treatment with the help of a horse. “Hippotherapy is a physical, occupational, and
speech-language therapy treatment strategy that utilizes equine movement as part of an
integrated intervention program to achieve functional outcomes” (AHA, 2009). The horse’s
movement provides a multi-sensory environment that facilitates active responses in the client.
Movements are directed and graded by the therapist, allowing the client to participate in
motivating activities to develop transferable skills (Byam & Simmons, 2005). The American
Hippotherapy Association (2009) states that this method of treatment delivery is appropriate
for any child or adult with “mild to severe neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction.” Specific medical
4. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 4
conditions include autism spectrum disorders (ASD), cerebral palsy (CP), developmental delay,
genetic syndromes, learning disabilities, sensory integration disorders, speech-language
disorders, traumatic brain injury, and stroke (AHA, 2009).
“Occupational therapists can use the technique of hippotherapy as part of their
intervention to deign functional and occupation-based treatment plans to meet specific client
goals” (Byam & Simmons, 2005, p.14). They use hippotherapy to address physical impairments,
social participation, behavior modification, psychosocial issues, and cognition. Benefits can
include improved posture, muscle tone, flexibility, endurance, sensory processing, motor
planning skills, body awareness, motivation, self-confidence and problem-solving skills. (See
Appendix A for examples of hippotherapy benefits, intervention techniques, and
generalizations to other skills).
These benefits can be explained through the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO)
Model, which was designed to reveal the complex relationships among these three factors.
“Occupational performance results from an individual’s engagement in purposeful tasks and
activities within an environment” (Byam & Simmons, 2005, p. 14). With hippotherapy, clients
can achieve their goals through interaction with the unique horse environment and activities
performed while on horseback. People are generally attracted to horses; therefore, this unique
relationship and interaction often motivates clients to engage in intervention activities (Byam &
Simmons, 2005).
Hippotherapy for children with ASD is also represented in the Sensory Integration
model. The Sensory Integration model was developed by Ayers with a central principle of
providing planned and controlled sensory input in order to facilitate a related adaptive
5. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 5
response and enhance the brain’s organization. Occupational therapists can use the horse to
deliver this controlled sensory input, including proprioceptive, vestibular, and tactile. The
therapist can manipulate the horse’s movement, direction, speed and gait or even change the
horse itself, as each moves differently, in order to control the sensory input (Bracher, 2000).
“Each time the equine takes a step there is a concussive force transmitted to the patient giving
them proprioceptive input (the sense of where the body is in relation to other body parts). By
moving through space the patient receives vestibular input (the sense of movement or
orientation in space)” (NARHA, 2008, p.44). And tactile input is received just through touching
the horse. These systems play a key role in the patient’s arousal level, which impacts the ability
to attend to a given task and follow directions (NARHA, 2008). “It has been noted from teachers
and parents that autistic children have improved in most areas of sensory processing and their
reaction to the world around them much more completely after riding” (Stoner, 2004).
Countless testimonials support the outlined benefits of hippotherapy, however
anecdotal evidence is not enough. Insurance companies still consider hippotherapy to be
“experimental and investigational” due to insufficient scientific data in the peer reviewed
medical literature to support its efficacy (Aetna, 2009). Furthermore, the minimal amount of
research available is focused on changes in motor control with diagnoses such as cerebral palsy,
spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis. Studies involving children with ASD are extremely
rare.
Upon further analysis, it is hypothesized that outcome measures might be one cause for
the scarcity of evidence available. “Because children with autism have difficulties with
interaction and communication, they rarely comply with standardized administration of test
6. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 6
items. Most of the measures used in autism research have been scales completed by teachers
and parents based on observation of behaviors or structured observations of children in natural
settings from videotapes” (Miller-Kuhaneck, 2004, p.406-7). This limits the possible
measurement tools to be used, eliminating several of the more sensitive tests. Another issue
affecting the quality of available studies is the lack of randomized clinical trials. It is difficult to
obtain randomized samples that are comparable, because children with ASD present with
varied levels of disability and characteristics. Likewise, interventions are individualized to meet
each unique child’s needs and goals. This makes standardization and replication of
interventions very difficult, again presenting a limitation of research (Miller-Kuhaneck, 2004).
From this it was determined that a need exists for investigation of commonly used
assessments among therapists currently practicing in hippotherapy settings. “Measurement of
behavior and performance is not the only issue in regard to children with autism; identifying
which variables to measure is also important to consider. The behaviors of children with autism
relate in complex ways, and multiple behaviors should be measured and correlated to evaluate
intervention effects” (Miller-Kuhaneck, 2004, p. 407).
Differences between Hippotherapy and Therapeutic Horseback Riding
Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are commonly interchanged terms
however there is a definite distinction between the two. “Hippotherapy establishes a
foundation for neurological function and sensory processing based on a therapeutic model as
where therapeutic riding concentrates on teaching specific riding skills for recreational
purposes based on a recreational/leisure model. In so doing, therapeutic riding gains more
flexibility, balance, strength and improves posture during the sport of riding specifically rather
7. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 7
than establishing the foundations of occupational performance therapeutically” (Cantu, 2005,
p. 52). Both require therapists or instructors to be certified, which is controlled by their
respective national associations. Carriage Barn Equestrian Center’s website offers an excellent
comparison chart outlining the differences between hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback
riding (See Appendix C). Often times a client may begin with hippotherapy treatment and when
significant progress is observed to plateau, he/she may then transfer to a therapeutic riding
program. This allows for underlying functional skills, such as sensory processing, muscle
strength and endurance, to be established initially through hippotherapy and then maintained
through therapeutic riding.
Literature Review
Literature supporting the use of hippotherapy with children who have ASD was
reviewed extensively. Criteria for each of the following areas were established in order to
centralize focus while searching the literature. Intervention criteria included hippotherapy,
therapeutic horseback riding, equine assisted therapy, and animal assisted therapy. Participants
were limited to children ages 18 and under presenting with ASD or related symptoms (delayed
social skills or language disabilities). Outcomes of interest included sensory processing skills,
social functioning, motivation and occupational performance.
Two studies investigated the effects of hippotherapy services on children with autism or
related symptoms. Taylor and colleagues (2000) examined the changes in motivation and
volition of three children with autism after receiving 16 weeks of hippotherapy sessions. Each
45 minute session included donning a helmet and mounting/dismounting the horse, with 20-30
minutes actually spent riding atop the horse. The children were observed after 8 sessions and
8. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 8
again after the conclusion of 16 sessions, using the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire (PVQ). All
three children demonstrated increased volition from baseline at differing rates. Researchers
concluded that motivation is positively impacted by hippotherapy.
Maccauley and Gutierrez (2004) published a study of the effectiveness of hippotherapy
for children with language-learning disabilities. Hippotherapy was administered in two 60
minute sessions a week for 6 weeks, addressing speech and language goals. Participants and
their parents completed a 21-item client satisfaction questionnaire both prior to and upon
completion of the hippotherapy intervention. Parents reported improvements in speech and
language abilities however the children reported no difference when receiving hippotherapy.
Two additional studies investigated the effects of therapeutic horseback riding on
children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) 4 to 10 years of age. Stoner (2004) implemented
one 60 minute session weekly for 10 weeks with 20 minutes of pre-mounted activities and 30
minutes of mounted activities. Bass, Duchowny and Llabre (2009) implemented one 60 minute
session weekly for 12 weeks with five minutes for mounting and dismounting, 10 minutes of
warm-up activities, 15 minutes of riding skills, 20 minutes of mounted games, and 10 minutes
of horsemanship and grooming tasks. Both of these studies utilized a pretest-posttest control
group design with participants randomly assigned to either the experimental group or placed
on a wait-list. And again, both studies reported improvements after therapeutic horseback
riding. Stoner (2004) and Bass et al (2009) reported improvements in sensory processing skills
as evidenced by the sensory profile. Bass also reported improvements in social functioning as
evidenced by the social responsiveness scale.
9. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 9
Candler (2003) published a study of therapeutic horseback riding at a one week summer
day camp. The study targeted individualized occupational performance established through the
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Twelve children with identified sensory
modulation disorders ages 5 to 13 years participated in this summer camp. This one group
pretest-posttest design demonstrated an improvement in both satisfaction and performance of
outlined occupations after participating in therapeutic riding sessions and arts and crafts
activities at camp. However, with multiple activities and interventions implemented throughout
each day, Candler (2003) was unable to determine if the positive outcome can be fully
attributed to the equine activities.
Sams, Fortney and Willenbing (2006) reported the effects of occupational therapy
incorporating various animals, including horses, on social interactions and language use in 22
children with autism. Each weekly session, averaging 28.5 minutes in length, facilitated sensory
integration, language use, sensory skills, and motor skills through either traditional or animal-
assisted occupational therapy. The number of behaviors for use of language and social
interaction were counted and compared between the two types of treatment sessions. After 15
weeks, positive behaviors during animal-assisted treatment sessions outnumbered those during
the traditional treatment sessions. This study supports the unique and natural interest children
exhibit towards animals.
The above articles provide support for the use of equine-assisted therapies in promoting
positive occupational and behavioral outcomes in children with ASD. However, further research
is needed to validate these findings. According to Sackett’s levels of evidence, these studies
present evidence limited to Levels III and IV due to lack of control for internal and external
10. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 10
validity. Studies with increased sample size, randomized control groups and use of reliable,
valid standardized assessments are needed to provide Level I evidence. Research outside the
realm of physical benefits is beginning to emerge, focusing on behavioral, cognitive, and
psychosocial benefits. This is merely the beginning of many efforts to close the hippotherapy
literature gap.
(See appendix D for Evidence Table of quantitative research studies discussed above.)
Method
Local hippotherapy sites within a 100 mile radius of St. Augustine Florida were found
through public access, including internet and phone book searches as well as word of mouth.
(See Appendix E for reference listing of local sites). Although many of the sites offered both
hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding, this search was limited to those offering
hippotherapy treatment delivered by an occupational therapist. Four hippotherapy sites in this
geographical area were contacted, along with one in Gainesville, Georgia due to a prior Level II
fieldwork placement at this site. Each site was visited for observation of at least one full day of
sessions administered to children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
The specific type of treatment delivery was noted at each site, classic hippotherapy vs.
equine-facilitated therapy. Classic hippotherapy focuses solely on the horse’s movement and
the child’s reaction. Whereas, equine-facilitated therapy additionally incorporates traditional
occupational therapy activities while atop the horse. Occupational therapists at each site were
also verbally interviewed about current practices and outcome measures being utilized.
Questions included:
11. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 11
a. What diagnoses are treated at this hippotherapy facility?
b. What age is this population?
c. What is the cost of hippotherapy services? How are these services funded, billed,
or reimbursed?
d. What measurement tools are being used at initial evaluation and follow-ups?
e. What measurement tools are viewed as the most effective in demonstrating
improvements for children with ASD?
f. How is progress monitored?
g. Is there a specific child that “sticks out” as demonstrating significant
improvements as a result of hippotherapy treatment sessions?
Results
Results indicated that therapists currently use a variety of standardized assessments
primarily for billing purposes, as insurance companies request the report of standardized
scores. This includes the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Peabody
Developmental Motor Scales, Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration,
and Sensory Profile to name a few. However, therapists agree that administering standardized
assessments to children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is difficult and not often
accurate. The most valuable information regarding an individual’s progress is obtained through
observations and reports from family and teachers.
Observations also revealed a significant difference in delivery of hippotherapy services
across each site visited. Each therapist administered hippotherapy services with personal
variations; some adhered strictly to classic hippotherapy guidelines, while others added more
12. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 12
traditional therapeutic activities to treatment sessions. While all methods appear to benefit
children with ASD, this capstone project influenced the development of a personal preference
for delivery of hippotherapy services in the form of equine-facilitated therapy sessions;
incorporating traditional activities while on the horse adds depth to each treatment session.
Equine-facilitated therapy still offers children the benefit of classic hippotherapy, improving
trunk control and sensory processing skills, as well as the benefit of improving fine motor or
visual motor skills, for example. This provides children with an opportune learning environment
in which skills can be easily generalized to other environments.
Lastly, it was discovered that information about local hippotherapy sites is not easily
accessible to the community. Conventional search methods utilized by most families were not
successful. Therapists offering hippotherapy services are not advertised or publicized. Families
in the community may not know the many ways in which hippotherapy can benefit a child with
ASD.
(See Appendix E for meta-analysis of hippotherapy sites).
Discussion
These results support the use of hippotherapy to benefit children with autism spectrum
disorders (ASD). Therapists and families alike have reported children making significant gains
after participating in hippotherapy. However, insurance companies continue to disregard these
services as therapeutic, considering them experimental. Therapists are then forced to creatively
document hippotherapy services, using phrases such as “dynamic surface” and “barrel” in order
to avoid the term “horse.” Additionally, therapists are forced to use standardized assessments
in reporting therapeutic gains, despite the known superior value of clinical observations and
13. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 13
reports from parents and teachers. Therapists value non-standardized outcome measures over
standardized testing to demonstrate improvements in children with ASD.
The results also suggest that the community would benefit from a publicized reference
listing of all local therapy sites. Families as well as the health profession need to be informed of
the incredible benefits hippotherapy has to offer. A reference list of all local hippotherapy sites
within a 100 mile radius of Saint Augustine, Florida has been composed and will be submitted
to local autism support groups (See Appendix D).
Additionally, the knowledge gained in this capstone can be used to develop a future
study supporting the use of hippotherapy with this particular population. It is hypothesized that
children participating in hippotherapy will demonstrate improvements in social functioning and
sensory processing skills compared to participants not receiving the treatment. The study will
include at least 50 children diagnosed with ASD between 4 and 18 years of age. Each child will
be randomly assigned to either the control group or experimental group, amounting to
approximately 25 in each group. Children in the control group will wait-listed and will continue
to receive any conventional therapies. Children in the experimental group will participate in 60
minute hippotherapy sessions once a week for 16 weeks.
Outcome measures will include the Sensory Profile (SP), Sensory Responsiveness Scale
(SRS), and the use of video to rate the children’s performances on a categorized likert scale. The
SP and SRS will be completed by the caregivers both before and after the 16 week period. The
caregiver will not be allowed to view previous completed forms when completing the
assessments at the conclusion of treatment in order to prevent bias. Bass, Duchowny and
Llabre (2009) utilized the SP and SRS in their study exploring the effect of therapeutic horseback
14. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 14
riding on social functioning in children with autism. These assessments provide information
about a child’s social functioning, sensory processing skills and characteristic behaviors of
children with ASD. Both the SP and SRS are considered to be highly reliable and valid
standardized assessment tools.
A 15 minute video will be recorded during the children’s first and last hippotherapy
session and then viewed by a blinded therapist to rate the children’s performance on a
categorized likert scale (based on percentage or number of occasions identified behaviors are
observed). This method can be used to prevent bias and establish inter-rater reliability. This
allows the therapists’ highly valued clinical observations to be quantified.
After 16 weeks, the hippotherapy services will be discontinued and can resume
traditional therapeutic interventions. A follow-up will be completed 8 weeks after the
intervention is discontinued in order to measure the continued benefits. It is hypothesized that
children participating in hippotherapy will demonstrate decreased social functioning and
sensory processing skills after services are discontinued. Sometimes effects become evident
when an intervention is removed, as supported by this parent’s testimonial.
“Morgan had started going every other week for therapy and she missed 3 sessions
which amounted to 6 weeks. Well, her teacher called me and wanted to talk about her
behavior and at home I have been having a hard time with her on doing homework. She
would say, ‘Mom, my head is feeling funny,’ so I would make her do some wall pushups,
etc. Well, it finally dawned on me that she had missed hippo and her body was getting
out of sync again! [The therapist] felt the same way so now Morgan is back to weekly
15. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 15
therapy sessions, but it's only been 2 weeks so no major improvement yet, but I know
by the end of this year she will be doing much better.” –Chante McNeal
Therefore, it may be beneficial to include an interrupted time-series withdrawal design in which
the treatment is removed then re-introduced (O1 X1 O2 X0 O3).
The literature supporting the use of hippotherapy with children with ASD is very limited.
However, therapists, parents and families of children with ASD who have participated in this
unique treatment have reported the immense benefits. “More people need to understand that
[hippotherapy] is helpful – I even have a hard time with Morgan’s elementary school teachers
understanding the impact it has on her” (Chante McNeal). Future studies are needed in order to
further assess its therapeutic benefits. After extensive research and investigation through this
capstone project, I feel the above described study would provide Level IV evidence supporting
the many benefits hippotherapy has on children with autism spectrum disorders.
16. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 16
References
Aetna. (2009) Clinical policy bulletin: Hippotherapy. Retrieved on October 31, 2009 from
http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/100_199/0151.html.
American Hippotherapy Association. (2007). Retrieved on October 31, 2009 from
http://www.americanhippotherapyassociation.org.
Bass, M. M., Duchowny, C. A., & Llabre, M. M. (2009). The effect of therapeutic horseback
riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261-1267.
Bracher, M. (2000). Therapeutic horse riding: What has this to do with occupational therapists?.
British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63 (6), 277-282.
Byam, E., & Simmons, D. (2005). Environment and occupation in hippotherapy. OT Practice, 10
(7), 13-18.
Candler, C. (2003). Sensory integration and therapeutic riding at summer camp: Occupational
performance outcomes. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23 (3), 51-64.
Cantu, C. O. (2005). Hippotherapy: Facilitating occupational performance. Exceptional
Parent, 35 (3), 51-53.
Latella, D., & Langford, S. (2008). Hippotherapy: An effective approach to occupational therapy
intervention. OT Practice, 13 (2), 16-20.
Macauley, B. L., & Gutierrez, K. M. (2004). The effectiveness of hippotherapy for children with
language-learning disabilities. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 25 (4), 205-217.
Miller-Kuhaneck, H. (2004). Autism: A comprehensive occupational therapy approach (2nd ed.).
Bethesda, Maryland: AOTA Press.
17. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 17
NARHA. (2008). Humans, horses and health: Hippotherapy. Palaestra, 24 (1), 43-44.
Sams, M. J., Fortney, E. V., & Willenbring, S. (2006). Occupational therapy incorporating animals
for children with autism: A pilot investigation. American Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 60 (3), 268-274.
Stoner, J. B. (2004). Riding high. Advance for Occupational Therapy Practitioners, 20 (13), 42.
Taylor, R. R., Kielhofner, G., Smith, C., Butler, S., Cahill, S. M., Ciukaj, M. D., & Gehman, M.
(2000). Volitional change in children with autism: A single-case design study of the
impact of hippotherapy on motivation. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 25, 192-
200.
18. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 18
Appendix A: Benefits of Hippotherapy, Intervention Techniques, and Generalization to Everyday
Learning Skills
Intervention Generalization to
Skill Area Sample Goal Example Other Skills
The rider is placed The child will play
backward and side- with siblings at the
Improve dynamic
Motor sitting while the horse playground and with
balance
walks at a moderate peers at school
pace without falling
The rider feels the
The child will be able
rhythm of the horse
Improve awareness of to stand in line at
Sensory at a walk, a trot, and
self in space school without
with transitional
bumping into others
movements
The rider receives
positive, specific
feedback after The child will
Provide a successful achieving a simple demonstrate
Emotional experience to goal such as an increased self-esteem
improve confidence independent half in social and family
seat, holding the situations
reins, or sitting
independently
The child will help
The rider is asked to with simple chores
make the horse go around the house and
Follow two-step
Process/Cognition forward by squeezing demonstrate
commands
his or her legs and increased ability to
saying “walk on” participate in
classroom activities
With each transitional The child will interact
movement, the rider with at least one peer
Increase
Communication/ is asked to verbalize in school or on a play
verbalizations and
Social Participation commands to the date. The child will
social interactions
horse such as “walk verbalize his or her
on,” “whoa,” or “trot” needs at home.
(Latella & Langford, 2008)
19. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 19
Appendix B: Comparison of Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Hippotherapy
A Comparison of Therapeutic Riding and Hippotherapy programs
Both programs require:
Qualified Equines
Safe environment for humans and equines
Qualified equine professionals and horse handlers
Therapeutic Riding/Equine Assisted Activities Hippotherapy/Equine Assisted Therapy
• Recreation/leisure • Hippotherapy (HPOT)
• Sport/Education • Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP)
• Vocational/Equine • Equine Facilitated Therapy (EFT)
• Improvement in social skills, quality of life • Attainment of therapy based goals as per
and mobility professional designation and functional
• Includes riding, driving, vaulting and outcomes assessed during evaluation.
ground work adapted as needed for • Goals include improved function,
individual participant rehabilitation, not necessarily equine
• Goals include riding ability, acquisition of related.
leisure skill, self accomplishment, • HPOT - mounted use of the horse’s
animal/human interaction. Goals are movement to achieve therapy based goals
equine related • EFP – mounted or unmounted activities,
• Implemented by trained instructor use of equine/human relationships to
• Therapists as consultants achieve therapy based goals.
• EFT – mounted or unmounted activities
using equine skills to achieve functional
goals.
• Implemented by licenced/credentialed
medical human service professional, PT,
OT, SLP, or Phychologist
Chart retrieved from The Carriage Barn Equestrian Center at
http://www.carriage-barn.com/therapeutic_hippo.html#comparison
20. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 20
Appendix C: Evidence Table
Table 1. Summary of studies: Interventions and participants
Study Control Total
Intervention/time Population Ages
Authors Intervention n
Hippotherapy: 45 min/session x
None
1 session/wk x 16 wks
2000 (Each participant Children with 4-6
Session included donning 3
Taylor1 served as his/her autism yrs
helmet, mounting, 20-30 mins on
own control)
horse, dismounting
One week summer day camp: None Children with
2003 Therapeutic horseback riding (Each participant sensory 5-13
12
Candler2 Sensory integration intervention served as his/her modulation yrs
Camp arts and crafts own control) disorder
None Children with
2004 Hippotherapy: 60 min/session x (Each participant language-
3 9-12
Macauley3 2 sessions/wk x 6 wks served as his own learning
control) disabilities
Therapeutic horseback riding: 60
min/wk x 10 wks Children with
2004 4-10
Session included 30 mins pre- Wait-list autism or PDD- 12
Stoner4 yrs
mounted activities and 30 mins NOS
mounted activities
None
OT incorporating animals:
(Each participant Children with 7-13
2006 Sams5 average 28.5 mins/session x 1 22
served as his/her autism yrs
session/wk x 15 wks
own control)
Therapeutic horseback riding: 60
min/wk x 12 wks
Session included 5 mins Children with 4-10
2009 Bass6 Wait-list 34
mounting/dismounting, 10 mins ASD yrs
warm-up, 15 mins riding skills, 20
mins mounted games, 10 mins
horsemanship/grooming
21. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 21
Table 2. Summary of Studies: Research methods
Level of Treatment Control Rx
Study Authors Research Design Rx n
Evidence Duration n
2000 Taylor1 Single subject A-B-B design IV 16 wks 3 0
One-Group Pretest-Posttest
2
2003 Candler Design IV 1 wk 12 0
O1 X O2
One-Group Pretest-Posttest
2004 Macauley3 Design IV 6 wks 3 0
O1 X O2
Pretest-Posttest Control
Group Design
2004 Stoner4 II 10 wks 6 6
R O1 X O2
O1 O2
One-Group Pretest-Posttest
5
2006 Sams Design IV 15 wks 22 0
O1 X O2
Pretest-Posttest Control
6 Group Design
2009 Bass III 12 wks 19 15
R O1 X O2
O1 O2
22. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 22
Table 3. Summary of Studies: Outcomes, measures, and results
Study Outcome of Measurement Tool Result Clin Statistics Level of
Authors Interest Signif Evidence
2000
Motivation/Volition PVQ + NR NS IV
Taylor1
COPM (modified for
NR IV
2003 Occupational summer camp setting)
Candler2 performance - Performance + p=.001
- Satisfaction + p=.001
21-item questionnaire NR IV
2004 Speech and
- parents + p<.000
Macauley3 language abilities
- participants - p<.02
SP
2004 +
Sensory processing 1 question with 3 NR NR II
Stoner4 +
possible answers
2006 Social interactions Number of behaviors + large p<.01
IV
Sams5 Language use Number of behaviors + small p<.05
SRS + none p=.017
2009 Bass6 Social functioning III
SP + small p<.01
Legend for Table 3
PVQ Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire + Result favored animal therapy
COPM Canadian Occupational Performance - Result did not favor animal
Measure therapy
SP Sensory Profile NR Not reported
SRS Sensory Responsiveness Scale ND No difference
NS Not significant
23. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 23
List of References:
1. Taylor, R. R., Kielhofner, G., Smith, C., Butler, S., Cahill, S. M., Ciukaj, M. D., & Gehman,
M. (2000). Volitional change in children with autism: A single-case design study of the
impact of hippotherapy on motivation. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 25, 192-
200.
2. Candler, C. (2003). Sensory integration and therapeutic riding at summer camp: Occupational
performance outcomes. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23 (3), 51-64.
3. Macauley, B. L., & Gutierrez, K. M. (2004). The effectiveness of hippotherapy for children
with language-learning disabilities. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 25 (4), 205-217.
4. Stoner, J. B. (2004). Riding high. Advance for Occupational Therapy Practitioners, 20 (13),
42.
5. Sams, M. J., Fortney, E. V., & Willenbring, S. (2006). Occupational therapy incorporating
animals for children with autism: A pilot investigation. American Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 60 (3), 268-274.
6. Bass, M. M., Duchowny, C. A., & Llabre, M. M. (2009). The effect of therapeutic horseback
riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261-1267.
24. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 24
Appendix D: Reference List of Local Hippotherapy Sites
Freedom Ride
Sandra Wainman, OTR/L
1905 Lee Road
Orlando, Florida 32810
(407) 293-0411
(497) 629-9455
HOPE: HOrses helping PEople
Cathi Brown, OTR/L
Edi Walker, OTR/L
9814 SW 153rd Avenue
Archer, Florida 32618
(352) 495-0533
(904) 961-9479
Hope Reigns
Children’s Therapy Network
Gina Johnson, OTR/L
3804 Pioneer Trail
New Smyrna Beach, Florida 32168
(386) 428-4805
Hope Therapy
Becky Davenport, OTR/L
1591 Big Branch Road
Middleburg, Florida 32068
(904) 291-6784
(904) 887-8451
26. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 26
Comparison of Hippotherapy Sites
Children’s Freedom HOPE: HOrses Hope Walker
Name Therapy Ride, Inc. helping PEople Therapy Therapy
Network, Services
Inc.
Gina Johnson, Sandra Wainman, Cathi Brown, OTR/L Rebecca Nicole Walker,
OTR/L OTR/L Edi Walker, OTR/L Davenport, OTR/L
Therapist(s) OTR/L Nolina Varley,
OTR/L
New Smyrna Orlando, FL Archer, FL Middleburg, FL Gainesville, GA
Beach, FL
Location
3+ years 5-6 years 3 years to 2 years to 3 years to
7-9 years 70 years 85 years 18 years
Population 10+ years
autism, autism, autism, PDD, ASD, CP, ASD, CP,
sensory mitochondrial oppositional/defian Down’s Down’s
Diagnoses processing disorder, t behavior disorder, Syndrome, Syndrome,
disorder, sanfilippo disease developmental learning Sensory
cerebral palsy, disorders, sensory disability, processing
multiple spine processing disorder, developmenta disorder,
disorders CP, muscular l delay, ADD/ADHD,
including dystrophy, brachial multiple developmenta
spondylosis plexus injury, brain sclerosis, brain l delay,
tumor, terminal injury, CVA, microcephaly,
brain cancer (war veterans agenesis
– corpus
amputations) callosum,
hemi-
hypertrophy
Classic Classic Classic Equine- Equine-
Hippotherapy Hippotherapy Hippotherapy Facilitated Facilitated
Method of 30 minute 45 minute weekly 60 minute weekly 60 minute 60 minute
Delivery weekly sessions sessions weekly weekly
sessions x 6 sessions sessions
weeks
OT Services: MacKay OT Services: Insurance and OT Services:
Hope Reigns Scholarship (State Insurance and private pay Insurance and
Cost, Billing, sponsoring, Funding), private-pay private-pay
Funding Third-party Medicaid, Third- Barn Fees: Private- Barn Fees:
Insurance, party Insurance, Pay, HOPE non- Private-pay,
Private-pay Private-pay, profit organization Finding Faith
Barn Fees: donations non-profit
Hope Reigns organization
sponsoring,
Private-pay
27. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 27
Sensory Profile, VMI, BOT, SCSIT, PDMS, SP SP, MMT, SP, BOT,
Great Postural clinical Primarily clinical ROM, FM/GM PDMS, VMI,
Outcome Scale, clinical observations observations and skills, clinical clinical
Measures observations (fine/gross motor developmental observations, observations
(posture, trunk skills, imitation of milestones caregiver
support/streng postures, interview
th, cognition, postrotary
ability to follow nystagmus, etc.)
instructions, Track progress
etc.) with worksheets:
Arousal level
at beginning
and end
Posture used
on horse
Balance
(maintaining
center
alignment)
Changing
positions on
horse
Oral motor
(Used for
calming/B
awareness,
develop
awareness of
mouth, %
drooling of
session)
Pelvis (%
Active vs
Passive
movement)
Trunk/Postur
e (% upright,
slight slouch,
slouch)
Weekly report
sent home to
caregivers
28. Analysis of Hippotherapy Outcome Measures 28
Susie is a 9 Aaron is a 6 year Christopher is a 9 Billy is a 9 year Morgan is a 9
year old girl old boy with year old boy with old boy with year old girl
Mini-Case with autism. autism who was ASD. autism who is with ASD. Her
Study Hippotherapy non-verbal prior His mother non-verbal parents and
has improved to beginning reported carryover and displayed teachers
her trunk hippotherapy. at home after the behaviors such reported
control, After two years, first few visits, with as kicking, improvements
sensory he now talks non- improvements in biting and in behaviors
processing and stop! He has also dressing, grooming, pinching. After and attention
communication improved sensory attention and focus. participating after
skills. She has modulation skills in participating
now plateaued and now hippotherapy, in
after making experiences less his parents hippotherapy.
significant “meltdowns.” and teachers Recently she
progress and report a was unable to
her therapist significant attend
has referred behavior sessions for 6
her to change and weeks and
therapeutic improvements Morgan’s
horseback in attention teacher
riding. and focus. contacted her
mother
regarding her
changes in
behavior in
the classroom.
Her mother
also reported
difficulties
attending to
homework.
Morgan
reported
“Mom, my
head is feeling
funny.”
Therapist Sessions provided Rebecca and
prepares as weekly OT her mother
Additional clients for session through teamed
Information hippotherapy Life Skills together to
sessions in Academy begin HOPE
clinic by Therapy in an
simulating the effort to serve
horse with a those with
saddle placed special needs
on an egg-ball. through their
Therapist love for
reports this has horses.
offered a
smooth
transition.