1. Occupational health overview
By
Dr.Ashok laddha
•MBBS, PGDC ,PGDD,
PGDEM, AFIH
•Diploma in Workplace
Health and safety.
MBA-HA(In –Progress)

2. Content
 History
 Chemical hazard
 Overview
 Biological hazard
 Definition
 Physical hazard
 Objectives
 Ergonomics
 Occupational illness
 Burden of occupation
health
 Occupational Disease
 Occupational hazards
 Hidden epidemic
global picture
 Prevention

3. History-Ramazani-18th Century
 Father of OCCUPATIONAL Medicine
 Publish first systematic account on
occupational Diseases-De Morbis
Artificum/Disease and occupation
 Emphasize Obtaining Occupational History
 Introduce the practice of Doctors visit at
workplace

4. Hippocrates (470 to 410 B.C.)
 Greek physician
 Father of Medicine (Hippocratic oath)
 Believed in rest, good diet, exercise and
cleanliness
 Observed lead poisoning among miners

5. The godfather of Occupational Diseases
 “When you come to a patient’s house, you should
ask him what sort of pains he has, what caused
them, how many days he has been ill, whether the
bowels are working and what sort of food he eats.
So says Hippocrates.
 I may venture to add one more question: what
occupation does he follow? ”

Bernard Ramazinni (16331714)

6. Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 A.D.)
 Roman senator, writer and scientist
 Dangers related to zinc and sulfur
 First to recommend respiratory protection
 Miners should cover their mouths with an animal
bladder

7. Georgius Agricola (1494-1555)
 Wrote De Re Metallica – mining, smelting
and refining
 Need for ventilation and fresh air in mines
 Environmental contamination
 Management techniques (shift work)
 Ergonomics, mechanical lift processes
 Butter is antidote for lead toxicity
 Goat’s bladder is used as respiratory protection

8. Paracelsus
(1493-1591)
 All substances are poisons; there is none
which is not a poison. The right dose
differentiates a poison and a remedy."
Von der Besucht, Paracelsus, 1567
 Father of Toxicology
 Established concepts of acute and chronic
toxicity

9. Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
 Wrote Diseases of Workers
 Urged physicians to ask “Of what trade are you?”
as part of medical evaluation
 Related occupational diseases to handling of harmful
materials or unnatural movements of the body
 Father of Occupational Medicine

10. Percival Pott (1713-1788)
 Identified relationship between an
occupation (chimney sweep), a toxin (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) and malignancy
(testicular cancer).

11. Alice Hamilton
 Champion of social responsibility
 Investigated the cause and effect of worker illness
 Interviewed workers in their homes and at their
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dangerous jobs
Reviewed the evaluation and control of industrial hazards
such as lead and silica
Founder of Industrial Hygiene
Wrote Exploring the Dangerous Trades
First woman named to Harvard Medical School staff

12. Overview
 Since
1950, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) have shared a common
definition of occupational health. It was
adopted by the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on
Occupational Health at its first session in 1950
and revised at its twelfth session in 1995. The
definition reads:

13. Occupational health-definition
 Occupational health should aim at: the
promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations; the prevention
amongst workers of departures from health
caused by their working conditions; the
protection of workers in their employment from
risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the
placing and maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his
physiological and psychological capabilities; and,
to summarize, the adaptation of work to man
and of each man to his job.

14. What is Occupational Health?
Different Definitions:
F Health problems arising from or pertaining to work
F Health of people at work
F The Health of the gainfully employed
F Relationship between Occupation (work) & Health

15. Gloomy side of Occupational Health
 No man without occupation
 No occupation without Hazards
 No treatment for occupational disease

16. Rosy Truth
 Occupational Disease can
be prevented

17. Occupational Health Challenges
 Medical surveillance
 Reporting
 Data collection
 Communication
 ROI

18. Occupational Health
 Work
------------- Health
(occupational disease/work related ill health)
 Health =============
(medical fitness for work
Work

19. What is it?
 Occupational health is:
 Part of public health
 Assuring people are safe at work
 Preserving and protecting human resources
 Multidisciplinary approach to recognition,
diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control
of work-related diseases, injuries and other
conditions

20. Objectives
 The main focus in occupational health is on three different
objectives: (i) the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health
and working capacity; (ii) the improvement of working
environment and work to become conducive to safety and health
and (iii) development of work organizations and working cultures
in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in
doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth
operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings.
The concept of working culture is intended in this context to
mean a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by the
undertaking concerned. Such a culture is reflected in practice in
the managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for
participation, training policies and quality management of the
undertaking."
 —Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health

21. Occupational health- broad scope
 Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a
broad scope involving many specialized fields. In its
broadest sense, it should aim at:
 the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
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physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all
occupations;
the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health
caused by their working conditions;
the protection of workers in their employment from risks
resulting from factors adverse to health;
the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational
environment adapted to physical and mental needs;
the adaptation of work to humans.

22. Global Plan-Overview
 The present plan of action deals with all aspects
of workers’ health, including primary prevention
of occupational hazards, protection and
promotion of health at work, employment
conditions, and a better response from health
systems to workers’ health. It is underpinned by
certain common principles.
 WHO’s work on occupational health is governed
by the Global Plan of Action on Workers’ Health
2008-2017, endorsed by the World Health
Assembly in 2007.

23. Global Plan-Objectives
 Objective 1: to devise and implement policy
instruments on workers’ health.
 Objective 2: to protect and promote health at
the workplace
 Objective 3: to improve the performance of and
access to occupational health services
 Objective 4: to provide and communicate
evidence for action and practice
 Objective 5: to incorporate workers’ health into
other policies

24. Burden of poor working conditions-1
 The ILO estimates that some 2.3 million women and men
around the world succumb to work-related accidents or
diseases every year; this corresponds to over 6000 deaths
every single day. Worldwide, there are around 340 million
occupational accidents and 160 million victims of workrelated illnesses annually. The ILO updates these estimates
at intervals, and the updates indicate an increase of
accidents and ill health.
 The estimated fatal occupational accidents in the CIS
countries is over 11,000 cases, compared to the 5,850
reported cases (information lacking from 2 countries). The
gross underreporting of occupational accidents and
diseases, including fatal accidents, is giving a false picture
of the scope of the problem.

25. Burden of poor working conditions-2
 Some of the major findings in the ILO’s latest
statistical data on occupational accidents and
diseases, and work-related deaths on a world-wide
level include the following:
 Diseases related to work cause the most deaths
among workers. Hazardous substances alone are
estimated to cause 651,279 deaths a year.
 The construction industry has a disproportionately
high rate of recorded accidents.
 Younger and older workers are particularly
vulnerable. The ageing population in developed
countries means that an increasing number of older
persons are working and need special consideration.

26. Pitfalls in OHS-Indian scenario
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Occupational illness and occupational diseases are not well recognized
occupational health is not integrated with primary health care
Concentration on reactive approach
Under diagnosis and under reporting of occupational diseases
Large number of non organized sector
Patchy law enforcement
Rapid and uneven production changes have not been accompanied by
the transfer of information, technology, skills, and regulatory capacity to
ensure that health risks are adequately identified and controlled
 Inadequate infrastructure to tackle occupational health problems like
communicable diseases
 complexities of occupational health related issues due to Globalization
and rapid industrial growth

27. New challenges in OHS-Indian
scenario
 There are many factors, which are changing
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the industrial environment in India, such as
globalization
outsourcing
transfer of technologies,
newer type of jobs (IT, Call Centre)
change in employment patterns
Large number of rural population
Increased proportion of female employee

28. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
 Physical Hazards
 Chemical Hazards
 Biological Hazards
 Mechanical Hazards
 Psychosocial Hazards

29. Hazard and Risk
 Hazard:
potentially harmful
 Risk:
probability of harm
(quantifiable as risk assessment)

30. Occupational Risk Factors
 Chemical risk factors: 100,000
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(Carcinogens:400)
Biological agents: 200
Physical factors: 50
Adverse ergonomic conditions: 20
Allergens: 3000

31. ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
 Ingestion
 Inhalation
 Absorption

32. Biological Hazards
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There are two main groups of biological agents regarded as occupational
hazards:
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allergenic and/or toxic agents forming bioaerosols, and agents causing
zoonoses and other infectious diseases. Bioaerosols occurring in the
agricultural work environments comprise: bacteria, fungi, high molecular
polymers produced by bacteria (endotoxin) or by fungi (β-glucans), low
molecular secondary metabolites of fungi (mycotoxins, volatile organic
compounds) and various particles of plant and animal origin.
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All these agents could be a cause of allergic and/or immunotoxic
occupational diseases of respiratory organ (airways inflammation, rhinitis,
toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and asthma), conjunctivitis
and dermatitis in exposed workers. Very important among zoonotic agents
causing occupational diseases are those causing tick-borne diseases: Lyme
borreliosis, anaplasmosis,. Agricultural workers in tropical zones are exposed
to mosquito bites causing malaria, the most prevalent vector-borne disease
in the world.

33. Biological Hazards
 The group of agents causing other, basically not
vector-borne zoonoses, comprises those evoking
emerging or re-emerging diseases of global concern,
such as: hantaviral diseases, avian and swine
influenza, Q fever, leptospiroses, staphylococcal
diseases caused by the methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, and diseases
caused by parasitic protozoa. Among other
infectious, non-zoonotic agents, the greatest hazard
for health care workers pose the blood-borne human
hepatitis and immunodeficiency viruses (HBV, HCV,
HIV). Of interest are also bacteria causing
legionellosis in people occupationally exposed to
droplet aerosols, mainly from warm water

34. Biological Hazards
 Anthrax
 Histoplasmosis
 AIDS
 Hepatitis-B
 Rabies
 Leptspirosis
 Legionnaire's Disease
 Lyme Disease
 Clostridium Difficile
 Toxoplasmosis

35. Diseases due to Physical Agents
 Heat - Heat stroke, Burns
 Cold - Frost bite
 Light - Miners Nystagmus, Cataract
 Pressure - Caisson disease, Air embolism

36. Physical Hazards & disease
 Hearing impairment caused by noise
 Diseases caused by vibration (disorders of
muscles, tendons, bones, joints, peripheral Blood
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vessels or peripheral nerves)
Diseases caused by compressed or
decompressed air
Diseases caused by ionizing radiations
Diseases caused by optical (ultraviolet, visible
light, infrared) radiations including laser
Diseases caused by exposure to extreme
temperatures

37. Chemical Hazard Definitions
 Toxic/Poison – A substance that can lead to death
if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed by the skin.
 Corrosive – A substance that can destroy or burn
living tissue and can eat away at other materials.
 Irritant - A substance that causes inflammation
upon contact with skin or mucous membranes.
 Environmental - Substances that are harmful to
the environment. They must be disposed of
properly, not washed down the drain.

38. Chemical Hazard

39. Chemical Agents
 Gases - CO, CO2, HCN, H2S,CS2
 Dusts - Pneumoconiosis
 Metals - Lead, Mercury, Chromium,
Manganese
 Chemicals - Acids, Alkalies
 Solvents - Benzene, Trichloroethylene

40. Chemical hazard
 Skin Irritation
 Eye Irritation
 Inhalation Effects
 Ingestion Effects
 Carcinogenicity
 Mutagenecity

41. 3. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
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Chemical hazards may be described under three broad headings - flammability,
reactivity and health.
Flammability
Flammable substances are those that readily catch fire and burn in air. A flammable
liquid does not itself burn; it is the vapors from the liquid that burn. For a liquid, the
flash point, auto-ignition temperature, explosive limits, vapor density and ability to
accumulate an electrostatic charge are important factors in determining the degree
of fire hazard.
Reactivity
Reactive chemical hazards invariably involve the release of energy (heat) in relatively
high quantities or at a rapid rate. If the heat evolved in a reaction is not dissipated, the
reaction rate can increase until an explosion results. Some chemicals decompose
rapidly when heated. Light or mechanical shock can also initiate explosive reactions.
Some compounds are inherently unstable and can detonate under certain conditions
of pressure and temperature, while others react violently with water or when exposed
to air.
Health
Contact with many chemicals can result in adverse health effects. The nature and
magnitude of toxic effects will depend on many factors including the nature of the
substance, route of exposure, magnitude of the dose, duration of exposure, and
individual susceptibility.

42. Chemical HEALTH effect
 Irritants: Inflame skin tissue on contact.
 Corrosives: Destroy skin tissue at point of
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contact.
Sensitizers: Cause allergic reactions.
Target-Organ Chemicals: Damage
specific body organs and systems.
Reproductive Hazards: Change genetic
information in egg or sperm cells and/or
damage fetus after conception.
Carcinogens: Cause cancer.

43. Hazard Class
 Explosive-Black power, Nitroglycerine
 Non flammable & flammable gases
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Cl2,Ammonia,Ethylene oxide
Flammable liquids-Petroleum class-A,B,C
Combustible solids- Naphthalene, Sulpher,
Sodium nitrite
Oxidizing---Potassium chlorate, Sodium nitrite
Corrosive— Acid. Alkali, oleum
Chemical Gases---Phosgene

44. Flammable liquids
 Liquids with flash point below 23 degree c. — Petrol,
Acetone
 Liquids with flash point above 23 but below 65 degree c--
--- Kerosene
 Liquids with flash point above 65 but below 93 degree c--
--- Furnace oil

45. Target ORGAN- Hepatotoxins
 Chemicals which produce liver damage
 Signs and Symptoms: Jaundice, liver
enlargement
 Chemicals: Carbon Tetrachloride,
nitrosamines

46. Nephrotoxins
 Chemicals which produce kidney damage
 Signs and Symptoms: Edema
 Chemicals: Halogenated Hydrocarbons,
uranium

47. Neurotoxins
 Chemicals which produce their primary
toxic effects on the nervous system
 Signs and Symptoms: Narcosis,
behavioral changes, decreased motor
function
 Chemicals: Mercury, carbon disulfide, lead

48. Agents which act on the blood
 Decrease hemoglobin function, deprive
the body tissues of oxygen
 Signs and Symptoms: Cyanosis, loss of
consciousness
 Chemicals: Carbon monoxide, cyanides

49. Agents which damage the lungs
 Chemicals which damage pulmonary
tissue
 Signs and Symptoms: Cough, tightness in
the chest, loss of breath
 Chemicals: Asbestos, silica

50. Reproductive toxins
 Chemicals which damage reproductive
capabilities
 Includes chromosomal damage (mutations)
and damage to fetuses (teratogenesis)
 Signs and Symptoms: Birth defects, sterility
 Chemicals: Lead

51. Cutaneous hazards
 Chemicals which effect the dermal
layer of the body
 Signs and Symptoms: Defatting of
the skin, rashes, irritation
 Chemicals: Ketones, chlorinated
compounds

52. Eye hazards
 Chemicals which affect the eye or visual
capacity
 Signs and symptoms: Conjunctivitis,
corneal damage, blurred vision, burning or
irritation
 Chemicals: Solvents, corrosives

53. Hazard Prevention
 Medical control
 Engineering
 Legislative/Administrative
 Ergonomics

54. Occupational- Ill Health
 People are made sick by the
work they do
 Dr. Craig Jackson,Prof of
Occupational Health
Psychology

55. History of Occupational illness
Illness
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Stone-age was first age of occupational risk
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Iron-age and smelting worsened this
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Mining in Egyptian period: worse job going
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Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714). DeMorbis Artificium
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Industrial Revolution UK.

Factory Act. 1802

56. Work Related Ill-Health in the
Globe
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33 Million days lost per year
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Males lose more working days than females
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Days lost increase with age
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Low managerial / professionals had highest rate of absence
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Most sickly occupations are health & social welfare, construction, teaching,
and research
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57. Occupational Diseases-Fact
 Long latent period
 No treatment
 All Occupational diseases can be prevented

58. occupational disease
 An occupational disease is a disease or disorder
that is caused by the work or working conditions.
 This means that the disease must have
developed due to exposures in the workplace
and that the correlation between the exposures
and the disease is well known in medical
research
 A disease resulting from exposure during
employment to conditions or substances that are
detrimental to health (such as black lung disease
contracted by miners).

59. Occupational Disease
 Occupational diseases
are diseases caused by work or work environment
 Work-related diseases
are diseases initiated, hampered or easy to get by work
 The
ILO
Employment
Injury
Benefits
Recommendation, defines occupational diseases
as following terms:
“Each Member should, under prescribed
conditions, regard diseases known to arise out
of the exposure to substances and dangerous
conditions in processes, trades or occupations
as occupational diseases

60. Occupational Disease
 Occupational Disease occur as a result of
exposure to physical, chemical, biological or
psychosocial factors in the workplace.
 These factors in the work environment are
predominant and essential in the causation of
occupational disease
exp. Lead in the workplace  essensial for
lead poisoning
Silica  silicosis

61. Four Types
Diseases only occupational in origin
(pneumoconiosis)
Where occupation as one of the causal factors
(bronchogenic carcinoma)
Occupation as A contributory factor (chronic
bronchitis)
Occupation aggravating pre-existing
condition (asthma)

62. Preventive Measures
Universal Precautions
Training & Education
Medical Surveillance
Immunization
Identify, Monitor & Control exposures
Stress Management
Violence Prevention Program

63. Medical measures
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First –aid
Early diagnosis
Prompt treatment
Health survey
Education an training
Medical examination
Health promotion
Risk assessment
Specific protection

64. Medical examination
 Pre-employment
 Pre-placement
 Periodic
 Pre-retirement
 Executive
 Special medical examination /and or
 Medical examination of employees working
in hazardous area

65. LIST OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
(ILO)
1. Diseases caused by agents
1.1. Diseases caused by chemical agents
1.2. Diseases caused by physical agents
1.3. Diseases caused by biological agents
2. Diseases by target organ systems
2.1. Occupational respiratory diseases
2.2. Occupational skin diseases
2.3. Occupational musculo-skeletal disorders
3. Occupational cancer
3.1. Cancer caused by the following agents
4. Other diseases
4.1. Miners' nystagmus

66. Recent Work related illness staticsGLOBAL OVERVIEW
 In 2011/12, around 27.0 million working days were lost in total,
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22.7 million due to work-related illness and 4.3 million due to
workplace injuries.
On average, each person suffering took around 17 days off work,
21 days for ill health and 7.3 days for injuries on average.
A more recent estimate for injuries indicates that 5.2 million days
were lost in 2012/13 (no data is available for ill health), on average
8.1 days per injury.
The number of working days lost has fallen over the past decade.
Stress, depression or anxiety and musculoskeletal disorders
accounted for the majority of days lost due to work-related ill
health, 10.4 and 7.5 million days respectively.
The average days lost per case for stress, depression or anxiety
(24 days) was higher than for musculoskeletal disorders (17 days).

67. work related diseases
 WHO categories work related diseases as “
multifactorial” in origin
 There are diseases in which workplace factors
may be associated in their occurrence but
need not be a risk factor in each case.
 Work related diseases occur much more
frequently than occupational disaese.
 They are caused by interaction of several
extrinsic risk fact

68. Differences between Occupational Disease and
Work Related Diseases
Work Related Diseases
Occupational Disease
Occurs largely in the
community
Occurs mainly among
working population
Multifactorial in origin
Cause specific
Exposure at workplace
may be a factor
Exposure at workplace is
essential
May be notifiable and
compensable
Notifiable and
compensable

69. Occupational Health/Therapy
Occupational Medicine/Health
a branch of medicine concerned with the
interaction between health and work
(“occupation”)
Occupational Therapy
assessment & treatment to enable maximum
independent function in daily living, using
purposeful activity (“occupation ”)

70. Goals Of Ergonomics
 Improve quality of working environment
engineered to the capabilities of the human
body
 Increase efficiency and productivity by
reducing fatigue.
 Prevention of Occupational injury & illness.
 Work quality improvement.
 Proactive Ergonomics
Vs
 Reactive Ergonomics

71. Ergonomics
 Ergonomics derives from two Greek words:
ergon, meaning work, and nomoi, meaning
natural laws, to create a word that means the
science of work and a person’s relationship to
that work.
 At its simplest definition ergonomics literally
means the science of work. So ergonomists,
i.e. the practitioners of ergonomics, study
work, how work is done and how to work
better.

72. ergonomics
The IEA divides ergonomics broadly into three domains:
 Physical ergonomics: working postures, materials handling,
repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal
disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.
 Cognitive ergonomics : mental workload, decision-making,
skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human
reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to
human-system design.
 Organizational ergonomics: communication, crew resource
management, work design, design of working times,
teamwork, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new
work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality
management.

73. A Model Framework for Assessment of Medical
Fitness for Work
Person
•Relevant medical history
•Functional capacity (physical/psychological)
Risks
•Employee
•Employer
•Colleagues
•3rd parties
(customers/service users/public)
Fitness for
Work
Job
•Demands/requirements
•Safety critical work
•Hours, travel etc

74. International Labor Standards on Occupational safety and
health
 The ILO Constitution sets forth the principle
that workers should be protected from
sickness, disease and injury arising from their
employment

75. International Labor Standards on Occupational safety and
health
 The list of International Labour Organization
Conventions totals 190 laws which aim to
improve the labour standards of people around
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the world.
Occupational Safety and Health Convention,
1981 (No. 155) –
Occupational Health Services Convention,
1985 (No. 161) –
Promotional Framework for Occupational
Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187)
Chemicals Convention, 1990 C170

76. The hidden epidemic: a global picture
 Emerging risks and new challenges
 Traditional risks (e.g., asbestos exposure) continue
to take a heavy toll on workers’ health
 Technological, social and organizational changes in
the workplace due to rapid globalization have been
accompanied by emerging risks and new challenges
 New forms of occupational diseases, such as
musculoskeletal and mental health disorders are
increasing without adequate preventive, protective
and control measures

77. The hidden epidemic: a global picture
 Psychosocial risks and work
related stress
have emerged as matters of great concern
 Stress has been linked to musculoskeletal,
cardiovascular and digestive disorders
 Workers may turn to unhealthy behaviors'
(e.g., alcohol and drug abuse) in an attempt
to cope with work related stress
 The economic crisis has led to an increase in
stress, anxiety, depression and other mental
disorders, even bringing people to the extreme
of suicide

78. Steps for the prevention of occupational
diseases
 build capacity for recognition
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and reporting of occupational
diseases and establish the related legislative framework
Improve mechanisms for collection and analysis of occupational
disease’s data
improve collaboration of OSH and social security institutions to
strengthen employment compensation schemes
integrate the prevention of occupational diseases into OSH
inspection programmers
improve capacity of occupational health services for health
surveillance and monitoring of the working environment
update national lists of occupational disease using the ILO list
as a reference reinforce
social dialogue among governments, employers and workers
and their organization

79. Steps for the prevention of occupational
diseases
 The role of employers and workers
 The active participation of employers ’ and workers’
organizations is vital for the development of
national policies aimed at preventing occupational
diseases
 • Employers have a duty to prevent occupational
diseases by taking precautionary measures through
the assessment and control of occupational hazards
and risks, and health surveillance
 • Workers have a right to be involved in
formulating,
supervising
and
implementing
prevention policies and programmes

80. Advantage of
“Commit to your health”
 Return of investment
 Reduction in medical cost
 Reduction in absenteeism
 Reduction in com.
 Reduction in presenteeism etc

81. Take Home message
 Top Management commitment
 Union and employee involvement
 Provision of safe environment
 Application of safe act
 All around Proactive approach
 Avoid reactive approach
 Transforming a Traditional Occupational
Health Center

82. Question-1
 Give the names of the two chemical hazards.
 write your answer in given box

83. Question-2
 What name is given to a chemical which
will burst into flame when contacted by
air? write your answer in given box

84. Question-3
 What term is given to chemicals which can
cause and /or support fire in other
materials? write your answer in given box

85. Question-4
 What is a health hazard?
 write your answer in given box

86. Question-5
 Which kind of health hazard destroys skin on
contact? write your answer in given box

87. Question-6
 What is a carcinogen? write your answer in
given box

88. Question-7
 Give the three states in which a chemical can
exist. write your answer in given box

89. Question-8
 What is risk? write your answer in given box

90. Question-9
 Give the three ways employees can be




exposed to health hazards.
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
None of the above

91. Question-10
 What are the most common skin contact
hazards? write your answer in given box

92. Question-11
 What is the advantage of commit to health
 Return of investment
 Reduction in medical cost
 Reduction in absenteeism
 Reduction in presenteeism etc
 All of the above

93. Question-12
 Who is the father of occupational medicine?
 Ramazani
 Hippocrates
 Georgius Agricola
 Paracelsus

94. Question-13
 True or False, Occupational diseases can be
prevented?
 True
 False

95. Question-14
 What is occupational health?
F
F
F
F
F
Health problems arising from or pertaining
to work
Health of people at work
The Health of the gainfully employed
Relationship between Occupation (work) &
Health
All of the above

96. Question-15
 Which are the main objectives of




occupational health?
The maintenance and promotion of workers’
health and working capacity;
The improvement of working environment
development of work organizations and
working cultures in a direction which supports
health and safety at work
All of the above

97. Question-16
 True or False, Worldwide, there are around
340 million occupational accidents and 160
million victims of work-related illnesses
annually.
 True
 False

98. Questin-17
 Choose correct answer---Occupational Risk
Factors are







Chemical
Biological agents
Physical factors
Adverse ergonomic conditions
Allergens
Carcinogens
All of the above

99. Question-18
 Chemical Hazards---Choose two
 Co
 Mercury
 Heat
 Vibration

100. Question-19
 Nitroglycerine is example of which chemical




Hazard class?
Oxidizing
Corrosive
Chemical Gases
Explosive

101. Question-20
 Kerosene is the Liquid with flash point
above 23 but below 65 degree c
 True
 False

102. Question-21
 Choose correct answer—Target organ




hepatotoxin is
Halogenated Hydrocarbons,
uranium
Carbon Tetrachloride
Asbestos

103. Questin-22
 True or False—Occupation disease has long
latent period and have no treatment.
 True
 False

104. Question-23
 (pneumoconiosis) -Diseases only occupational in
origin
 True
 False

105. Question-24
 True or False-In 2011/12, around 27.0 million
working days were lost in total, due to workrelated illness and 4.3 million due to
workplace injuries.
 True
 False

106. Question -26
 Goals of ergonomics?
 Improve quality of working environment
 Increase efficiency and productivity by reducing
fatigue.
 Prevention of Occupational injury & illness.
 Work quality improvement.
 All of the above

107. Question-27
 Which approach is the best in occupational
health?
 Reactive
 Pro-active

108. Question-28
 Choose correct , Occupational Safety and




Health Convention, 1981
155
261
170
281

109. Question-29
 True or False,Pliny the Elder -- First to
recommend animal bladder as respiratory
protection
 True
 False

110. Question-30
 True or False.Alice Hamilton is the founder of
industrial hygiene
 True
 False