1. Lanie P. Palad
Instructor

2. A data is defined as a collection of facts . Thus,
sales reports, inventory figures, test scores,
customers’ names and address and weather
reports are all example of data.
Data processing is the manipulation of data into
a more useful form. It is the modern name for
paperwork and involves the collecting,
processing, and distributing of facts and figure s
to achieve a desired result.

3. DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
Input- In this step the initial data or input
data are prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine.
Processing – In this step the unit data are
changed, and usually combined with other
information, to produce data in a more useful
form.

4. Output – This is the results of the
preceeding processing , steps are
collected. The particular form of the
output data depends on the use of
data.

5. Data Processing Cycle
input
processing
output

6. Expanded Data Processing
∗ 1. Origination – Origination is a step which refers to the
processing of collecting the original data. The original
recording of data is called a source document.
∗ 2. Distribution- This refers to the distribution of the output
data. Recordings of the data are often called report data.
∗ 3. Storage – Storage is crucial in many data processing
procedure. Data processing results are frequently placed in
storage to be used as input data for future processing at a
later date.

7. Expanded Data Processing
Cycle
Origination
Input
Processing
Output
Distribution
Storage

8. Areas of Data Processing
1.
Business Data Processing – Business Data Processing is
characterized by the need to established, retain, and
process files of data for producing useful information.
Generally, it involves a large volume of input data, limited
arithmetical operations, and a relatively large volume of
output.
2. Scientific Data Processing – In science, data processing
involves a limited volume of input and many logical or
arithmetic calculations. Unlike business problems, most of
the scientific problems are non repetitive, requiring “onetime” solution.

9. Data Processing Operations
1.
Recording – Recording refers to the transfer of data onto
some form or documents . It relates to the
documentation of intermediate figures and facts resulting
from calculations.
2. Verifying – Since recording is usually a manual operation,
it is important that recorded data be carefully checked for
any errors.
3. Duplicating- This operation consist in reproducing the
data onto many forms of documents.

10. 4. Classifying - This operation separates data into various
categories. Identifying and arranging items with like
characteristics into groups or classes called classifying.
5. Sorting – Arranging data in a specific order is called
sorting. After the data classified, it is usually necessary to
arrange or rearrange them in predetermined sequence to
facilitate processing.
6. Calculating – Arithmetic manipulation of the data is
known as calculating. It is a crucial phase of data
manipulation, because the outcome of this operation
becomes part of the output.

11. 7. Summarizing and Reporting – In this operation, a
collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions
from the data are represented in a meaningful format.
8. Merging- This operation takes two or more sets of data,
all sets having been sorted by the same key, and puts
them together to form a single sorted set of data.
9. Storing – Placing similar into files for future reference is
storing.

12. 10. Retrieving – Recovering stored data and/or information
when needed is the retrieving step.
11. Feedback – Feedback is the comparison of the output(s)
and the set in advance; any discrepancy is analyzed,
corrected and fed back to the proper stage in the
processing operation.

13. Methods of Processing Data
1. Batch Processing – Batch processing is a technique in which
data to be processed or programs to be executed are
collected into group to permit convenient, efficient and
serial processing.
2. On-line Processing – The term “on-line” refers to equipment
or devices under the direct control of the central processing
unit (CPU) of a computer.
3. Real-Time Processing - Real time processing is a method of
data processing which has the capability of fast response to
obtain data from an activity or

14. physical process , performs computations, and return a
response rapidly enough to affect the outcome of the
activity or process.
4. Distributed Processing - The most complex level of
computer processing is distributed processing, generally
consists of remote terminals linked to a large central
computer system to help the user conduct inquiries about
accounts, process jobs, or data processing operation.

15. CPU Components
∗ 1. Control Unit –the control unit of the CPU supervises or monitors
the functions performed by the entire computer system according
to conditions set forth by the stored programs.
∗ 2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit – It performs the operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, as well as moving,
shifting and comparing data. Logic operations are performed on a
computer by a series of comparisons activated by this unit.

16. ∗ 3. Memory Unit – Memory unit is somewhat like an
electronic filling cabinet capable of holding data or
instructions. It is where the computer program and data are
stored during processing.

17. ∗ Basic Components of Digital Computer System
Memory
unit
Input unit
Arithmetic
and Logic
unit
Register
Control Unit
Central Processing Unit
Output
Unit