Soumettre la recherche
Mettre en ligne
Eleoui mustafa latex_article
•
5 j'aime
•
2,838 vues
K
Khalid Addahabi
Suivre
latex en arabe
Lire moins
Lire la suite
Sciences
Signaler
Partager
Signaler
Partager
1 sur 35
Télécharger maintenant
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Recommandé
دورة تعلم بسهوله PHP
دورة تعلم بسهوله PHP
abdelkrim abdellaoui
إعداد الأبحاث العلمية بصيغة لاتك La tex
إعداد الأبحاث العلمية بصيغة لاتك La tex
Deanship of Scientific Research , Umm Al Qura University
محاضرة 3 نظام التشغيل
محاضرة 3 نظام التشغيل
zakaria_alathari
كتاب امن المعلومات للشبكات الصغيره والمتوسطه PDF - نواف المنج.pdf
كتاب امن المعلومات للشبكات الصغيره والمتوسطه PDF - نواف المنج.pdf
eatripoli
ملخص تقنية تصميم صفحات الويب - كامل
ملخص تقنية تصميم صفحات الويب - كامل
جامعة القدس المفتوحة
مرشد مدرس الفيزياء للصف الاول المتوسط
مرشد مدرس الفيزياء للصف الاول المتوسط
Ayad Haris Beden
أساسيات لغة Php بالعربي
أساسيات لغة Php بالعربي
tahsal99
نظم التشغيل المفتوحة والتطبيقات الحرة
نظم التشغيل المفتوحة والتطبيقات الحرة
issa alsumri
Recommandé
دورة تعلم بسهوله PHP
دورة تعلم بسهوله PHP
abdelkrim abdellaoui
إعداد الأبحاث العلمية بصيغة لاتك La tex
إعداد الأبحاث العلمية بصيغة لاتك La tex
Deanship of Scientific Research , Umm Al Qura University
محاضرة 3 نظام التشغيل
محاضرة 3 نظام التشغيل
zakaria_alathari
كتاب امن المعلومات للشبكات الصغيره والمتوسطه PDF - نواف المنج.pdf
كتاب امن المعلومات للشبكات الصغيره والمتوسطه PDF - نواف المنج.pdf
eatripoli
ملخص تقنية تصميم صفحات الويب - كامل
ملخص تقنية تصميم صفحات الويب - كامل
جامعة القدس المفتوحة
مرشد مدرس الفيزياء للصف الاول المتوسط
مرشد مدرس الفيزياء للصف الاول المتوسط
Ayad Haris Beden
أساسيات لغة Php بالعربي
أساسيات لغة Php بالعربي
tahsal99
نظم التشغيل المفتوحة والتطبيقات الحرة
نظم التشغيل المفتوحة والتطبيقات الحرة
issa alsumri
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
Marius Sescu
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Expeed Software
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Pixeldarts
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
ThinkNow
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
marketingartwork
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Technologies
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
Neil Kimberley
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
contently
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
Albert Qian
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Kurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Search Engine Journal
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
SpeakerHub
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
Clark Boyd
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
Tessa Mero
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Lily Ray
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACC
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
Christy Abraham Joy
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Vit Horky
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
MindGenius
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
RachelPearson36
Contenu connexe
En vedette
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
Marius Sescu
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Expeed Software
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Pixeldarts
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
ThinkNow
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
marketingartwork
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Technologies
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
Neil Kimberley
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
contently
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
Albert Qian
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Kurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Search Engine Journal
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
SpeakerHub
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
Clark Boyd
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
Tessa Mero
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Lily Ray
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACC
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
Christy Abraham Joy
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Vit Horky
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
MindGenius
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
RachelPearson36
En vedette
(20)
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Eleoui mustafa latex_article
1.
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ LATEX
ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻊ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﻮي ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ .د e-mail: meleoui@gmail.com واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺔﻴاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ 31983 ص.ب - دﻣﺸﻖ 2010 ﻋﺎم ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠاﻟ ﻊﻤﻟﻤﺠ ّمﺪﻣﻘ ﻣﻘﺎل 09-11-2010
2.
ﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎتﻤاﻟ 1 ّﻣﺔﺪﻣﻘ 1 2
ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ماﻟﻌﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ 1.2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XE Arabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ 2.2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XE Arabic اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ 1.2.2 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XE Arabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ 2.2.2 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . article اﻟﻤﻘﺎل 3.2 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . report ّﻘﺮﻳﺮﺘاﻟ 4.2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . book اﻟﻜﺘﺎب 5.2 10 Mathematical Equations ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت 3 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mathematical Environments ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت 1.3 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ 2.3 12 . . . . . . . . . Constants and Variables ﻻتﻮواﻟﻤﺘﺤ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ 1.2.3 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exponents and Indices ﺔﻟواﻷد اﻟﻘﻮى 2.2.3 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fractions اﻟﻜﺴﻮر 3.2.3 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roots اﻟﺠﺬور 4.2.3 14 . . . . . . . . . . . Sums and Integrals واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ 5.2.3 15 . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous dots–ellipsis اﻹﺿﻤﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط 6.2.3 15 . . . . . . . . . . . Mathematical Symbols ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻣﻮزﺮاﻟ 7.2.3 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calligraphic letters ﻄﺔﻄاﻟﻤﺨ اﻷﺣﺮف 8.2.3 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function names ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ 9.2.3 17 . . . . . Automatic sizing of brackets ًﺎﻴﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ اﻷﻗﻮاس ﺗﺤﺠﻴﻢ 10.2.3 18 . . . . . . . . . . Matrices and arrays واﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت 11.2.3 20 macros ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات 4 22 Bibliography ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ 5 23 اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻓﻲ LATEX ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت 6 24 Conclusion اﻟﺨﻼﺻــﺔ 7 1
3.
ﱠﺺﺨَﻠﻤاﻟ ﻣﺠﻼت ﻣﺜﻞ ،ّﻤﺔﻜاﻟﻤﺤ
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻼت ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺴﺘﺨﺪمﻳ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮرة ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ّﺸﺮﻧ دور وﻓﻲ Journal of Applied physics و Journal of Physics A و IEEE .وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ springer ﻣﺜﻞ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻤﻪﻤﺻ اﻟﺬي TEX ﺗﺦ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻂﺴﻣﺒ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻫﻮ ،1985 ﻋﺎم Leslie Lamport ﻪﻤﺻ اﻟﺬي ،LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ﺎتﻴﻳﺎﺿﺮاﻟ وﻛﺘﺐ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،1978 ﻋﺎم Donald E.Knuth ﻛﻨﻮث دوﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﻫﻮ ،أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺎتﻴرﻳﺎﺿ ﻞﻇ .TEX ﺗﺦ وﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺴﺘﺨﺪمﻤاﻟ ﺑﻴﻦ ّﺨﺎﻃﺐﺘاﻟ واﺟﻬﺔ LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ّﺪﻌﻳ .ﻗﺔﺮاﻟﻤﺘﻔ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ذات ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺗﻬﺎ وﻗﺪ ،اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻣﻦ ُﻜﺘﺐﺗ اﻟﺘﻲ ّﻐﺎتﻠﺑﺎﻟ واﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ًﺎﻣﻤﻜﻨ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻫﺬا اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻼبﻄواﻟ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻻفاﻵ ﻣﺌﺎت ،ًﺎﺣﺎﻟﻴ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ،اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ أﺣﺪ ّىﺪﺗﺼ أن إﻟﻰ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻻﻳﻔﻬﻢ ًﺎأﻋﺠﻤﻴ ﻞﻇ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻦﻟﻜ .ﺎﺗﻪﻴإﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﻣﻦ ﻊﺳﺗﻮ ﺑﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت دوهووز ،وأﻃﺮوﺣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻻﺗﺦ دوز اﻟﺬي ،ﺔﻴاﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧ ﺳﺘﻮﺗﻐﺎرت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ Klaus Lagally ﺪﻴاﻟﺴ وﻫﻮ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﻦ .ّﺪﻘﻣﻌ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ّﻌﺎﻣﻞﺘواﻟ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﺎتﻴإﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﻞﻛ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻟﻢ ّﻮﺳﻌﺔﺘاﻟ ﻫﺬه ّنأ ﺑﻴﺪ ،ArabTeX دﻋﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ،UTF8 ﺑﻨﻈﺎم ﺰةﻣاﻟﻤﺮ ّﺼﻮصﻨاﻟ ﺑﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ XELATEX ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻧﺴﺨﺔ إﺻﺪار ًﺎﺣﺪﻳﺜ ﻢﺗ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻦﻟﻜ .LATEX ﻟـ ﺼﺔﺼاﻟﻤﺨ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻞﻛ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﺄﻗﻠﻤﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ّﺺﻨاﻟ ﻖﺴﺗﻨ أن وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ،(XE Arabic ) XeArabic ُﻬﺎﺘﻴﻤﺳ ،ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺖﻗﻤ وﻫﻨﺎ ،ﺔﺻﺧﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬه واﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات واﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ وذﻟﻚ ،ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮه XELATEX اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻂﺴﺗﺒ .XELATEX ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ،LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ّﺺﻨاﻟ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺔﻴﻛﻴﻔ ﻓﻨﻌﺮض ،ﺔﻴّﻄﺒﻴﻘﺘاﻟ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻤﻠ ّﺎﺣﻴﺔﻨاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ 1اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺺﺼوﻧﺨ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت إﺧﺮاج أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ XE Arabic اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻦﻴﻧﺒ ﻢﺛ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻦ ﺿﺎﺮواﻟ ﻌﺎدةﺴﺑﺎﻟ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ،اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻣﻦ ًﺎﻤﻣﻬ ًاﺟﺰء ّةﺪواﻟﻤﻌﻘ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺔﻴﻳﺎﺿﺮاﻟ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت وﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﻨﻀﻴﺪ ﻻﺗﺦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إﻟﻰ ًﺎﻣﻠﺘﺠﺌ ،ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ًﺎوﻣﺴﺘﻐﻨﻴ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ًاﻧﺎﺑﺬ ﻻإ ﻧﺮاه وﻣﺎ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ،ّﻈﺎمﻨاﻟ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻻﺗﺦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ،ﺳﺒﻖ ﻟﻤﺎ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ .ﺔﻴاﻷدﺑ أو ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ وﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮاﺗﻪ )ﺣﻮﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻫﺬا ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ّﻨﺎﻧأ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ،ﻲواﻗﻌ وﻛﻤﺜﺎل .html pages ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺗ ّﺒﻜﺔﺸاﻟ .XeArabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔXELATEX ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،(ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 350 ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺔﻴﻛﻴﻔ 2 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻞﺼﻧﻔ ﻢﺛ ،اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ّﻣﺔﺪﺑﻤﻘ ،1 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ،اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬا ﻞﻧﺴﺘﻬ ﺺﺼﻧﺨ . XE Arabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻌﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ وﻧﺸﺮح ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ّﺺﺨﻧﻠ .ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ macros اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ 4 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴوﻧﺒ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻟﺸﺮح 3 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت إدراج ﺔﻴﻛﻴﻔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻧﻮﺟﺰ 6 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة وﻓﻲ ،5 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ .اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت .XE Arabic واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ XELATEX ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ،ّﻪﻠﻛ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ1
4.
ّﻣﺔﺪﻣﻘ 1 وﻫﻮ ،اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع يأ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ .اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ ،اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ،ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﻮ LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ .ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ًاﻣﻘﺼﻮر ﻟﻴﺲ ّﻪﻨﻟﻜ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﻷوراق ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ صﺧﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ إذ .تّاﻟﻤﺠ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءة ذات وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮل ،ﻋﺔﻮﻣﺘﻨ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء وذﻟﻚ ،ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺮﺑﺄ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى ﺑﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺎﻤﻣ ،واﻟﺨﺮج اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻫﺬا ﻳﻔﺼﻞ .اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺺﻧ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﻳﻨﺪﻫﺸﻮن ،اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﺗﻨﻀﻴﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻻﺗﺦ مﻧﻈﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺮ"ﺳ ﻫﻮ ّﻤﺎﻧوإ ،ﻣﺆاﻣﺮة يأ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ .ًﺎﻋﺎﻣ 25 ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺮأ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ّﻈﺎمﻨاﻟ ﻫﺬا ّنأ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن ﻐﻨﻲﻳ ّﻪﻧأ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻫﺬا وراء اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﺐﺴاﻟ ﻞﻟﻌ ."!اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ واﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ fonts اﻟﺨﻄﻮط أﻧﻤﺎط ﻣﻊ ّﻌﺎﻣﻞﺘاﻟ ّنأ ورﻏﻢ .اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﺺ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة ﻋﻦ ﻒﻟﻟﻠﻤﺆ ّﺴﺒﺔﻨﺑﺎﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻧﺘﺎﺟ ﻛﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ّﺪﻳﻌ ذﻟﻚ ّنأ إ ،اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﻴﻦ ﻟﺪى ﺐﺒﻣﺤ ﺮأﻣ .داﻟﺠﺎ رﺮاﻟﻤﺤ أو ﻻﺗﺦ ّنأ واﺛﻖ وﻫﻮ ،ﻪﺼﻧ ﺑﻤﺤﺘﻮى ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮه ّﺰﻛﻓﻴﺮ ،اﻟﻨﺺ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻳﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ،ﻵﺧﺮ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ،ﺪﻴﻳﺘﻘ أن اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ .أروع وﻻ وﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ وﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺨﺮجﻴﺳ وﺿﻊ أو section{...} ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺔﻴرﺋﻴﺴ ﻓﻘﺮة ﻞﻛ ﻋﻨﻮان وﺿﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺔﺻاﻟﺨﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻳﺪه اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻻ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ،إﻟﺦ subsection{...} ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻋ ﻓﻘﺮة ﻞﻛ ﻋﻨﻮان أو ﻂاﻟﺨ ﺣﺠﻢ أو ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ""ﻓﺄرة ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن وﻟﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ .ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ّﻰﺘﺣ وذﻟﻚ ،ّﻨﺴﻴﻖﺘاﻟ ﺎتﻴﻋﻤﻠ ﻣﻦ ﺔﻴﻋﻤﻠ ﺔﻳأ ﻹﺟﺮاء .اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ّدﺪﻟﻨﺤ ﻼﻣﺜ وﻳﻨﺪوز ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ،(ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ أي ﺑﺪون )ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻲﺼﻧ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻫﻮ :ﺺاﻟﻨ • .ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻞْﺧد ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا ّﻞﻜﻳﺸ .notepad "ّﺮةﻜ"اﻟﻤﻔ ﻛﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﺼﻮص رﺮﻣﺤ يأ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم جﺮَﺧ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ّﻞﻜﺗﺸ .ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ّةﺪاﻟﻤﻌ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ وﻫﻲ ،ﻖﺴاﻟﻤﻨ ﺺﻟﻠﻨ ّﻬﺎﺋﻲﻨاﻟ ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ :اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ • .ﻻﺗﺦ :اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻣﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺺﻳﺘﻠﺨ .ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ أي ﺑﺪون ،UTF-8 ﺑﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ،ﻧﺼﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ وﺣﻔﻈﻪ (اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻦﻤ)ﻳﺘﻀ ﺺﻧ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ .1 .ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺔﺻاﻟﺨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﺮاﻋﻰﻳ أن ﻳﺠﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ )أو وﻳﻨﺪوز ﻧﻈﺎم أواﻣﺮ واﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ّدﺪﻣﺤ ﺮأﻣ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ .2 .(ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺘﻮش أو .اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻞﺼوﻟﻨﻔ 1
5.
ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ 2 ماﻟﻌﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ 1.2 ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻜﻮن أن ﻳﺠﺐ .[3 ,2 ,1] ﻻوأ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ (ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ )وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘاﻟ ماﻟﻌﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ documentclass[اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ{]ﺧﯿﺎرات }ﻧﻮع begin{document} اﶈﺘﻮى ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ . . . end{document} ﻧﻮع ﻫﻨﺎ لواﻷ ﻄﺮﺴاﻟ ّدﺪﻳﺤ ."" ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻞﻛ ﻳﺒﺪأ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ أواﻣﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻧﺮى :اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ documentclass[اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ{]ﺧﯿﺎرات }ﻧﻮع ﻣﻜﺎن ،اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ اﻟﺨﻂ ﺣﺠﻢ ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ورﻗﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﺑﻌﺾ [ ] اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻳﻘﺒﻞ .اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺐﻗﺎﻟ { } اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ّدﺪﻧﺤ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،(...إﻟﺦ ،اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت أرﻗﺎم وﺿﻊ ﺗﺒﺘﻜﺮ وﻗﺪ .book واﻟﻜﺘﺎب report واﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ article اﻟﻤﻘﺎل :ﻫﻲ ﺔﻴﻗﻴﺎﺳ ﻗﻮاﻟﺐ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أو ،ﺔﻴﻋﻠﻤ ّﺔﻠﻣﺠ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎل أو ،دﻛﺘﻮراه أﻃﺮوﺣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺑﻬﺎ ﺔﺻﺧﺎ أﺧﺮى ﺐﻗﻮاﻟ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ دور أو اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ ...ﻛﺘﺎب ّدﺪﻳﺤ .(ﺗﻨﻀﻴﺪﻫﺎ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺮة ﻞﻟﻜ ﻂاﻟﺨ ﺣﺠﻢ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﺺاﻟﻨ إﺧﺮاج ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻞﻛ ّدﺪﻳﺤ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻞﻋﻤ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺺاﻟﻨ ﺑﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ وﻻ ،ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ .اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ اﻻﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ وﻣﻦ ،اﻹﺧﺮاج ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﻫﺬه ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ .اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،chapters ﻓﺼﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻻ ،ﻼﻣﺜ ،"article "ﻣﻘﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮى parts أﺟﺰاء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﻻ ."book "ﻛﺘﺎب أو "report "ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ .اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﻫﺬه ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻞﻟﻜ اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻖ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺔﻴﻛﻴﻔ أدﻧﺎه اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴﻧﺒ ."book "ﻛﺘﺎب ﻗﺎﻟﺐ :اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺺﻧ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻳﻮﺿﻊ end{document} و begin{document} ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ وﻫﻲ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﻲ (begin... end) ﺔﻴاﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋ ﻫﺬه ّنإ ﺗﺒﺪأ وﻫﻲ ،اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻼﻣﺜ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ّدةﺪﻣﺘﻌ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ .{ } اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﺳﻢ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﻲ ّﻤﺔﻗاﻟﻤﺮ ّﻮاﺋﺢﻠاﻟ وﺑﻴﺌﺔ ،end{equation} ﺑـ وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ begin{equation} ﺑـ ﻹدﺧﺎل أﺧﺮى ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ،end{enumerate} ﺑـ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ و begin{enumerate} ﺑـ .ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﺑﻪ ﺔﺻﺧﺎ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت فﺮﻌﻳ أن ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ،...ﺰةﻣاﻟﻤﺮ ّﻮاﺋﺢﻠواﻟ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻳﻀﻊ أن ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺬا ،end{document} اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﺺاﻟﻨ إﻟﻰ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻻ 2
6.
ﺺاﻟﻨ داﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺮ
يأ ﺑﺠﻮار ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻳﻀﻊ أن ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ،اﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻖ ﻄﺮﺴاﻟ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ :اﻵﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ،% اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺬه ﺑﻮﺿﻊ وذﻟﻚ begin{document} % Starting my document .... XE Arabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ 2.2 XE Arabic اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ 1.2.2 ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ّدةﺪﻣﺤ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎت ﻌﻄﻲﻳو ،اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻣﻦ ًﺎﻴاﻓﺘﺮاﺿ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺧﺮاج XELATEX ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ ﻳﻘﻮم ،إﻟﺦ ... figure و Bibliography و Chapter و Table Of Contents ﻣﺜﻞ ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﺎتﻮﻣﻜ ﻣﻦ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ،ﻟﻠﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ إﺧﺮاج ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺮﻴﻧﻐ وﻟﻜﻲ .ﺔﻴﻻﺗﻴﻨ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ّﺎرﻳﺦﺘاﻟ فﺮﻳﻌ ّﻪﻧأ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ اﻷواﻣﺮ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺪ .ﺔﺻاﻟﺨﺎ اﻷواﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ،ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺔﻴﻛﻴﻔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺐﺟﻳﺘﻮ إﻟﻰ ،اﻷواﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺌﺎت اﺧﺘﺼﺮﻧﺎ وﻗﺪ ،XE Arabic ﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎﻤﺳ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎﺠوﺳ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ ﻄﻮرﺴاﻟ ﻫﺬه .ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠﺑﺎﻟ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻨﺎﺼﻧ إﻟﻰ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺐﺟﻳﺘﻮ ،أﺳﻄﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ :ﻫﻲ usepackage{xearabic} settextfont[Scale=1]{Traditional Arabic} setlatintextfont[Scale=1]{Times New Roman} لواﻷ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻳﻘﻮم .begin{document} ﺳﻄﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ يأ ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻧﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻂاﻟﺨ ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ فﺮﻳﻌ ﻢﺛ ،xearabic اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم أن ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ ﺑﺈﻋﻼم يأ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ .اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻂاﻟﺨ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ فﺮوﻳﻌ ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ إﺧﺮاج اﻷﻣﺮ ّنأ ﻫﻨﺎ اﻹﺷﺎرة ُرﺪﺗﺠ .(ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺘﻮش أو ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ أو )وﻳﻨﺪوز ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻂﺧ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ دﻋﺖ ّﻤﺎﻠﻛ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻓﻲ إدراﺟﻪ ﻢﻳﺘ أﻣﺮ ﻫﻮ ،لواﻷ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ،usepackage{...} .ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ أو ﻻﺗﺦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إﻟﻰ :ﻫﻲ ،أﺧﺮى ﺎتﻴاﻣﻜﺎﻧ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ ّﻐﺔﻠاﻟ إﻟﻰ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻌﻬﺎ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ،اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻫﺬه ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ،”LaTeX is nice” ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺟﻞ ﻓﻤﻦ .اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ lr{...} اﻷﻣﺮ • ﻫﺬا اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺪون اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﺬه ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ وإذا ،lr{”LaTeX is nice”} اﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ،ﻼﻣﺜ nice" is "LaTeX ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ّﻬﺎﻧﻓﺈ اﻷﻣﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻘﺔﺴﻣﻨ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺸﻮرة اﻟﻴﺴﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ rl{...} اﻷﻣﺮ • .اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ .اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻘﺔﺴﻣﻨ ﺳﻄﻮر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ LTR اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ • 3
7.
XE Arabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ
اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ 2.2.2 ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ،ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ّﺪاتﻠﻣﺠ ﺷﺠﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ّﺪﻳﻦﻠﻣﺠ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ،ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻫﺬه ّنوأ ،3 MikeTeX2.8 ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ّنأ ﻟﻨﻔﺮض .2 xearabic و bidi ﻫﻤﺎ ّﺪﻳﻦﻠاﻟﻤﺠ :(MikeTeX2.8 ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ّﺪﻠاﻟﻤﺠ )وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ّﺪﻠاﻟﻤﺠ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ C:Program FilesMiKTeX 2.8 :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ّﺪﻠاﻟﻤﺠ إﻟﻰ xearabic و bidi ّﺪﻳﻦﻠاﻟﻤﺠ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﻻوأ ﻧﻘﻮم • C:Program FilesMiKTeX 2.8texxelatex :وﻳﻨﺪوز أواﻣﺮ واﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺐﺟﻳﺘﻮ ﻢﺛ • initexmf --admin --update-fndb article اﻟﻤﻘﺎل 3.2 أﻻ ،XE Arabic ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﺮﺑ واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ XELATEX ﻛﺰﻳﻼﺗﺦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ وﻋﻮﻟﺞ ُﺘﺐﻛ ﻣﻘﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻻﻣﺜﺎ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺬﻛﺮ :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘﻛﺎﻟ ﺑﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻳﺒﺪأ إذ ،ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎل ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ أن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ .!ﻳﺪﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺬي اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا وﻫﻮ documentclass[12pt, a4paper, leqno, titlepage]{article} :ﻫﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ [ ] اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات 12pt أو 11pt أو 10pt : وﻫﻲ ،ﻓﻘﻂ ﺧﻴﺎرات ﺛﻼث ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ وﻫﻮ ،اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ اﻟﺨﻂ ﺣﺠﻢ • .(اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻫﻮ 12pt )اﻟﺤﺠﻢ letterpaper, a4paper, :ّﺎﻟﻴﺔﺘاﻟ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ وﻫﻮ ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ورﻗﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ • .a5paper, b5paper, legalpaper, executivepaper أرﻗﺎم ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر ﻫﺬا ﻧﻀﻊ ﻟﻢ إذا .()ﻳﺴﺎر leqno :ّﻤﺔﻗاﻟﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت أرﻗﺎم وﺿﻊ ﻣﻜﺎن • .اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت و ،ﻣﺤﺘﻮاه ﻋﻦ ّﺔﻠﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻮﺿﻊ titlepage ﻣﺜﻞ أﺧﺮى ﺧﻴﺎرات • fleqn و ،ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮض ورﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻹﺧﺮاج landscape و ةدﻣﺴﻮ ﻹﺧﺮاج draft ﻋﻤﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻹﺧﺮاج twocolumn أو onecolumn و ،اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ...ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ أو واﺣﺪ :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ أو ،اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﺪي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻤﺮاﺳﻠﺘﻲ xearabic و bidi اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ أن ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ2 .https://sites.google.com/site/xearabic/ http://miktex.org/ :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ًﺎﺎﻧﺠﻣ MikeTeX2.8 ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ3 4
8.
ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ
ﻧﺒﺪأ ﻢﺛ ،author ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻪ واﺳﻢ date وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ title ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ ّدﺪﻧﺤ :(ﻼﻣﺜ article1.tex ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )وﻧﺤﻔﻈﻪ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ documentclass[a4paper]{article} % LOAD THE XEARABIC PACKAGE HERE: usepackage{xearabic} settextfont[Scale=1]{Traditional Arabic} % the arabic font setlatintextfont[Scale=1]{Times New Roman} % the latin font begin{document}...................................اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ author{اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻮي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ...............................}ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ اﺳﻢ title{ﻻﺗﺦ ﰲ اﳌﻘﺎل..................................}ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﻮان date{today}...................................اﳌﻘﺎل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﲢﺪﯾﺪ maketitle .....................اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان وﺿﻊ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ tableofcontents......اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﰲ اﶈﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ وﺿﻊ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ begin{abstract}......................................ّﺺﺨاﳌﻠ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﳌﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا ﰲ ﻧﺸﺮح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ . . . LaTeX ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم end{abstract}..........................................ّﺺﺨاﳌﻠ ﺎﯾﺔ section{LaTeX ﻫﻮ }ﻣﺎ...............................ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻘﺮة section{LaTeX ﰲ أﺧﺮى...........................}اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻘﺮة subsection{اﻟﺴﻄﺮ داﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﯿﺔ...................}اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻘﺮة $f(x) = xˆ2 -3xˆ3 ﯾﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ داﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ . . .+2xˆ5$ subsection{ّﻞﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ }اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ subsection{اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت }ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ section{}اﳋﻼﺻﺔ end{document}.......................................اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﺎﯾﺔ :وﻳﻨﺪوز أواﻣﺮ واﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا لﻮﻧﺤ ﻢﺛ xelatex article1.tex ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ًﺎﻴﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ اﻟﻮﺋﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺬه ﺣﻔﻆ ﻢوﻳﺘ ،(29 )ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 1 ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ .PDF اﻟﻨﻮع :وﻫﻲ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻷﺳﺎﺳ ّﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎتﺘاﻟ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ 5
9.
اﻟﻤﻘﺎل وﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻘﺎل
ﻛﺎﺗﺐ اﺳﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ :date ,title ,author • أو date{2010 لواﻷ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ 28} ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﻧﺸﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻧﻀﻊ أن ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ .وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ . . . اﻟﻴﻮم ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ date{today} (وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل وﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ )اﺳﻢ ﺎﺑﻘﺔﺴاﻟ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ :maketitle • ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﻫﺬا ووﺿﻊ .ﺔﻴّﻬﺎﺋﻨاﻟ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ووﺿﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ tableofcontents • ﻓﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺟﺪول ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻛﻲ وﺑﻌﺪه اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻫﺬا ﻗﺒﻞ newpage أﻣﺮ وﺿﻊ )ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ .(ّﺔﻠﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ { } ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ،ﻓﻘﺮة ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ُﺴﺘﺨﺪمﺗ :section • { } ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻋ ﻓﻘﺮة ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ُﺴﺘﺨﺪمﺗ :subsection • ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ًةﻣﺤﺸﻮر ،ﺔﻴّﻬﺎﺋﻨاﻟ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ،ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ وذﻟﻚ $f(x)= ....$ • ًةﻣﺤﺸﻮر ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ f(x) = x2 +5 sin(x) اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺣﺎل ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ُﺘﺒﺖﻛ اﻟﺬي ﻄﺮﺴاﻟ .ﻄﺮﺴاﻟ ﻫﺬا ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ،4 ﻔﺤﺔﺼاﻟ ﻫﺬه أﺳﻔﻞ ﺗﺮاﻫﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻔﺤﺔﺼاﻟ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أردﻧﺎ إذا :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘاﻟ footnote{ﺗﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﱵ }اﳊﺎﺷﯿﺔ :(3 )اﻧﻈﺮاﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺑﺪون ﻞﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أردﻧﺎ وإذا f(x) = ( sin x 2 − cos2 x )2 :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻧﻜﻨﺐ ّﻨﺎﻧﻓﺈ ] f(x)=left(frac{sin x}{2 - cosˆ2 x}right)ˆ2 [ :ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ (ًﺎﻴﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ )ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ صﺧﺎ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وﻹﻇﻬﺎر begin{equation} f(x)=left(frac{sin x}{2 - cosˆ2 x}right)ˆ2 end{equation} ...ﻔﺤﺔﺼاﻟ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل4 6
10.
:ﻣﺜﻞ ّﻤﺔﻗﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ (1) f(x) = ( sin x 2 − cos2 x )2 ﺔﺻﺧﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺐﺟﻳﺘﻮ ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ (1 )اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺬه ﻧﺬﻛﺮ أن أردﻧﺎ ﻓﺈذا ﻧﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ref{myeq} اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺛﻢ ،myeq ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴﻣﺒ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ label ّﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔﺘاﻟ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻢﺗﺘ .ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺬه رﻗﻢ إﻇﻬﺎر :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘاﻟ begin{equation} label{myeq} f(x)=left(frac{sin x}{2 - cosˆ2 x}right)ˆ2 end{equation} ﺟﻮعﺮاﻟ ﻢﺛ ،اﻷﺷﻜﺎل أو ﺔﻴاﻟﻔﺮﻋ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات أو اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ label اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻳﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻫﺬه ﻲﻤﻧﺴ أن ﻼﻣﺜ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ .اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن أي ﻓﻲ ،ref اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ،إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ (3.2 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻧﻈﺮ )ﻣﺜﻞ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وﻧﺮﺟﻊ ،label{sec-article} :اﻟﻔﻘﺮة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ .ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ref{sec-article} ﺺاﻟﻨ report ّﻘﺮﻳﺮﺘاﻟ 4.2 :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘﻛﺎﻟ ﺑﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻳﺒﺪأ documentclass[12pt, a4paper, leqno, titlepage]{report} ّدﺪﻧﺤ .(3.2 )اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻫﻲ ،[ ] اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺼﺎغﻳو ،author ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻪ واﺳﻢ date وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ title ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﻪ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ :(ﻼﻣﺜ report1.tex ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )وﻧﺤﻔﻈﻪ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ documentclass[a4paper]{report} begin{document} author{ﻣﺎﺟﯿﺘﺴﲑ }ﻃﺎﻟﺐ title{GMR اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ }اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ date{25 ّﻮزﲤ 2010} maketitle tableofcontents begin{abstract} اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ودراﺳﺔ "ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ اﳌﺎﺟﯿﺴﺘﲑ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻫﺬا ﰲ ﻧﻌﺮض 7
11.
ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ
ّﺒﻘﺎتﻄاﻟ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة رﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻷﻏﺸﯿﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺸﺮوع ﻫﺬا ﰲ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺪ ."ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ وﻏﲑ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ...˙ $%17$ ﻣﻦ أﻛﱪ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ذات ﻋﯿﻨﺎت end{abstract} chapter{اﳌﺸﺮوع }ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ section{اﳌﺸﺮوع ﻣﻦ }اﳍﺪف section{اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ّﺔﻄ}ﺧ section{اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ }اﻷﺟﻬﺰة .... chapter{ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ }دراﺳﺔ section{اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻘﺔ اﻷﻏﺸﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ }ﻃﺮق section{اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺸﯿﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ }اﳋﻮاص subsection{ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻐﻨﻂ اﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ }اﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ subsection{Exchange Interaction اﻟﺘﺒﺎدﱄ ّﺄﺛﲑﺘ}اﻟ . . . section{اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ }اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ % . . .اﳌﻄﺒﻮع اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻫﺬا chapter{وﲢﻠﯿﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ }ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ section{ّﻮرﯾﺔﻠاﻟﺒ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ }دراﺳﺔ section{اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ }دراﺳﺔ section{}ﺧﻼﺻﺔ end{document} ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ وﻧﺤﺼﻞ ،xelatex report1.tex اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ّﻬﺎﺋﻲﻨاﻟ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا لﻮﻧﺤ ﻢﺛ (ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ وﻣﺎ 30 )ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 4 و 3 و 2 اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻪ ﻦﻴاﻟﻤﺒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻢﺛ ،(...chapter2.tex و chapter1.tex )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻪ صﺧﺎ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻞﻛ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ًﺎﺑﺴﻴﻄ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺺﻧ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻤﺎﻣ ،اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ (ّﺎتﻔاﻟﻤﻠ )أو اﻟﻔﺼﻮل ﻫﺬه ﻹدراج include اﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم لواﻷ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ chapter1.tex ﻒاﻟﻤﻠ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺘﺼﺮ .ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺘﻮزﻳﻊ وﻳﺴﻤﺢ :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻒاﻟﻤﻠ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ وﻳﻜﻮن ،ﻓﻘﻂ % اﳌﺸﺮوع ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ :اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ chapter{اﳌﺸﺮوع }ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ section{اﳌﺸﺮوع ﻣﻦ }اﳍﺪف . . . . section{اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ّﺔﻄ}ﺧ 8
12.
. . .
. section{اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ }اﻷﺟﻬﺰة . . . . :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺎﺑﻖﺴاﻟ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺺﻧ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ documentclass[a4paper]{report} begin{document} author{ﻣﺎﺟﯿﺘﺴﲑ }ﻃﺎﻟﺐ title{GMR اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ }اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ date{25 ّﻮزﲤ 2010} maketitle tableofcontents begin{abstract} اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ودراﺳﺔ "ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ اﳌﺎﺟﯿﺴﺘﲑ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻫﺬا ﰲ ﻧﻌﺮض ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ّﺒﻘﺎتﻄاﻟ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة رﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻷﻏﺸﯿﺔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺸﺮوع ﻫﺬا ﰲ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺪ ."ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ وﻏﲑ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ...˙ $%17$ ﻣﻦ أﻛﱪ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ذات ﻋﯿﻨﺎت end{abstract} include{chapter1} include{chapter2} include{chapter3} . . . . end{document} book اﻟﻜﺘﺎب 5.2 :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘﻛﺎﻟ ﺑﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻳﺒﺪأ documentclass[12pt, a4paper, leqno, titlepage]{book} ّدﺪﻧﺤ .(3.2 )اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻫﻲ ،[ ] اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺼﺎغﻳو ،author ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻪ واﺳﻢ date وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ title ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻓﻲ :(ﻼﻣﺜ book1.tex ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )وﻧﺤﻔﻈﻪ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ documentclass[a4paper]{book} begin{document} 9
13.
author{اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻮي ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ .}د title{}اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ date{2006
أﯾﻠﻮل 23} maketitle tableofcontents chapter{}ﲤﻬﯿﺪ --------------------------% % (ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ )ﻫﺬا اﻷول اﳉﺰء part{ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ودراﺳﺎت ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ }ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ chpater{اﻟﻌﺼﻮر ﻋﱪ }اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ section{اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ اﳊﺠﺮ }اﻛﺘﺸﺎف subsection{اﻟﻘﺪم ﰲ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ اﳊﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ }أﺟﺴﺎم subsection{اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻷوﱃ }اﻟﻨﺼﻮص section{ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ اﻟﻘﺮن }ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ . . . chapter{اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ }اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ . . . --------------------------% % اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﳉﺰء part{وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎﲥﺎ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ }اﳌﻮاد chpater{اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ }اﳌﻐﺎﻧﻂ . . . . . . end{document} اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ وﻧﺤﺼﻞ ،xelatex book1.tex اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ّﻬﺎﺋﻲﻨاﻟ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻫﺬا لﻮﻧﺤ ﻢﺛ ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴﻣﺒ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻞﻟﻜ ًﺎّﻔﻣﻠ ﺺﺼﻧﺨ أن ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ .PDF اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب .4.2 ﺎﺑﻘﺔﺴاﻟ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة Mathematical Equations ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت 3 .XELATEX ﻓﻲ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺦ ةﻮﻗ ﻞوﻛ ،TEX ﺗﺦ روح ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﺎتﻴاﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﻣﻦ ﻌﺖﺳو ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﺔﻤوﺛ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻫﺬه ﻓﻲ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺼﺐ 10
14.
.AMSLaTeX ﻞﺒﻗ ﻣﻦ
دةواﻟﻤﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻻﺗﺦ أن وﻳﺠﺐ ،ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ ّنﺑﺄ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻢﻠﻌﻳ صﺧﺎ ﺺﻧ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت إﺧﺮاج ﻢﻳﺘ وﻫﻞ ،ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ وﻣﺘﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺸﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺐﺟﻳﺘﻮ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻻﺗﺦ ُﻌﻠﻢﻧ .ﻻ أم ّﻤﺔﻗﻣﺮ ﻫﻲ Mathematical Environments ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت 1.3 ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ أو ،(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 ﻣﺜﻞ ،اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺸﻮرة اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻎﻴاﻟﺼ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ :ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﻞﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ∫ ∞ 0 f(x)dx ≃ n∑ i=1 wiexi f(xi) ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺔﻴاﻟﻨﺼ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ .ﺔﻳﺳﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻧﺪﻋﻮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺼ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷول اﻟﻨﻮع ﺳﻨﺪﻋﻮ :اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ begin{math} formula-text end{math} ﻣﺜﻞ ،اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ،ﺔﻴاﻟﻨﺼ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻟﺘﻜﺮار ًاوﻧﻈﺮ ( formula-text ) أو $formula-text$ أو ∫ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ رﻣﺰ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت formula-text اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺺﻧ ﻳﺤﻮي .(... x2 ةﻮﻗ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ أو xi ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ :ّﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦﺘاﻟ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺘﻴﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﺔﻳاﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﺎﻣأ begin{displaymath} formula-text end{displaymath} begin{equation} formula-text end{equation} .ًﺎﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴ زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ ﻢﻳﺘ ،اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻳﺴﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ًﺎرﻗﻤ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ّنأ ،اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ،ﻳﻜﻤﻦ :ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ًﺎأﻳﻀ displaymath ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ أن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ [ formula-text ] أو $$ formula-text $$ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ .اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ - ۇﺟﺪ إن - رﻗﻤﻬﺎ وﻳﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ وﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺔﻳاﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﻀﻊ اﻟﻄﺮف ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺰاح ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ،اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻞﻛ ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ documentclass إﻟﻰ fleqn setlength{mathindent}{1.5 cm} اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﻳﺴﺮ leqno اﻟﺨﻴﺎر ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻳﺴﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت أرﻗﺎم ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﻀﻊ أن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ،ًﺎﺳﺎﺑﻘ ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ وﻛﻤﺎ .ﻼﻣﺜ .documentclass إﻟﻰ :اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻄﻮرﺴاﻟ ّدةﺪﻣﺘﻌ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ إﺧﺮاج ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ،ًاوأﺧﻴﺮ 11
15.
begin{eqnarray} formula-text end{eqnarray} begin{eqnarray*}
formula-text end{eqnarray*} اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت ﻫﺬه اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺔﻴﻛﻴﻔ ﺢﺿوﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﻫﺬا .اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻞﻟﻜ ًﺎرﻗﻤ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ .اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻨﺔﻴاﻟﻤﺒ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻦ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﻓﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ 2.3 Constants and Variables ﻻتﻮواﻟﻤﺘﺤ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ 1.2.3 ﺼﻄﻠﺢﻳ .واﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻻتﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻢﻳﺘ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ًﺎﺛﻮاﺑﺘ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻧﺪﻋﻮ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﻬﻤﻞ .ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﺎ وﻫﺬا ،ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻتﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ًﺎﻴﻋﺎﻟﻤ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ،ًﺎﻴﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ ،ﻻﺗﺦ وﻳﻘﻮم ،ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺺﻧ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت و $z=2a+3y$ ﻣﻦ ﻼﻛ ّنإ ﻼﻓﻤﺜ .=, −, + واﻹﺷﺎرات واﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ ﻻتﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت .z = 2a + 3y اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻨﺘﺞﻳ $ z = 2 a + 3 y$ :ﺔﻴرﻳﺎﺿ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ يأ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ّﺎﻟﻴﺔﺘاﻟ ﻣﻮزﺮاﻟ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻳﻤﻜﻦ + − = < > / : ′ [ ] ( ) :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘاﻟ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ،} أو { اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻇﻬﺎرﻫﻤﺎ ﻢﻓﻴﺘ {} اﻟﻘﻮﺳﺎن ﺎﻣأ M(s) < M(t) < |M| = m $M(s) < M(t) < |M| = m$ y′′ = c{f[y′ , y(x)] + g(x)} $y′′ = c{f[y′ , y(x)] + g(x)}$ .backslash اﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻹﻇﻬﺎره ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ صﺧﺎ رﻣﺰ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺰﺮاﻟ ّنﻓﺈ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ Exponents and Indices ﺔﻟواﻷد اﻟﻘﻮى 2.2.3 ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻮم (ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴاﻟ )اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﺔﻟواﻷد (ﺔﻳﻠﻮﻌاﻟ )اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻘﻮى ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺔﻳأ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ةﻮاﻟﻘ وﻋﻠﻰ (underscore) اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ إذ .ًاّﺪﺟ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ وذﻟﻚ ،ﺤﻴﺤﺔﺼاﻟ :ّﺎﻟﻴﺔﺘاﻟ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ واﺿﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ،ˆ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام z2 zˆ2 bk b k aj i a iˆj :{} ﻗﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ وﺿﻌﻨﺎه ،ﺣﺮف ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺮأ ﻣﻦ ًﺎﻧﻮﻣﻜ (ةﻮاﻟﻘ )أو اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺎن ﻓﺈذا z2n zˆ{2n} x2n−1 x {2n − 1} A−n!2 i,j,k A {i, j, k}ˆ{−n!2} 12
16.
...واﻟﻘﻮى ّﻻﺋﻞﺪاﻟ ﻓﻲ
وﻗﻮى دﻻﺋﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ yx2 yˆ{xˆ2} A x2 i j2n n,m A {x iˆ2}ˆ{jˆ{2n} {n, m}} .اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺘﺎن ﺘﺎنﻴﻋﻤﻠ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ وﺿﻊ أو ةﻮﻗ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻊﺮاﻟ ّنأ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ Fractions اﻟﻜﺴﻮر 3.2.3 $(a+b)/2$ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ،/ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺸﻮرة اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ :اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ًاﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻛﺜﺮ اﻷ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر ﺎﻣأ .(a + b)/2 ﻨﺘﺞﻳ اﻟﺬي frac{numerator}{denominator} :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴﻣﺒ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ 1 x + y [ frac{1}{x+y} ] a2 − b2 a + b = a − b [ frac{aˆ2-bˆ2}{a+b}=a-b ] :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ،ًﺎأﻳﻀ واﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻟﺒﺴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻞﻛ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺴﻮر إﺿﺎﻓﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا a x−y + b x+y 2 − a−b a+b :ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﺬي [ frac { frac{a}{x-y} + frac{b}{x+y} } { 2 -frac{a-b}{a+b} } ] roots اﻟﺠﺬور 4.2.3 :اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﺬور ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ sqrt[n]{arg} 13
17.
،ياﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﺬا
ﻓﻲ n اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ّنإ . 3 √ 8 = 2 ﻨﺘﺞﻳ اﻟﺬي $sqrt[3]{8}=2$ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ . √ x ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺨﺮج $sqrt{x}$ ﻼﻓﻤﺜ :ًﺎﻴﺗﺮﺑﻴﻌ ًاﺟﺬر ﻻﺗﺦ أﻧﺘﺞ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻢ ﻓﺈذا ،ﻼﻓﻤﺜ .ﺗﺤﺘﻪ arg لﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﻞﻛ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ًﺎﻴﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ اﻟﺠﺬر إﺷﺎرة وﻃﻮل ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﻘﻮم √ x2 + y2 + 2xy = ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ $sqrt{xˆ2 + yˆ2 + 2xy }=|x+y|$ :ّنﻓﺈ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ |؛x + y| [ sqrt[n]{frac{x^n - y^n}{1+u^{2n}}} ] :ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ n √ xn − yn 1 + u2n ... آﺧﺮ ﺟﺬر داﺧﻞ ﺟﺬر ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ 3 √ −x + √ x2 + y3 + √ xy :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘاﻟ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﺬي [ sqrt[3]{-x+sqrt{x^2+y^3+sqrt{xy}}} ] Sums and Integrals واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ 5.2.3 ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮان اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ،int و sum اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ $int aˆb$ و $sum {i=1} ˆn$ ﺎنﺼاﻟﻨ ﻳﻘﻮد ﻼﻓﻤﺜ .(ﺔﻳﺳﻄﺮ أم ﺔﻴ)ﻧﺼ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺤﺴﺐ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ّﻨﺎﻧﻓﺈ ﺔﻳاﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺎﻣأ .اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ∫ b a و ∑n i=1 إﻟﻰ ∫ b a و n∑ i=1 اﻷﻣﺮ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻣﺎ وﻫﺬا ،اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ رﻣﺰ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺪود وﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻞﻀﻔﻳ :اﻵﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ int أﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ًةﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ limits x=1∫ x=0 f(x)dx :ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﺬي [ intlimits_{x=0}^{x=1}f(x) , mathrm d x ] 14
18.
: ∫ f(z)dz أو ∫ y dx
ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ،اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ّﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦﻨاﻟ إﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺗﺠﺪر ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﺎ وﻫﺬا ،ﻜﺎﻣﻞﻤاﻟ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ و dx اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻓﺮاغ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺼﻄﻠﺢﻳ ،ﻻوأ ﻣﺎ وﻫﺬا ،ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ d اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ رﻣﺰ ﻳﻜﻮن أن َﺢﻠﺼﻄﻳ ،ًﺎﺛﺎﻧﻴ .ﺎﺑﻖﺴاﻟ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ واﺿﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ , اﻷﻣﺮ int y, ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦﺴاﻟ ّﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦﺘاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ إذ .mathrm d اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ int ﻣﻦ ﻞﻛ ﻳﻘﻮدﻧﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ int f(z), mathrm dz و mathrm dx .اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ∫ f(z)dz و ∫ ydx إﻟﻰ int f(z) dz و y dx Continuous dots–ellipsis اﻹﺿﻤﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط 6.2.3 ﻞﺑﻜ ،ذﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﺈذا ."دواﻟﻴﻚ "وﻫﻜﺬا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ،· · · اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻣﻦ ًﺎّﻔﺻ ًﺎأﺣﻴﺎﻧ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺗﺤﻮي ﻗﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ًاّﺪﺟ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎط ،... :ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺛﻼث ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ :ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻣﻦ ﻒاﻟﺼ ﻫﺬا ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮر ﺗﺴﻤﺢ أواﻣﺮ ّةﺪﺑﻌ ﻻﺗﺦ دﻧﺎوﻳﺰ ﻟﺬا .اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ldots . . . low dots cdots · · · center dots vdots ... vertical dots ddots ... diagonal dots ﻧﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ a0 + a1 + · · · + an و a0, a1, . . . , an اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻦﻴﻟاﻷو اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻳﻈﻬﺮ .اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ $a 0,a 1,cdots,a n$ و $a 0,a 1,ldots,a n$ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ .11.2.3 اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺮى ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺎنﻤﻣﻬ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ddots و vdots اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺎﻣأ Mathematical Symbols ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻣﻮزﺮاﻟ 7.2.3 اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﺎﻣأ ،اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﺘﺎح ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ،اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺪد ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺘﺨﺪمﻳ λ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ lambda ﻼﻓﻤﺜ ،اﻟﻤﺮاد اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ًﺎﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻞﻛ لﻳﺪ ،ﺑﺄواﻣﺮ ﻻﺗﺦ ﺑﻬﺎ دﻧﺎوﻓﻴﺰ اﻷﺧﺮى ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز (25 )ﺻﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪاول ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴﻧﺒ .ω ﻌﻄﻲﻳ omega و ،ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﻫﺬه ﻣﻌﻈﻢ .ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻞﻛ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺔﻴوﻛﻴﻔ LATEX ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ .π ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ $pi$ ﻣﺜﻞ ،$ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺐﺟﺗﻮ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺸﻮرة ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ أردﻧﺎ ﻓﺈذا :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻮن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ،ﻼﻓﻤﺜ (2) ∂2 U ∂x2 + ∂2 U ∂y2 + ∂2 U ∂z2 = 0 :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ begin{equation} frac{partial^2 U}{partial x^2} + frac{partial^2 U}{partial y^2} 15
19.
+frac{partial^2 U}{partial z^2}
=0 end{equation} Calligraphic letters ﻄﺔﻄاﻟﻤﺨ اﻷﺣﺮف 8.2.3 :ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 26 اﻟـ ﻄﺔﻄاﻟﻤﺨ اﻷﺣﺮف اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J , K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T , U, V, W, X, Y, Z .A ﻨﺘﺞﻳ mathcal A ﻼﻓﻤﺜ ،mathcal اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وذﻟﻚ Function names ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ 9.2.3 sin ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﺈذا .ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻻتﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ًﺎﻴﻋﺎﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﻠﺢﻳ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ وﻟﻜﻲ .log و sin ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﺘﻈﻬﺮ ،ﻻتﻮﻣﺘﺤ ّﻬﺎﻧﻛﺄ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﻨﺎ أﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ ،ﺔﻴرﻳﺎﺿ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ log أو ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ sin ﻓﻨﻜﺘﺐ ، ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ًﺎﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻫﺬا ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺐﺟﻳﺘﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻢ ﻋﻦ ّثﺪﻧﺘﺤ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻻﺗﺦ .اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء (25 )ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 2 اﻟﺠﺪول ﻦﻴﻳﺒ .sin اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ أﻣﺮ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﺎ وﻫﺬا ،ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺰ ًﺎﻣﻠﺤﻘ اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ ﻫﺬه ﺑﻌﺾ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺪ ،limx→∞ f(x) ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻴﺔﺼﻧ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ،ﻳﻈﻬﺮ lim {xtoinfty} f(x) ﻼﻓﻤﺜ :ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة :ﺔﻳﺳﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ وﻋﻠﻰ lim x→∞ f(x) :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل Γ(x) = lim n→∞ n−1∏ ν=0 n!nx−1 x + ν = lim n→∞ n!nx−1 (x + 1)(x + 2) · · · (x + n − 1) ≡ ∫ ∞ 0 e−t tx−1 dt :ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ [ Gamma(x)=lim_{ntoinfty} prodlimits_{nu=0}^{n-1}frac{n! n^{x-1}}{x+nu} =lim_{ntoinfty} frac{n!n^{x-1}}{(x+1)(x+2) cdots(x+n-1)}equiv int_0^infty , mathrm e^{-t}t^{x-1}mathrm dt ] 16
20.
Automatic sizing of
brackets ًﺎﻴﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ اﻷﻗﻮاس ﺗﺤﺠﻴﻢ 10.2.3 :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ًﺎﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻷﻗﻮاس ﺗﺼﻐﻴﺮ أو ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ left lbrack formula-text right rbrack ،ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،right اﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ lbrack اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻘﻮس ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة left اﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ :[ و ] اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺬي ،اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻦﻴﻣﺒ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ،rbrack اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻘﻮس ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة [ alpha=left[ frac{f(x)}{2-g(x)}right]_{x=0}^{x=1} ] :ّﻜﻞﺸاﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ واﻟﺬي α = [ f(x) 2 − g(x) ]x=1 x=0 اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻧﻐﻠﻖ أن وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ،right اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ًاأﻣﺮ left أﻣﺮ ﻞﻛ ﻳﺮاﻓﻖ أن ﻳﺠﺐ :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ (ًةﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻌﺪه "." ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ًﺎﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋ right ) right. [ f(x) = left{ begin{array}{r@{quad text{for} quad} l} -1 & x<0 0 & x=0 +1 & x>0 end{array} right. ] :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺬي f(x) = −1 for x < 0 0 for x = 0 +1 for x > 0 17
21.
Matrices and arrays
واﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت 11.2.3 ﺔﻴﺧﻠ ﻞﻛ ،ﻻﺟﺪو ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﺨﺮج اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻬﺬه ،array اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻢﻳﺘ :ّﺎﻟﻲﺘاﻟ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ .ﺔﻴرﻳﺎﺿ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻓﻴﻪ [ A = left( begin{array}{c c} 1 & 2 -1 & 0 end{array} right) ] :ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺬي A = ( 1 2 −1 0 ) :ﻫﻲ array ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺔﻣاﻟﻌﺎ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ begin{array}{cols} rows end{array} ﻞﻛ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ّدﺪﻧﺤ أن وﻳﺠﺐ ،اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ cols ﻓﻲ ّدﺪﻧﺤ ﺣﻴﺚ :ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ رﻣﻮز .اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ .(ﻴﻦﻴﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟ ﻴﻦﻄﺧ )أو ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ (|| )أو | • .ًاﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ l • .ًﺎﻳﻤﻴﻨ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ r • .ًﺎﺗﻮﺳﻴﻄ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ c • ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ *{5}{|c}| ﻼﻓﻤﺜ ،ةﺮﻣ num ﺑﻤﻘﺪار cols اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﻜﺮار *{num}{cols} • .|c|c|c|c|c| 18
22.
:وﺳﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ
نﻮاﻟﻤﻜ ،اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ّدﺪاﻟﻤﺤ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻼﻓﻤﺜ a b c d :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ [ begin{arrays}{|c c|} a & b c & d end{array} ] ﻻﺗﺦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﺄن ،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻧﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺔﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﺬه ﻓﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ + إﺷﺎرة ﻧﻀﻊ أن أو ،(ﺎﺑﻖﺴاﻟ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ )ﻛﻤﺎ ًﺎﺗﻮﺳﻴﻄ أو ًاﻳﺴﺎر أو ًﺎﻳﻤﻴﻨ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻞﻛ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻞﻛ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ [ begin{array}{*{3}{c@{:+:}}c@{;=;}c} a_{11}x_1 & a_{12}x_2 & cdots & a_{1n}x_n & b_1 a_{22}x_1 & a_{22}x_2 & cdots & a_{2n}x_n & b_2 multicolumn{5}{c}{dotfill} a_{n1}x_1 & a_{n2}x_2 & cdots & a_{nn}x_n & b_n end{array} ] a11x1 + a12x2 + · · · + a1nxn = b1 a22x1 + a22x2 + · · · + a2nxn = b2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . an1x1 + an2x2 + · · · + annxn = bn :وﻫﻮ array ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ أﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ {*{3}{c@{:+:}}c@{;=;}c} ﺑﻴﻦ (آﺧﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ وﻓﺮاغ + وإﺷﺎرة : ﺻﻐﻴﺮ )ﻓﺮاغ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ *{3}{c@{:+:}} ﺣﻴﺚ c@{;=;}c اﻷﻣﺮ ﺎﻣأ .ًﺎﺗﻮﺳﻴﻄ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻼث اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻢﺛ ،ﺳﻄﺮ ﻞﻛ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻢﺛ ،ﺳﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﻴﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ (وﻓﺮاغ = وإﺷﺎرة )ﻓﺮاغ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻴﺸﻴﺮ .ًﺎﺗﻮﺳﻴﻄ اﻷﺧﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺔﺻﺧﺎ ،اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ًةﻋﺎد ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ّﻪﻨﻟﻜ ،ًﺎﺻﻌﺒ ،اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﻫﻠﺔ ،ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﺪو ﻣﺜﻞ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻼﻣﺜ )ﺣﺎول اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ّﺮﻓوﻳﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻂﺴﻴﺒﻟ ّﻪﻧوإ ،ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻦﺼﻟﻠﻤﺨﺘ .(اﻟﻔﺮق وﺳﺘﻼﺣﻆ وورد ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت رﺮﻣﺤ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺬه 19
23.
macros ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ
ﺔﻴاﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات 4 ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻂﺴﺗﺒ ،أدﻧﺎه اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺮى ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ،LATEX ﻻﺗﺦ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ ﻢأﻫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻲ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ّنإ ّدﺪﻣﺤ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺺﻧ ﺑﺈﺧﺮاج ﺗﻘﻮم ،macros ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺔﺻﺧﺎ أواﻣﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ .ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ّﺪﺣ إﻟﻰ ّنوأ ﺎتﻴاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺑﺸﺮح ﺗﻘﻮم ّﻚﻧأ ﻼﻣﺜ ﻫﺐ .ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻓﻲ ًاﻛﺜﻴﺮ رﺮﻳﺘﻜ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰء ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أو :ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻚ ﻓﻲ ًاﻛﺜﻴﺮ رﺮﻳﺘﻜ x ﻟـ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ g(x) = dy dx , y = df dx :ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﺬي [ g(x)=frac{mathrm dy}{mathrm dx},qquad y=frac{mathrm df}{mathrm dx} ] اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻫﺬا ﻢوﻟﻨﺴ ،ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ّدﺪﺗﺤ ،اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ :ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻞﺑﻜ ﺎﺑﻘﺔﺴاﻟ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ وﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ،derf [ g(x)=derf{y}, qquad y=derf{f} ] ﻫﻨﺎ فﺮﻧﻌ .begin{document} ﻗﺒﻞ أي ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ًﺎﻏﺎﻟﺒ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻢﻳﺘ :ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ derf اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر newcommandderf[1]{frac{mathrm d #1}{mathrm dx}} .اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻫﺬا ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أﺛﻨﺎء ،#1 ﻋﻨﺪ لﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻀﻊ وﻫﻮ ،ﻓﻘﻂ ًاواﺣﺪ ﻻﻮﻣﺘﺤ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻫﺬا ﻳﻄﻠﺐ (...إﻟﺦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎرع ﺷﻌﺎع ،اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺷﻌﺎع ،ﺮﻋﺔﺴاﻟ )ﺷﻌﺎع ﺔﻌاﻷﺷ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ّﻚﻧأ ،آﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ،ﻟﻨﻔﺮض :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ⃗v = ˙x ˙y ˙z :ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻌﺎع ﻹﺧﺮاج اﺧﺘﺼﺎر إﻧﺸﺎء ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ newcommandvectcol[3]{ begin{array}{|c}#1#2#3end{array}} :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺺاﻟﻨ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺎﺑﻖﺴاﻟ اﻟﺸﻌﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ٍﺬوﻋﻨﺪﺋ 20
24.
vec v=vectcol{dot x}{dot
y}{dot z} .(؟dot اﻷﻣﺮ وﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ؟ vec اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮن أن ّﻊﻗﺗﺘﻮ )ﻣﺎذا ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺺاﻟﻨ ﻓﻲ ًاﻛﺜﻴﺮ رﺮﺗﺘﻜ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﻫﺬه ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ًﺎأﻳﻀ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ :(realgr ﻼﻣﺜ )اﺳﻤﻪ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ًااﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ "R ﺔﻴاﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ اﻷﻋﺪاد "ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ newcommandrealgr{$R mathcal$ اﳊﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد }ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ."R ﺔﻴاﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ اﻷﻋﺪاد "ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ realgr اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ّﻤﺎﻠﻛ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋﺬ ّدةﺪﻣﺘﻌ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ نﻮﻣﻜ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺮأ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ وﻫﻮ ،اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﻫﺬه ﻣﻦ ﻟﻺﻓﺎدة آﺧﺮ ﻻﻣﺜﺎ ﻟﻨﺬﻛﺮ ،(اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺳﺆال ﻞﻟﻜ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺎت )ﻫﻲ ﻻتﻮﻣﺘﺤ ﺑﺄرﺑﻌﺔ ًااﺧﺘﺼﺎر اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ فﺮﻟﻨﻌ .اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات A )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺔﻳأﺑﺠﺪ ﺑﺤﺮوف ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ،اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻻتﻮاﻟﻤﺘﺤ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻫﺬا ﺨﺮجﻳ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻖﺴﻣﻨ ﺧﺮج ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ mulchoices اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻫﺬا عوﻟﻨﺪ ،(D و C و B و :اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :إﻟﻰ 52.5 اﻟﻌﺪد ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻻ ﺔﻴاﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ A ﺔﻳاﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ B ﺔﻳاﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ C ﺔﻴاﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ D اﺧﺘﺼﺎرﻧﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻢﺛ ( A )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف ّﺮﻗﻴﻢﺘاﻟ ﻹﺧﺮاج اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻻوأ ﺳﻨﻘﻮم ذﻟﻚ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ :mulchoices defchoixA{boxed {mathbf A}} defchoixB{boxed {mathbf B}} defchoixC{boxed {mathbf C}} defchoixD{boxed {mathbf D}} newcommandmulchoices[4]{begin{description} item $choixA$ #1 item $choixB$ #2 item $choixC$ #3 item $choixD$ #4 end{description}} 21
25.
اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ،(ﻻﺳﺆا
50 إﻟﻰ 40 ﻣﻦ ،ًﺎﻏﺎﻟﺒ ،نﻮ)اﻟﻤﻜ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺳﺆال ﻞﻛ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ٍﺬوﻋﻨﺪﺋ :ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ mulchoices :إﱃ $52.5$ اﻟﻌﺪد ﯾﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻻ mulchoices {اﻷوﱃ }اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ {اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ }اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ {اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ }اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ {اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ }اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ mulchoices اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻮد أن ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ،اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻫﺬا ﻣﻦ آﺧﺮ ﻧﻤﻮج إﺧﺮاج تأرد إذا ﻢﺛ :ﻼﻣﺜ اﺧﺘﺼﺎرك ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ (!ﺑﺼﺮ )ﺑﻠﻤﺤﺔ ﻼﻗﻠﻴ ﺮهﻴوﺗﻐ . . . newcommandmulchoices[4]{ begin{description} item $choixA$ #4 item $choixB$ #2 item $choixC$ #1 item $choixD$ #3 end{description} } اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت وﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻢﻳﺘ ،اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺘﺤﺼﻞ .اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻢﺛ ااﻷوﻟﻰ ﻢﺛ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻢﺛ ﻻوأ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ،اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ Bibliography ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ 5 ﺑﺈﺷﺎرات إﻟﻴﻬﺎ واﻟﻌﻮدة ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻠﻪﻀﻳﻔ ﻣﺎ ﻞﻟﻌ ،BiBTeX ﺑﻴﺒﺘﻚ وﻫﻮ أﻻ ،ﻻﺗﺦ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ أﺣﺪ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ذﻟﻚ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ .ﺺاﻟﻨ داﺧﻞ ﺔﻴﻣﺮﺟﻌ ﻗﺒﻞ أي ،اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺔﻴاﻟﻌﻠﻤ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻻﺗﺦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ّﺺﺨوﻧﻠ end{document} bibliography{DataFile} bibliographystyle{plain} 22
Télécharger maintenant