Decarbonising Buildings: Making a net-zero built environment a reality
The Philippine Carabao A Paradigm For Bep 20 Min
1. Fiorello B. Abenes, Ph.D. Visiting Professor, Engineering R and D for Technology, 2009 Fulbright Fellow, 2009 DOST Balik-Scientist, 2008 Visiting Scientist, Philippine Carabao Center at CLSU Visiting Professor, Central Luzon State University Emeritus Professor, CalPoly University Pomona The Philippine Carabao: A Paradigm for Biomass Ethanol Production All rights reserved
9. Food prices have risen as more land is used to produce biofuels Biofuels 'crime against humanity' By Grant Ferrett BBC News A United Nations expert has condemned the growing use of crops to produce biofuels as a replacement for petrol as a crime against humanity
10. Dr. Hartmut Michel – Nobel Laureate (Chemistry) Rethink biofuel - There’s not real energy gained in biofuel We don’t need to tap other lands … use areas already planted to sugar. Sugar is not a basic food source. It is an additive, and so won’t compete directly with the population’s food requirement “ DECELERATE BIOFUEL” - provide funds for the newly created Biofuels Oversight Committee, to ensure that food acreage will not be prejudiced by biofuel acreage
11. It took 10 years to produce the first billion liters of fuel ethanol; another 10 years for the second billion It took only 18 months to produce the next 10 billion liters
12. World map: Kyoto Protocol, participation ██ Signed and ratified. ██ Signed, ratification pending. ██ Signed, ratification declined. ██ No position. As of April 2008, 178 states have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, aimed at combating global warming.
25. BIOMASS RUMEN FLUID 1 ST STAGE FERMENTATION PROPAGATED YEAST DISTILLATION CELLULOSE ETHANOL 2 nd stage FERMENTATION PASTEURIZATION Chopped to <10 mm
26. Efficiency of Cellulose to Sugar Conversion - Rice Straw 84.5% Efficiency of conversion Cellulose to glucose 186 g Amount of glucose 1.2% Glucose content 15.5 L Hydrolysate Volume 220 g Amt of cellulose in 500 g substrate
27. Efficiency of Conversion to Ethanol 32 g Ethanol Equivalent Yield (51.5% X 62 g) 62% Efficiency of sugar to ethanol conversion (% of theoretical yield) 51.5 Stoichiometric Yield, sugar to ethanol g/100 62 g Amount of sugar fermented .4% X 186 .4% Sugars used by yeast 1.2% - 0.8% 186 g Initial sugar in the hydrolysate
28. Ethanol Yield of the PCC/CLSU System 117 kg (39 gal or 148 L) Ethanol yield Ethanol Specific gravity = 0.79 Ethanol yield from sugar cane, fresh basis, is 20 gal/ton; sweet sorghum is 10.5 gal/ton Source: www.icrisat.org/Media/2004/media13.htm X 0.62 2 nd Stage sugar to ethanol conversion efficiency X 0.51 % Ethanol stoichiometric yield X 0.84 1 st Stage cellulose to sugar conversion efficiency X 0.44 % Cellulose 1 ton (1000 kg) Rice straw
29. Characterization of Ethanol produced from the PCC/CLSU System Contaminants differentiated from rice straw cellulose ethanol (CH3CH2OH) by molecular weight using mass spectrophotometer: 1,4-dioxane-2-6-dione(CH4H4O4 ) 2-formylhistamine (C6H9N3O) chloro-ethyl ester (C4H7ClO2) 1-amino-2-butanol(C4H11NO) acetic acid (C3H4O3) ethanedial (C2H2O2) urea N-methyl-N-nitroso ( C2H5N3O2) Ethanol “Purity” Range: 46.77% to 76.44% Average: 58.62%
30. Cellulose to Sugar Conversion of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse 1.2% 12 1.0% 15 1.4% 9 1.8% 6 1.4% 3 % Glucose in hydrolysate Days of Incubation with 1% Rumen Fluid + urea
31. Production Efficiencies of the Ethanol Technology Using Carabao Rumen Fluid Hydrolysis 246.98 kg (312.63 L or 82.5 gal.) Ethanol yield Ethanol Specific gravity = 0.79 X 0.515 2 nd Stage Biological system - Bakers yeast fermentation conversion efficiency X 0.97 1 st Stage biological system - carabao rumen fluid fermentation conversion efficiency X 49.44 Structural carbohydrates 1 tonne (1000 kg) Sweet sorghum bagasse
Ladies and Gentlemen: I am enormously proud to have been appointed by ERDT as Visiting Professor. I consider this a very high honor, considering the fact that I am not even an Engineer. As an Animal Scientist I have ventured far and away from my traditional field and delved into areas I have had no formal training whatsoever. With my interest in Biomass Ethanol, I have to interact with scientists not only in engineering, but also in biology, microbiology, chemistry, biochemistry, agronomy, veterinary medicine, economics and lately, even accountants. This is so, because the area of Bioenergy requires truly, an interdisciplinary approach. I want to talk to you today about a paradigm, a new way of thinking, about how we can produce ethanol from biomass materials, principally rice straw, which is abundant in our country using the Philippine Carabao as a model. I want to share with you the theoretical underpinnings of this model as well as some results we have obtained from our limited studies. I will not apologize for the paucity of our results to this point. This has been largely a labor of love for myself and my colleagues at CLSU. We funded this research largely from our own pockets and despite winning numerous prizes for our work from DOST-PCIERD, we are still waiting for our research funds to come in.
