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The Beauty of Stained Glass
1. The
Beauty
and
Physics of
Stained
Glass
A Brief Tutorial for
the Adult Hobbyist
Click here
to proceed
Updated September 2011
2. Welcome, future glaziers!
Stained glass has been a source
of inspiration and reflection for
centuries.
This short tutorial will provide
some information to help you
appreciate your new hobby.
The next screen will show you
what you can expect to learn in
the next 10 minutes!
The stained glass window, left, is
in the Notre Dame cathedral in
Paris, France.
Click here to proceed
3. Introduction
The menu bar to the left contains
all the topics to be covered. You
How Glass is may progress at your own pace
Made through this presentation.
•There is a short video to see how
Physics of Glass glass is made.
•Then you will learn about how
light plays a major role in the
Types of Glass beauty and physics of your
projects.
•There are four types of glass to
Joining Glass – consider as you work.
Foil or Came? •Finally, you will need to decide
whether to use copper foil or lead
came to put your project
Quiz together.
Photo
Resources Gallery
Tutorial Click here
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proceed
Glossary Exit
4. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
The navigation menu bar at the bottom of the screen allows you
to move through the tutorial. For each action highlighted below,
Joining Glass – click the corresponding icon in the navigation menu bar.
Foil or Came?
PHOTO PROGRESS
Quiz BACK (how far you have ADVANCE EXIT
GALLERY advanced)
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Tutorial
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Glossary Exit
5. Introduction
Viewing the quiz, resources,
How Glass is glossary and photo gallery are
Made options you may pursue if you
have more time.
Physics of Glass We hope that this tutorial will
inspire you to look for a class
or workshop in your local area
Types of Glass so you may begin glasswork.
The art of stained glass has
Joining Glass – changed so much recently,
Foil or Came? due to advances in how glass
is made. The physics of glass
and types of glass offer you so
Quiz many options to create art!
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6. Introduction
At the end of this tutorial,
you will have learned….
How Glass is
Made Three main ingredients
used to make glass
Physics of Glass Three qualities or physical
properties of glass
Types of Glass Four types of stained glass
Whether to use foil or
Joining Glass – came in your projects
Foil or Came?
You may take a short quiz
to see how well you
Quiz have mastered the
content!
Photo
Resources Gallery
Tutorial
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Glossary Exit
7. Introduction
How Glass is made
How Glass is At the end of this tutorial,
Made you will have learned….
Physics of Glass • Three main ingredients used
to make glass
• Three qualities or physical
Types of Glass
properties of glass
• Four types of stained glass
Joining Glass –
• Whether to use foil or came in
Foil or Came?
your projects
Quiz Pictured above is a chunk of obsidian.
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8. Introduction
Glass is made of silica (sand), sodium
How Glass is
Made carbonate (soda ash), and calcium
carbonate (limestone). In its natural
form, glass occurs as obsidian rock.
Physics of Glass
Nature first made glass when lightning
Types of Glass
struck sand. The superheated sand
melted and reformed as it cooled
Joining Glass – (annealed) into obsidian.
Foil or Came?
Quiz
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9. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Click on the camera to watch this short video about how
Joining Glass – glass is made.
Foil or Came?
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/
28024-some-assembly-required-how-glass-is-
made-video.htm
Quiz
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10. Introduction
After being
mixed at 3000
How Glass is degrees
Made Fahrenheit, the
sand, soda ash,
and limestone
Physics of Glass mixture is now
liquid and is
floated on a pool
Types of Glass of molten tin.
The glass cools
Joining Glass – into a reasonably
Foil or Came? smooth
consistency.
Gases and
Quiz impurities escape
in the heat.
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11. Introduction
Cooling glass can be
How Glass is molded or pressed to
Made obtain different textures
in the glass.
Physics of Glass See how the clear glass
in this photo has texture.
Types of Glass There are at least five
different textures in this
project.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? These are all made by
different manufacturing
techniques.
Quiz
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12. Introduction
Most glass is machine drawn, meaning it
is manufactured in huge sheets as you
How Glass is saw in the video clip. Different
Made techniques can be used to achieve
different coloration and texture.
Physics of Glass As glass is being made, metal oxides are
added to provide color. The coloration in
this piece varies from the top to the
Types of Glass bottom and is a result of iridescence.
Pressed glass has textural patterns
Joining Glass – pressed into the glass as it cools.
Foil or Came? Notice how this glass in the background
has a pressed pattern that is reminiscent
of an old tin ceiling.
Quiz
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13. Introduction
Glass can be
How Glass is pressed, as we have
Made seen. It can also
blown.
Physics of Glass See how the circles
of glass in this photo
appear to have
Types of Glass centers and
concentric rings.
Joining Glass – That was where the
Foil or Came? glass was connected
to the hollow tube
used to blow the
Quiz glass into shape.
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14. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass The Physics of Glass
Light Refraction
Types of Glass
Light passes through the glass and is
refracted in different ways based on the
Joining Glass – refractive properties of the glass.
Foil or Came? A
Light rainbow
enters of colors
the exits the
Quiz
prism prism
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15. Introduction
Light Refraction
How Glass is The beauty of stained glass comes
Made from its refractive qualities….opacity,
translucency or transparency.
Physics of Glass Some stained glass looks better
when lit from behind, but can appear
dark when light hits it from the front.
Types of Glass
Other pieces appear luminous when
light comes from the front.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? Tip: A combination of transparent,
opaque and translucent glasses in
one project adds visual interest and
Quiz depth.
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16. Introduction
We tend to think of rich
jewel tones when we think
How Glass is of stained glass – pure color
Made when the light shines
through!
Physics of Glass This photo is an excellent
example of single color
glass with no texture – just
Types of Glass that rich, pure color that is
transparent and lets light
shine through.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? This would leave a beautiful
pattern of color on any
surface where the light is
Quiz cast!
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17. Introduction
A modern trend is to
How Glass is have streaky glass
Made with gradations of
color, as this orange
glass has.
Physics of Glass
Parts of this orange
glass look milky,
Types of Glass meaning it is opaque
and light will not go
through well.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? Parts of this glass are
translucent, which
mean some light goes
Quiz through.
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18. Introduction Types of Glass….
Different manufacturers produce
How Glass is unique versions of stained glass for
Made the hobbyist. In general, though, the
types of stained glass are categorized
by the coloration and manufacturing
Physics of Glass process used to make the glass.
Most glass is machine-drawn rather
than blown, and the coloration varies
Types of Glass from transparent to opaque.
Next, we will look at these four types
Joining Glass – of glass.
Foil or Came?
1. Cathedral
2. Opalescent
Quiz 3. Wispy
4. Fractured/Streamer
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19. Introduction
Cathedral Glass:
Transparent,
How Glass is single color
Made glass, which may
have texture or
be smooth.
Physics of Glass Note the glass
bubbles in this
example. They
Types of Glass make this glass
look “seedy”
(i.e. seeds
Joining Glass – dispersed) and
Foil or Came? may present
difficulty in
cutting a straight
Quiz line.
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20. Introduction
Opalescent
Glass:
How Glass is
Made Flourine is
added to
clear glass
Physics of Glass to give it a
milky
appearance
Types of Glass
Additional
colors may
Joining Glass – be added
Foil or Came? as well.
Quiz
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21. Introduction
Wispy Glass
How Glass is A blend of
Made translucent and
opaque glass that
usually results in a
Physics of Glass swirly, wispy
appearance. The
variations in color
Types of Glass may impact how
you cut your glass
for your project.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? It also seems that
some wispy glass is
particularly fragile
Quiz and breaks easily.
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22. Introduction
Fractured/Streamer–
How Glass is Fractures are small
Made shards of glass
bubbles that have
been broken, while
Physics of Glass streamers are long
strands of colored
glass. These are
Types of Glass pressed into
machine-drawn glass
as it cools to form
Joining Glass – unique patterns.
Foil or Came?
• This glass will also
be difficult to
Quiz work with.
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23. Introduction A word to the wise…
The coloration and texture of
your stained glass present
How Glass is some challenges to the novice.
Made It may be difficult to cut
straight lines in fractured or
seedy glass. Also, in wispy
Physics of Glass glass, the coloration in one
area of the sheet may not
have the best refractive
Types of Glass quality you want for the piece.
Cutting stained glass is not as
Joining Glass – easy as cutting paper or fabric.
Foil or Came?
Start with inexpensive glass
and practice your cutting
Quiz techniques before purchasing
expensive glass!
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24. Introduction
Joining
Pieces of
How Glass is Stained
Made Glass
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Look at the way
these pieces were
joined. Notice that
Joining Glass –
there are some holes
Foil or Came?
between pieces of
glass.
Quiz
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Tutorial
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25. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
This piece was put together
Joining Glass – using the copper foil
Foil or Came? technique.
Quiz
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Tutorial
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26. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Each piece
was edged
with
Types of Glass
copper foil
This piece was put together
Joining Glass – using the copper foil
Foil or Came? technique.
Quiz
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27. Introduction
How Glass is Pinned
Made into
place
Physics of Glass
Each piece
was edged
with
Types of Glass
copper foil
This piece was put together
Joining Glass – using the copper foil
Foil or Came? technique.
Quiz
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28. Introduction
Then
How Glass is Pinned doused
Made into with flux
place
Physics of Glass
Each piece
was edged
with
Types of Glass
copper foil
This piece was put together
Joining Glass – using the copper foil
Foil or Came? technique.
Quiz
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29. Introduction
Then
How Glass is Pinned doused
Made into with flux
place
And
Physics of Glass soldered
Each piece
was edged together
with on both
Types of Glass sides
copper foil
This piece was put together
Joining Glass – using the copper foil
Foil or Came? technique.
Quiz
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30. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Quiz Notice how this project is fitted into a wood frame, so that the copper-
foil-wrapped pieces don’t move around while soldering.
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31. Introduction
Notice how the
How Glass is joins in this piece
Made are thicker and
darker than those
in the copper foil
Physics of Glass projects.
This project was
Types of Glass pieced together
using lead came.
Joining Glass – Came is a
Foil or Came? traditional way of
joining pieces of
stained glass.
Quiz
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32. Introduction
Came comes in two forms –
“H” channel and “U” channel.
How Glass is These names come from the
Made shape of the profile of each
type of came.
Physics of Glass The “H” channel is used to
connect interior pieces of
glass while the “U” channel is
Types of Glass used to finish the exterior
edges of the project.
Joining Glass – Either type of came can be
Foil or Came? flat or have a rounded finish.
Came is most frequently
Quiz made of lead, but zinc is also
used as well.
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Glossary Exit
33. Introduction Here is a
profile of
the came.
How Glass is
Made Notice that
the glass
pieces fill in
Physics of Glass the top and
bottom
parts of the
Types of Glass “H”.
That is why
Joining Glass – “H”
Foil or Came? channel is
used for
the interior
Quiz joints.
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34. Introduction Foil is the
predominant method
these days.
How Glass is
Made It requires much
practice to apply foil
evenly around each
Physics of Glass piece of glass.
Additionally, you will
Types of Glass want to practice
soldering, which can
be difficult to master.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? Came is more
forgiving and easier to
use, but there are
Quiz concerns about the
lead.
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35. Introduction
How Glass is
Made Came is best used
in flat projects,
such as windows.
Physics of Glass Copper foil is great
in flat projects as
well as structural
Types of Glass projects, such as
lamps.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Quiz
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36. Introduction
You have now completed the
four modules of this tutorial.
How Glass is
Made You learned about how glass
is made and how light
impacts the beauty of your
Physics of Glass project. You learned that
there are four basic types of
glass, and that either came
Types of Glass or copper foil can be used to
join the pieces of your
project.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? QUIZ TIME!
There will be four quiz
questions in the screens
Quiz that follow.
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37. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 1.
Foil or Came?
What are the three main ingredients used in making glass?
Quiz The answer will be revealed in the next screen…
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Resources Gallery
Quiz
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38. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 1.
Foil or Came?
What are the three main ingredients used in making glass?
Answer:
Quiz
Silica (in the form of sand), soda ash and limestone
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Resources Gallery
Quiz
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39. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 2.
Foil or Came?
What are the three refractive qualities of stained glass?
Quiz The answer will be revealed in the next screen…
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Resources Gallery
Quiz
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40. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 2.
Foil or Came?
What are the three refractive qualities of stained glass?
Answer:
Quiz
Opacity, Transparency and Translucence
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Resources Gallery
Quiz
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Glossary Exit
41. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 3.
Foil or Came?
What are the four types of stained glass?
Quiz The answer will be revealed in the next screen…
Photo
Resources Gallery
Quiz
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42. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 3.
Foil or Came?
What are the four types of stained glass?
Answer:
Quiz
Cathedral, Wispy, Opalescent, and Fractures/Streamers
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Quiz
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43. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 4.
Foil or Came?
When making a window, what type of join should be used?
Quiz The answer will be revealed in the next screen…
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Resources Gallery
Quiz
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44. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Question 4.
Foil or Came?
When making a window, what type of join should be used?
Answer:
Quiz
Either method; foil is best when making a 3-D project
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45. Introduction
Congratulations!
You have completed
How Glass is the “beauty and
Made physics of stained
glass” tutorial.
Physics of Glass If you have time,
continue on to view
additional resources
Types of Glass to help you as you
begin your new
hobby.
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? Also, visit the photo
gallery for some
ideas on projects
Quiz you might like!
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Quiz
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46. Introduction
This is the homepage for the
Stained Glass Association of
How Glass is America. Check out their
Made newsletter and annual conferences.
http://stainedglass.org/
Physics of Glass
This is a link to the video about
how glass is made. It was
produced by the Discovery
Types of Glass
Channel – you probably
recognized some of the TV hosts
who appeared in this clip!
Joining Glass –
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/
Foil or Came?
discovery/28024-some-assembly-
required-how-glass-is-made-
video.htm
Quiz
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47. Introduction
How Glass is
Made This link takes you to
the page where the
four types of glass
Physics of Glass are described. Be
sure to surf to other
related pages when
Types of Glass visiting this one!
http://www.ehow.co
m/facts_5004230_ty
Joining Glass – pes-stained-
Foil or Came? glass.html
Quiz
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48. Introduction
Go here to see definitions of more
How Glass is
types of glass sold to stained glass
Made
artists. This site is a commercial site
for selling stained glass projects.
http://pw1.netcom.com/~mmglass/
Physics of Glass
types.html#flas
Types of Glass
Here are links to pages with free
stock photos which I used in this
presentation:
Joining Glass –
http://www.shutterstock.com/
Foil or Came?
http://www.dreamstime.com/
Quiz
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Resources Gallery
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49. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Glossary
Anneal – to make stronger by heating and
Physics of Glass then cooling
Flux – a chemical cleaning agent used when
Types of Glass soldering to help metals flow
Glazier - centuries ago, an artisan who made
Joining Glass – glass was a glazier. In modern times, a
Foil or Came? glazier is a construction worker who
specializes in repairing glass
Quiz
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Glossary Exit
50. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Glossary
Physics of Glass Iridescence– the quality of
changing hue depending on the
angle at which the object is viewed
Types of Glass
Luminous– the quality of being lit
up
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came? Opalescence - exhibiting a milky
iridescence like that of an opal
Quiz
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Resources Gallery
Glossary
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51. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Glossary
Physics of Glass Refraction - the bending of
light rays as they pass
through a substance
Types of Glass
Solder– metal alloys, usually
tin and lead, used to join
Joining Glass – fusible parts
Foil or Came?
Quiz
Photo
Resources Gallery
Glossary
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Glossary Exit
52. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
Resources
Gallery
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Glossary Exit
53. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
Resources
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54. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
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55. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
Resources
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56. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
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57. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
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58. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
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59. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Joining Glass –
Foil or Came?
Photo
Quiz
Gallery
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60. Introduction
How Glass is
Made
Physics of Glass
Types of Glass
Thank you for visiting this tutorial!
Joining Glass – Enjoy the Beauty and Physics of Stained Glass.
Foil or Came?
Quiz Please close the door gently on your way
out, so you don’t break the decorative glass!
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