1. CHAPTER 5 CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

2. Chemical is very important to human beings’ life Almost everything that we use, we eat, we drink everyday are related closely to chemistry

3. For examples: - The soap we use to bath -The detergent we use to clean the dirt -The food additives to make food tasted better -The medicines tocure disease

4. 5.1 Soap & Detergent

5. Who discovers the soap? And when its history started?

6. Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties - at least that it rinsed mud off their hands.

7. A soap-like material found in clay cylinders during the excavation of ancient Babylon is evidence that soapmaking was known as early as 2800 B.C.

8. At about the same time, Moses gave the Israelites detailed laws governing personal cleanliness. He also related cleanliness to health and religious purification.

10. Soap making was an established craft in Europe by the seventh century. Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants, along with fragrance.

11. Commercial soapmaking in the American colonies began in 1608 AD

12. Large-scale commercial soapmaking occurred in 1791 when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc , patented a process for making soda ash, or sodium carbonate. Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap.

13. 20 years later, Michel Eugene Chevreul , another French chemist, discovered that the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine and fatty acids.

14. Also important to the advancement of soap technology was the mid-1800s invention by the Belgian chemist, Ernest Solvay , of the ammonia process, which also used common table salt, or sodium chloride, to make soda ash. Solvay's process further reduced the cost of obtaining this alkali , and increased both the quality and quantity of the soda ash available for manufacturing soap.

17. hydropho b ic hydrophi l ic The structure of soap

18. The structure of soap

19. Tail How SOAP & water can clean so much than water ?

21. Cleansing Action Dirt (grease) Hidrophobic part (tail) likes to dissolved in grease

24. Cleansing Action

25. Cleansing Action

27. Structure of Detergent Tail Head