1. 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٣

2.  
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

3.  
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

4. ‫א‬‫א‬
 

١

6.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١
-٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KOverhead Projector
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-

7.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W١ J١
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Organic
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬1828 Wohler‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

O
H2N C NH2
 NH4OCN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢-

8.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KFunctional Groups‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬E–OHF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ksp3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WFunctional Group‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


O
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

C
H
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
O
O
CH3C H
 
[H]
‫أ‬
O
CH3 CH2C H
 
[O]
[O]
[H]
‫ب‬
O
CH3CH2CH2C H
‫ج‬
[O]
[H]
CH3C-OH
CH3CH2OH
( ‫) ﺣﻤﺾ آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬
( ‫) ﻏﻮل‬

 
CH3CH2COOH
( ‫) ﺣﻤﺾ آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬
CH3CH2CH2OH ( ‫) آﺤﻮل‬
 
CH3CH2CH2COOH ( ‫) ﺣﻤﺾ آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ( ‫) آﺤﻮل‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫- ( א‬CHO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-

9.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬

FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 H2C
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
C H2
C=C

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 H C C
H
Br
 
CH3I ,
 CH 3CH2OH
 CH3 O
CH3
O
 CH3 C H
O
 CH3 C CH3
O
 H C OH

 ‫א‬
C C

X
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
C
( X = I, Br, Cl , F )

C

-٤-
O
C
O


C H
O
C
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
C OH
C C
O

C OH

10.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
O
 CH3 C OCH 3
CH3
 CH3NH2 , CH3NH
 CH3CN
NO 2
CH 3NO 2 ,
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
O
C Y
( Y = Cl ,OR, NR 2 ,...)


 


 CH3SH
 ‫א‬
C N
C
C
N
O
C N O-
C SH

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?hemolytic?‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?heterolytic?،
 K X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
C . .X
 
.
C. + X
‫ﺟﺬر ﺣﺮ‬
 
 
-٥-
" ‫" أﻧﻔﺼﺎم ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬

11.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
C . .X
.
C + + .X
_
‫أﻳﻮن آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬
carbonium ion
C . .X
 
_
.
C. + X+
 ‫א‬
}
‫א‬
" ‫" اﻧﻔﺼﺎم ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫أﻳﻮن آﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮن‬
carbanion
 
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

X‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

KX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬NucleophilesENu-F‫א‬ElectrophilesEE+F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
H+ , Br+ , NO2+ , BF3 , AlCl3
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKE
-٦-

12.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
. ._
. _
. _
. _
. .
.
.
. , RO. . , RS . . , CN . . , H O .. , R N .
.
.
HO. .
2
2
.
..
..
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬
‫א‬،substitution‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬
CH3CH2Br +H2O
 CH3CH 2OH + HBr
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Waddition‫א‬   J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 CH 2
CH2 + Br2
CH2BrCH 2Br
 EF
‫א‬،eliminationE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 CH 3CH 2Br
 
CH2 + H2O + NaBr
 KE
+ NaOH
CH2
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 
 
 
-٧-

13.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
CH2OH
_
‫- ح‬
 
 
O
‫ب‬
O
 CH 3C N(CH 3)2
‫أ‬
CH3
 CH3CH2F
_
_
‫و‬
 
 
CH3 Pb
‫هـ‬

 
CH3
CH3
‫د‬
O
CH 3OCH 2CH 2C H
‫ج‬
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 

+
-
-
CH3CH2 , ZnCl2 , F , CH3CH2 , CH3OH , CH3SH , CH3NH2
 
W‫א‬‫א‬W٣
O
a) - CH3 C H + CH3MgI
CH3CHCH3
OMgI

b) - CH3CH2I +
CH3CH2SH + NaI
NaSH
c) - CH2 CH CH 3 + HCl
CH3CHCH 3
Cl

-٨-

14.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١ J٤‫א‬‫א‬
  W ١ 
  J J J J‫א‬
 
 W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬WCH3NH2
 K‫א‬WCH3OH
 KWF KW
ZnCl2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٩-

16. ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢

18.  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
،E،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫٣. א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KOverhead Projector .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K .٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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19.  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬


 W
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،
–‫א‬،saturated‫א‬‫ א‬K
 Ethane CH3-CH3alkanes‫א‬
، J‫א‬،unsaturated‫ א‬K

W
،EC=CF–‫א‬‫א‬،alkenes‫ א‬ J١
،EC
C F–‫א‬‫א‬alkynes‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬Aromatic Hydrocarbons‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

 KC10H8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WAlkanes‫א‬٢ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nCnH2n+2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EnFEKKKKKKK،٤{٣{٢{١=nF
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20.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬


 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E-aneF‫א‬‫א‬

E-aneF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E١ J٢F،
 ‫א‬E١ J٢F
n
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
CH4 
 
1
methane
2
ethane
 
CH3CH3  
3
propane
 
CH3CH2CH3
4
butane
5 pentane

 
 
6
hexane
 
7
heptane
 
8
octane
 
9
nonane
 
10
decane
 

CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3

CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH3 
 
CH2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،Methylene‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Butane C4H10W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢ -

21.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
CH3 CH CH3
 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
 n-Butane
CH3
 
 Isobutane J
 Pentane C5H12
 
CH3 CH CH2 CH3

CH3
 –
Isopentane
 
CH 3
CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3
 
 
 –
N-pentane
W‫א‬‫א‬
CH 3
 
C
CH 3
CH 3
  J
Neopentane
 WAlkyl Group ER-F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ER-F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،methylCH3-‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 2-2F‫א‬KEthylECH3CH2-F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -

22.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Methyl
 CH3 J
 Ethyl
 CH3CH2-
Ethane CH3CH3
 CH3CH2CH2-
Propane
CH3CH2CH3
N-Propyl
Isopropyl 
n-Butyl 
sec- Butyl
 Isobutyl

 
 CH3-CH-CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH3CHCH2CH3
 CH3CH2CH2CH3
 n-Butane
 
 
 
 
 

CH3
CH3 CH CH2 _
 
 
 
Tert-butyl
 MethaneCH4
CH3
CH3 C
 
CH3
 CH3 CH CH3
 
 Isobutane
 
CH3
 
WCycloalkanes ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
CH 2
 
 
CH 2
 CH 2
 Cyclopropane
 
 
 
CH2
 
- ١٤ -
CH2
CH2
CH2

23.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 Cyclobutane
 
 
 
 
CH2
 
 
 
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
 Cyclopentane
 
CH2CH3
 

 Ethylcyclobutane
 WIUPAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  IUPAC W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E JF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ane‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬yl
1
2
 
3
4
5
6
CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3
 
CH 2 CH 3
- ١٥ -
 

24.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  3-Ethylhexane
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬penta ،tetra،tri،di‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKK،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CH3
 
CH3 CH CH2 C CH
3
5
4
3
2
CH3
 
1
CH3
 
2-2-4-Trimethylpentane
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
8
7
6
CH2CH3
4
5
2
3
 
1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH C CH2 CH3
_
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2CH3
 
 
 
3,3-Diethyl-4-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7
6
5
4
3
CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH
 
CH 3
2
 
 
1
CH 2 CH 3
CH 2CH 3
 
3-Ethyl-5-Methylheptane
 
- ١٦ -

25.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
،EaneF‫א‬EylF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CH3 CH2
1
 
2
1'
 W‫א‬
CH3 CH3
2'
_
CH CH CH3
CH CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
3
CH2
4
5
6
CH2CH3
7
8
CH3
 
 3-Ethyl-4(1',2',Dimethylpropyl) nonane
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E‫א‬
NO2W Nitro
F: Fluoro
 ClW Chloro
NH2W Amino
BrW Bromo
CNW Cyano
 IW Iodo
 
- ١٧ -
 

26.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
5
4
Br
‫א‬
W
2
1
CH3CHCHCH 2CH3
3
CH3
Cl
 3-Bromo-2-chloro-4-methylpentane
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬neo-‫א‬iso-
‫א‬‫א‬tridisec-tert-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
‫א‬،nonpolar‫א‬

C5‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C4C1،‫א‬‫א‬
١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،C17
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Wcombustion ‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -

27.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
CH4 + 2O2
‫א‬
CO2 (g) + 2H2O + ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
(g)
 WHalogenation‫א‬
،‫א‬Br2‫א‬Cl2‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 WE١F
Br
+ Br2
+ HBr
 
Bromocyclopentane
 
 WE٢F
H
H
C
hν
H3C _ Cl + HCl
H + Cl 2
H

hν
Chloromethane
 
CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH3 Cl + Cl2
Dicarbomethane

CH 2Cl2 + Cl2


hν
hv
 
CHCl 3 + HCl
Chloroform
hν
- ١٩ -

28.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
hv
C H Cl 3 + Cl2
‫א‬
C C 14 + HCl
Carbontetrachloride
'

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
C
 
C
H 2 /Pt ,Pd ‫ أو‬Ni
_
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
_
C C
_
H H
Alkane
Alkene
 
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH = CH 2
1- Hexene

H2 , Pt
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
n- Hexane
 W K
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KGrignard reagents‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
R-X + Mg
 Alkyl halide
‫اﻳ ﺜﺮ ﺟ ﺎف‬
- ٢٠ -
 
RMgX
Alkyl magnesium halide 

29.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
R-MgX + H 2O
RH + Mg(OH)X
Alkane
RH + Mg(OCH 3)X
Alkane
 
RMgX+CH 3OH
 
Br
Mg Br
CH3CH2CHCH 3+Mg
‫اﻳ ﺜﺮ ﺟ ﺎف‬
CH3CH2CHCH 3
H2O
Mg(OH)Br + CH 3CH2CH2CH3
 
 W K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2R - X + 2 Na
R - R + 2 NaX
Alkane
 
 2 CH 3 CH2 Cl + 2 Na
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Lithium dialkyl copper ( R2CuLi)
 
(CH 3 CH2)2 CuLi + CH 3 CH2 CH2 Br
 
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 + CH3 CH2 Cu + LiBr
- ٢١ -

30.  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CH3 CH2 Cl + Li
CH3 CH2 Li
 
(CH 3 CH2)2 CuLi + Lil
 2 CH 3 CH2 Li + Cul
 W‫א‬٤ J٢ J٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬




 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KRefining‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Walkenes‫א‬٣ J٢
،EC=CF–‫א‬‫א‬

،CnH2n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،olefins
 KC2H4‫א‬‫א‬CnH2n-2‫א‬
 
H
C
 H
H
120
=
C
H
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٢ -

31.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
W‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬–ylenealkane‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–ane

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1-3-2F
 Alkane‫א‬
Alkene‫א‬
 Ethylene
 Propylene
Butylene
Ethane
CH 2=CH 2
CH3-CH =CH2
 
 Propane
CH 3CH 2CH=CH 2
CH3CH3
 
CH 3CH 2CH 3
 
 
 2-Butylene CH 3CH=CHCH 3
 
n-Butane
Isobutylene CH3 CH = CH2
Isobutane
CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3
CH3 CH CH3
CH3
CH3
 

–CH2=CH2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Vinyl group )‫א‬CH=CH2
CH2 = CH
Cl
CH 2 = CH
CH2 = CH
 
Br
  Vinyl bromide 
 Vinyl Chloride

Vinyl Cyclohexane
 
 W( allyl group)‫א‬CH3CH=CH2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣ -

32.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
CH2CH = CH2
Cl
 
Allyl Choride
WIUPAC‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FIUPAC‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٣
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–ane‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

Kene
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5
4
3
2
1
 
CH3CH-CH = CH-CH3

CH3
4- Methyl - 2- Pentene
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
CH2 = CH2
  Ethene
 
CH 3 -CH = CH
 
 
Propene
CH3CH2CH = CH2
2
 
1-Butene
 
 
- ٢٤ -

33.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
CH2-CH = CH2
Cl
 2-Ethyl-1-Butene
  3-Chloro -l- Propene
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6
5
1
4
2
4
5
3
Cyclohexene
 (1-Cyclohexene‫)وﻟﻴﺲ‬
3
6
2
1
3-Methylcyclohexene
(6-Methylcyclohexene ‫)وﻟﻴﺲ‬
–ene‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKtetra،tri ،di ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
5
4
3
5
2
1
1 CH 2
 
2-Ethyl,1,4-Pentadiene

2
1
4
2
CH2 = CH-CH 2-C-CH 2CH3
3
1,3-Cyclopentadiene
 
6
4
3
 
5
7
  1,3,6-Heptatriene 
 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E2-butane 1-butene‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 

34.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W2-butene
 
CH3
H
C
CH3
CH3
C
C
CH3
H
  trans-2-butene
 
H

 
C
H
Cis-2-butene 
 
 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬،E–cisF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Ktrans‫א‬E‫א‬
 K ٠{٩trans-2-butene٣٧،‫א‬،cis-2-butene ،‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬٣ J٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،H+،‫א‬

KH3PO4‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -

35.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
H
H
H
C
C
H
‫א‬
 
H
+
H ,
H
C
C
+
H2O
H
H
OH H
(‫اﻟﻜﻴﻦ )اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
(‫آﺤﻮل )اﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮل‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
CH2
CH
CHCH3
H
OH
H+
,
H
CH3-CH = CHCH3
2-Butene
+ H2O
+
2-Butanol
CH2 = CHCH2CH3

1-Butene
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧
 KKOH‫א‬‫א‬( I , Br, Cl =X ) HX 
CH2
CH2
H
KOH / ‫آﺤﻮل‬
+
Cl
-
CH2 = CH2 +K +CI +H2O
‫اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
  ‫آﻠﻮرو اﻳﺜﺎن‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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36.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
CH2
CH
CH
H
Br
KOH / ‫آﺤﻮل‬
‫א‬
H
CH3
CH3
CH = CH
CH3 + K+
 
  J٢EF J٢
 
 HCH2 = CHCH2CH3+Br-+H2o
 EF
 J١
 
 W‫א‬ H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K
CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 ‫ﻣﺮآﺰ‬

 
CH2
CH2
OSO3H
H
‫آﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻻﻳﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

 
 WPolymerization‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬––‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kpolymers‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬Naphtha fraction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬١٠ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،٩٠٠ J٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨ -