3. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENTS
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections
caused by bacteria only
Infections are usually caused by bacteria or viruses
Antibiotics, therefore, do not cure all infections
Many infections like the common cold, flu, mild sore
throat or diarrhea are caused by viruses
Monday, January 23, 2012
4. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENTS
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections
caused by bacteria only
Infections are usually caused by bacteria or viruses
Antibiotics, therefore, do not cure all infections
Many infections like the common cold, flu, mild sore
throat or diarrhea are caused by viruses
Monday, January 23, 2012
6. WHAT IF ANTIBIOTICS WERE
USED INCORRECTLY?
No healing effect - If antibiotics are used for
viral infections, there will be no effect on the
illness
Antibiotic resistance - This occurs when one
antibiotic no longer works on a specific type of
bacteria
A stronger antibiotic will be needed to treat the
infection caused by this resistant strain of bacteria
Monday, January 23, 2012
7. WHAT IF ANTIBIOTICS WERE
USED INCORRECTLY?
No healing effect - If antibiotics are used for
viral infections, there will be no effect on the
illness
Antibiotic resistance - This occurs when one
antibiotic no longer works on a specific type of
bacteria
A stronger antibiotic will be needed to treat the
infection caused by this resistant strain of bacteria
Monday, January 23, 2012
14. Mechanisms of resistance
Imipenem resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginos
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
resistance to Tetracycline
penicillins
MRSA penicillin
binding protein Penicillins,
PBP2A Cephalosporins
Hawkey, P. M BMJ 1998;317:657-660
Monday, January 23, 2012
19. DO YOU CONTRIBUTE
TO RESISTANCE?
Another factor that contributes to resistance is that
when patients are prescribed antibiotics for a just
cause, many do not finish their medication
This allows resistant bacteria to survive more
easily
The practice of saving unused medication to treat
themselves or others at a later date can also lead
to resistant strains
Monday, January 23, 2012
22. DO YOU CONTRIBUTE
TO RESISTANCE?
Also contributing to antibiotic resistance is the
widespread use of antibiotics to promote weight gain
and to control disease in cattle, pigs, and chickens
Forty to fifty percent of antibiotics produced are
used in livestock feed
This leads to an increase of resistant bacteria in
these animals, which is then spread to humans
Monday, January 23, 2012
23. THE CONSEQUENCES OF RESISTANCE:
Ecology of pathogenesis
Bacteria grow fast
High population densities
Great competition for resources
Pathogen = normal bacterium
that has gained access to a new resource through new genes
--> Competitive advantage
Monday, January 23, 2012
26. 12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance: Hospitalized Adults
12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial
Resistance: Hospitalized Adults
Use Antimicrobials Wisely
Prevent Infection 5. Practice antimicrobial control
1. Vaccinate 6. Use local data
7. Treat infection, not
2. Get the catheters out contamination
8. Treat infection, not
colonization
Diagnose and Treat 9. Know when to say “no” to
Infection Effectively vanco
3. Target the pathogen 10. Stop treatment when infection
is cured or unlikely
4. Access the experts
Prevent Transmission
11. Isolate the pathogen
12. Contain the contagion
Monday, January 23, 2012
