1. K-12 online learning is growing rapidly and evolving in many different directions. As it evolves it is
merging with face-to-face instruction, and the result, blended learning, is likely the fastest-growing
segment in online learning. Other ways in which online and blended learning are evolving mix
online instruction with other elements of educational technology. Instruction may be entirely
classroom-based, but use computers, the Internet, and other technologies to enhance learning.
Keeping Pace 2010 explores many of these trends, but uses online learning—which we define as
teacher-led instruction that takes place over the Internet, with the teacher and student separated
geographically—as the starting point.2
Many terms and definitions in the field, such as online learning, blended learning, hybrid learning,
elearning, virtual schools, and cyberschools, do not have commonly understood definitions.
Online learning is instruction via a web-based educational delivery system that includes software
to provide a structured learning environment. It enhances and expands educational opportunities,
and may be synchronous (communication in which participants interact in real time such as
videoconferencing) or asynchronous (communication that is separated by time such as email or
online discussion forums). It may be accessed from multiple settings (in school and/or out of
school buildings). Blended learning combines online learning with other modes of instructional
delivery.
One of the misconceptions about learning online is that online courses consist mostly of reading
on a computer screen. While this may be true of a few online programs, in most online courses
there is a high degree of communication and interaction between teachers and students. In fact,
many online teachers report that teaching online is more time consuming than teaching in a
classroom because of the amount of individual attention each online student receives. Courses are
delivered via a software package called a learning management system (LMS), which includes
communication tools, instructional tools, and assessment features.
The teacher in online and blended courses is just as important as the teacher in the physical
classroom. An online teacher’s roles include guiding and individualizing learning; communication
with students; assessing, grading, and promoting students; and, in some cases, developing the
online course content and structure.
2
A National Primer on K-12 Online Learning (Version 2, 2010), by Matthew Wicks and published by the International Association for K-12 Online
Learning (iNACOL). Available at www.inacol.org

2. Online instructional materials include audio and video presentations, animation, digital
textbooks, and other content that may reside inside or outside the learning management system.
Publishers, digital content companies, and nonprofit organizations are increasingly developing
content. Except for synchronous instruction, little course material can be delivered via the
equivalent of a classroom lecture.
The skills necessary to successfully teach online often go beyond those required in a traditional
classroom. Many online program professional development requirements focus on helping
teachers understand how to motivate individual learners, enhance student interaction and
understanding without visual cues, tailor instruction to particular learning styles, and develop or
modify interactive lessons to meet student needs.
Assessment and grading are as important in an online program as in a brick-and-mortar classroom.
An online student typically completes a variety of quizzes, tests, exams, reflections of learning,
collaborative discussions, and individual/group work products, such as essays and projects,
which the teacher will use in determining the student’s grade in that class. For students taking
individual online courses in combination with traditional classes as part of their brick-and-mortar
school program, online course grades simply become part of their overall grade point average.
While students’ mastery of concepts learned in supplemental online courses may be assessed in
more general standardized tests, such as high school exit exams, the online course provider is
typically not responsible for administering these tests. Rather, the home school, where a student
is officially enrolled, is held accountable.
One exception to the typical accountability pattern in the supplemental online course realm is
the online Advanced Placement® course which is directly accountable for student results on the
relevant AP® exam. Quality online AP® course providers track these results carefully and disclose
them as part of key course information.
Full-time online schools, on the other hand, bear full accountability for all student assessments.
As with all public schools, online school students must take required state assessments. Test
administration can be a complex task, especially for programs serving most or all of an entire
state. This challenge is exacerbated by the need for students to travel to testing sites during the
customary testing dates set by the state, leaving the best-laid testing plans vulnerable to early
spring snowstorms and other weather challenges.
Although technology is important to online learning, it is crucial not to overstate its role. In the
online environment teachers and students are still the primary players; the technology plays a
supporting role. In addition, while some cutting-edge educational technology tools hold great
promise for online learning—and indeed classroom-based learning as well—the basic technological
components in online education are fairly simple. The hardware that is required is available in most
schools and many homes across the country. The software may, with some exceptions, be on its
way to becoming a commodity, judging by the vendors’ focus on price and services.
In many respects the hardware and software are essentially the “facilities” of an online school,
much as physical buildings are the facilities of a traditional school. However, unlike traditional
school facility funding, there is no such funding mechanism for online facilities.

3. Some school districts, however, are finding that their hardware and bandwidth limitations are
major barriers to large-scale implementation of online and blended opportunities across the
district. This is in part because in early stages, access to online courses may be based on excess
or easily acquired capacity—but as hardware and network requirements increase, significant
improvements must be made across the district. This is particularly true of urban districts with
school buildings that pre-date wiring for computers and Internet access, and rural areas with
limited access to high-speed Internet connections.
Online schools vary in many of their key elements. A set of the defining dimensions of online
programs, represented in Figure 1, describes whether the program is supplemental or full-time;
3
the breadth of its geographic reach; the organizational type and operational control; and location
and type of instruction. Some of these attributes may be combined or operate along a continuum
(e.g., location and type of instruction).
Of the ten dimensions listed in the figure, four are especially significant:
• Comprehensiveness (supplemental vs. full-time): One important distinction is whether
the online program provides a complete set of courses for students enrolled full-time or
provides a small number of supplemental courses to students enrolled in a physical school.
Full-time programs typically must address the same accountability measures as physical
schools in their states.
3
Defining dimensions of online programs. Figure adapted from Gregg Vanourek, A Primer on Virtual Charter Schools: Mapping the Electronic
Frontier, Issue Brief for National Association of Charter School Authorizers, August 2006.

4. • Reach: Online programs may operate within a school district, across multiple school
districts, across a state, or in a few cases, nationally or internationally. The geographic reach
of online programs is a major contributing factor to the ways in which education policies
can be outdated when applied to online programs, because the policies do not account for
the possibility that a student in California may be learning from a teacher in Illinois who is
employed by a program in Massachusetts.
• Delivery (synchronous vs. asynchronous): Most online programs are primarily
asynchronous—meaning that students and teachers work at different times, not necessarily in
real-time interaction with each other—but those that operate classes in real time may present
a somewhat different set of program and policy questions depending on state policies.
• Type of instruction (from fully online to fully face-to-face): Many programs are now
combining the best aspects of online and classroom instruction to create a variety of blended
or hybrid learning experiences.

5. Online, elearning, virtual schools, digital courses—there are countless terms that relate to online
learning but which may have different meanings for different people and organizations. This
section defines the terms that Keeping Pace uses throughout the report.
Online learning is teacher-led education that takes place over the Internet, with the teacher and
student separated geographically.
Supplemental online programs provide a small number of courses to students who are enrolled
in a school separate from the online program.
Full-time online schools, also called cyberschools, work with students who are enrolled
primarily (often only) in the online school. Cyberschools typically are responsible for their
students’ scores on state assessments required by No Child Left Behind, which is the primary way
in which student outcomes, and school performance, are measured. In some states most full-time
online schools are charter schools.
The ways in which Keeping Pace counts student numbers for full-time programs and supplemental
programs differ from one another:
Course enrollments—one student in one semester-long course—are used to count student
numbers in supplemental programs.
Student enrollments—defined as one year-long full-time equivalent (FTE) student—are
used to count student numbers in full-time online schools.
State virtual schools are created by legislation or by a state-level agency, and/or administered
by a state education agency, and/or funded by a state appropriation or grant for the purpose of
providing online learning opportunities across the state. (They may also receive federal or private
foundation grants, and often charge course fees to help cover their costs.) Examples of state virtual
schools include the Idaho Digital Learning Academy, Florida Virtual School, and Michigan Virtual
School. Because online programs evolve, some programs are categorized as state virtual schools
that do not fit the definition presently, but did in important stages of their development.
State-led online initiatives are different from state virtual schools in that these initiatives
typically offer online tools and resources for schools across the state but do not have a centralized
student enrollment or registration system for students in online courses. Examples include the
Oregon Virtual School District and Massachusetts Online Network for Education (MassONE).
Some states draw a distinction between single-district programs, which serve students who
reside within the district that is providing the online courses, and multi-district programs,
which serve students from multiple districts. Single-district programs may sometimes serve a small
number of students from outside the home district while retaining single-district status.