1. H2S HAZARDS NGI TRAINING CENTRE

5. It can be a friend, as in sulfurous hot springs, IT HEALS BROUNCHI Is the H 2 S gas is friend or foe ?

6. When H 2 S reach to dangerous concentration LEADS TO FATAL Hydrogen Sulphide , a Chemical Combination of : H H S H 2 S

7. H 2 S is also found on earth, resulting from the decay organic matter containing sulphur. In Volcanic activities, it often escapes from earth fissures, mixed with other gases

8. It also found in natural gas, many type of crude and oil fields It also found in Industry as a result of chemical process and by products of crude oil distillation. It always found in refinery.

9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

14. Porous matter such as iron sulphides and oxides and muddy residues, absorbs H 2 S in large quantities. When disturbed or when temp. gets higher, H 2 S gas will form. Many incidents and accidents could be avoided if everybody would remember the fact when the equipment is opened.

16. LEL and UEL 5 Too much Upper Explosive Limit Explosive Lower Explosive Limit Too little % Explosive Limit EXPLOSIVE 0% 4.3% 46%

21. H 2 S is worst when it reaches certain concentrations, as its paralyses the olfactory nerves H 2 S is dangerous in its action on the human body than in causing accidents by ignition and explosion.

22. H2S Measuring units In dealing with H2S several units may be used for measuring its concentration The most common unit used in the oil and gas industry is the ppm (part per million) 0.0001 volume % = 1ppm OR 10,000 ppm = 1%

23. TLV-TWA The threshold limit value-time weighted average, TLV-TWA Is the average airborne concentration to which a worker may be exposed for 8 hours per day without any adverse health effects. For Hydrogen Sulphide this value is 5 ppm. The short term exposure limit or STEL is the maximum concentration to which a worker may be exposed for a maximum period of 15 minutes, for hydrogen Sulphide this value is 10 ppm

24. Duration The way in which H 2 S affects you depends on the following: Frequency intensity Susceptibility The length of time the individual is exposed How often the individual has been exposed The concentration of exposure The individual’s physiological make-up

25. CONCENTRATION Strong unpleasant odor 27 ppm Immediate respiratory arrest, loss of consciousness, followed by death 1000 ppm Loss of consciousness(approx.20 min), Make conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation 300 ppm Lose sense of smell Coughing, Eye pain and Drowsiness 100 ppm 15 min STEL 10 ppm 8 hr.T W A Beginning eye Irritation 5 ppm Smell of rotten egg 1 ppm EFFECTS H2S ppm

34. Portable/Personal Equipment Portable Alarms Are Carried to Any Area in Which Gas Levels Are Required to be measured For Reasons of Personal or Plant Safety .

35. Portable Detectors usage

37. You must leave the area and report your findings to your Supervisor & the HSE OFFICE AFTER USING GAS DETECTION EQUIPMENT If gas levels are too high

39. Before attempting to rescue a person, You must consider your own safety Avoid delays in the rescue. Response must be immediate if a worker is overcome Remember that time is the most important factor for First Aid you can save a life within a few minutes REMEMBER RESCUE SHALL NOT BE ATTEMPTED UNLESS GAS LEVELS ARE ACCEPTABLE

44. ESCAPE FILTER

45. Emergency Telephone Numbers

46. Main Characteristics of H2S-Summary: Potentially lethal Heavier than air Colorless Readily dispersed by wind or air currents Flammable - burns with a blue flame Odor of rotten eggs ( below concentration of 100 ppm ) Highly Corrosive to certain materials (eg steel)

47. FACING SUCH AN INSIDIOUS AND DANGEROUS ENEMY, THE SAFEST METHOD IS TO APPLY ALL SAFETY RULES WITHOUT ANY HESITATION

49. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION