1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Liliana Russell

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.
1. Imperfect
2. Preterite
3. Por y Para
4. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
5. Usted Commands
6. Present Subjunctive
Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
8. Subjunctive with verbs of emotion
9. Doubt, disbelief and denial
10. Conjunctions

3. IMPERFECT
-to talk about something you used to do
as a matter of habit
-to speak about how old someone was
-to say what time it was
Ser
Ir
Ver
Era
Iba
Veía
Eras
Ibas
Veías
Era
Iba
Íbamos
Veíamos
Erais
Ibais
Veíais
Eran
Iban
Veían
-ir
Salir
Cantaba
Tenia
Salía
Cantabas
Tenias
Salías
Cantaba
Tenia
Salía
Cantábamos
Teníamos
Salíamos
Teníais
Salíais
Tenían
Salían
Veía
Éramos
-er
Tener
Cantaban
-to speak about background events in a
story
-ar
Cantar
Cantabais
Can be used
-er and –ir verb endings include –ia.
-ar verb endings include –aba/ -ába.
Here are the only verbs that don’t follow the
regular pattern.

4. PRETERITE
Preterito
AR
é
Er/ir
Amos
Aste
ó
í
Ió
Ieron
Snake/ Snakey
Stem Changers
Dormí
Dormiste
Durmió
Dormimos
Durmieron
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
Y Changers
Leí
Leímos
Leíste
Leyó
Leyeron
Trigger words
Ayer, anoche, anteayer, la semana
pasada, el mes pasado, el año
pasado
Andar
Anduv-
Estar
Imos
Iste
Aron
Cucaracha Verbs
Estuv-
Poder
Pud-
Poner
Pus-
Quere
QuisSup-
Fui
Tener
Tuv-
Fuiste
Venir
Vin-
Fue
Conducir
Conduj-
Producir
Produj-
Traducir
Traduj-
Dar/ ver
Ir/ ser
Saber
Spock Verbs
Car
Gar
Zar
Di/ vi
Dimos/ vimos
Diste/ viste
Dio/ vio
Dieron/ vieron
Hacer
Fuimos
Hice
Hicimos
Hiciste
Fueron
-car
-gar
-zar
Hizo
Hicieron
yo
-qué
yo
-gué
yo
-cé

5. POR Y PARA
• Use por
Motion or a general
location
- La exursion nos
llevo por el centro.
Duration of an
action
- Miguel estudio por
la noche
Object of a search
- Vengo por ti a las
ocho.
Means by which
something is done
- Ellos viajan por la
autopista.
Exchange or
substitution
- Le di dinero por el
estereo.
Unit of measure
- Jose manejaba 120
kilometros por hora.
Use para (for, in order to) to
indicate…
The recipient of
items
• El regalo para tú
mama
Purpose
• Vamos al restaraunte
para comer.
Implied purpose
• Tengo dinero para
(comprar) algo.

6. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Po s s e s s ive a d j e c t ive s
These show personal relationships of
possessions. All of them agree in gender and
number with the nouns they describe.
Long form- singular
Mio
Nuestro
Tuyo
Vuestro
Short Form
Suyo
suyo
Mi
Long form- plural
Mios
Nuestros
Tuyos
Vuestros
Suyos
suyos
Po s s e s s ive p r o n o u n s
These also form personal relationships.
To form one, you
1. Use the long form of he possessive
adjective
2. Add el, la, los, las according to the
gender and number of the noun it
replaces
Tu
Su
A verb used reflexively tells you that
only the subject of the verb is involved
in the action. When using a reflexive
verb in the infinitive form, attach the
pronoun to the infinitive.

7. USTED COMMANDS
•
•
Used to refer to a group of people or in
formal situations
They are formed by dropping the final –o
of the yo form of the present tense. For
–ar verbs, add –e or –en. For –er and –ir
verbs, add –a or –an.
Infinitive
Present
tense yo
form
Ud.
Uds.
Command Command
Limpiar
Limpio
Limpie
Barro
Barra
Barran
Sacudir
Sacudo
Sacuda
sacudan
Verbs with irregular yo forms have the
same irregularity in their formal
commands. (conducir, conocer, decir,
hacer, ofrecer, oir, poner, salir, tener,
traducir, traer, venir, and ver)
Limpien
Barrer
•
E: ie
O: ue
E:I
No pierda la
llave.
Vuelva
temprano.
Sirva la sopa.
Cierren la
puerta.
Duerman
bien, chicos.
Repitan las
oraciones.

8. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• Used to express will • Verbs with irregular yo
and influence,
forms in the present
indicative tense have
emotion, doubt/
the same irregularity in
disbelief/ denial, and
th epresent subjunctive.
indefiniteness.
Hablar
Comer
Escribir
Hable
Coma
Escriba
Hables
Comas
Escribas
Hable
Coma
Escriba
Infinitive
Present
indicitave
Present
Subjunctive
Hablemos
Comamos
Escribamos
Conducir
Conduzco
Conduzca
Habléis
Comáis
Escribáis
Conocer
Conozco
Conozca
Hablen
Coman
Escriban
Decir
Digo
Diga
Hacer
Hago
Haga
Ofrecer
Ofrezco
Ofrezca
Oir
Oigo
Oiga
Paracer
Parezco
parezca
• Un verbo
“Especial”
• Dos clausulas
• Dos sujetos
diferentes
• La palabra “que”
Dar, ir, ser,
haber, estar,
saber

9. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF
WILL AND INFLUENCE
Aconsejar:
to advise
Rogar:
to beg:
plead
Recomendar:
to
recommend
Importar:
to be
important
Verbs of
will and
influence
Prhibir:
to
prohibit
Mandar:
to order
Insistir:
to insist

10. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF
EMOTION
• When the main clause of a
sentyence expresses an emotion
or feeling, use the subjunctive in
the subordinate clause
• Marta espera que yo vaya al lago
este fin de semana.
Common verbs and expressions of
emotion
Esperar
To hope; to wish
Gustar
To be pleasing; to
like
Temer
To be worried;
concerned
Es terrible
It’s terrible
Alegarse (de)
To be happy
• Use the infinite after the
expression of emotion when
there is no change of subject
• Temo llegar tarde.
• The expression ojala (que) is
always followed by the
subjunctive. The use of que is
optional
• Ojala (que) se conserven nuestros
recursos naturales.

11. DOUBT, DISBELIEF AND DENIAL
• The subjunctive is used with
expression of doubt, disbelief,
and denial
• Dudan que su hijo les diga la
verdad.
• The subjunctive is used in a
subordinate clause when there is a
change of subject and the main
clause implies negation or
uncertainty.
• Use an infinitive after an
expression of uncertainty, doubt,
disbelief, or denial when there is
no change of subject
• Use the indicative in a
subordinate clause when the main
clause expresses certainty.
• The verb creer expresses belief or
certainty, so it is followed by the
indicative.

12. CONJUNCTIONS
• Conjunctions are words or
phrases that connect clauses in
sentences. Certain conjunctions
introduce adverbial claises, which
describe how, why, when, and
wehre the action takes place.
• With these conjunctions,
use the subjunctive in the
subordinate clause if the
main clause expresses a
future action or command.
Conjunctions that require the
subjunctive
Conjunctions used with the
subjunctive or indicative
A menos que
Unless
Cuando
When
Antes (de) que
Before
En cuento
As soon as
Con tal (de) que
Provided that
Hasta que
Until
Tan pronto como
As soon as