1. Panama & Los Angeles: The Waterworks That Made the American West Jacqueline Mougel

2. Panama Canal 1534- Charles V, King of Spain: survey a route through Panama to ease ship travel to & from Spain & Peru President Roosevelt bought out French for $40 million Began on May 1940 John Frank Stevens- Chief Engineer 1905 to 1907- dams & locks Eliminated disease of area

3. Panama Canal 1907: George Washington Goethals became Chief Engineer Ellicott Dredges: built cutter dredges 1914: canal completed August 15, 1914: SS Ancon WWI began in Europe Advances in hygiene= low death rate while building

4. Panama Canal Total Death toll: 27,000 workers 48 miles of ship canal Joins the Atlantic Ocean & Pacific Ocean Key conduit for international maritime trade Annual traffic of 1,000 ships in beginning Today: 14,702 in 2008 Weighs 309.6 million tons

5. Panama Canal Was one of the largest & most difficult engineering projects ever undertake Cut the travel from New York to San Francisco in half 3 locks up, 3 down per transit, all two lanes

6. Los Angeles aqueduct Owens Valley aqueduct Operated by Los Angeles Department of Water & Power Designed by William Mullholland Delivers water from Owens River (Sierra Nevada Mountains) to the city of Los Angeles

7. Los Angeles aqueduct Began 1908 Budget: $24.5 million 5,000 workers Finished in 1913 223 miles of steep pipe, 120 miles of railroad track, 2 hydroelectric plants, 170 miles of telephone line, a cement plant, 500 miles of roads

8. Los Angeles aqueduct Uses gravity to carry water: autonomous & cost-efficient 1928- St. Francis Dam failure: flooded Santa Clarita Valley Sabotage by displaced Owens Valley farmers Ended Owens Valley as a farming community Devastated the ecosystems of Owens Lake

9. Los Angeles aqueduct Bilateral monopoly: LA water Board & Owens Valley Irrigation District Farmer received equal value for land $ 4.00 per acre LA forced some farmer out using violence LA grow into a metropolis