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Unit 4

Lithosphere
• Rocks & Minerals
OK – so here’s the real introduction to
Rocks & Minerals
Minerals can be
identified by
their chemical
and physical
properties.
Minerals Fist List
igh
H

!
ve!
Fi

What is
a
Mineral?
Minerals
What does that mean?!?!?!
--Not a gas or a liquid
--Has a definite
shape and volume
QUESTION?
Is oil a mineral??

Answer…
No, because it is a liquid.

So
lid
,E
ar
th

Ma
ter
ial
ccurring

--Not man-made

ly O
Natural

What does that mean?!?!?!
--Not formed from living
things or the remains of
living things

Inorgan
ic

What does that mean?!?!?!

--NON-LIVING!!
EXAMPLES
1. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from plants.
2. Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from tree sap.
3. A pearl is NOT a mineral because it comes from oysters.
-Gold (Au)
-Pyrite (FeS²)
-Graphite (C)
-Diamond (C)

lF
Ch
em
ica

--Chemical formula can
be found on page 16 of
ESRT.
EXAMPLES

De
fin
ite

--The elements that make
up the minerals are combined
in definite proportions

orm
ula

What does that mean?!?!?!
What does that mean?!?!?!
--Atoms are arranged
in a repeating pattern
--Each mineral has a
different INTERNAL
ARRANGEMENT OF
ATOMS that gives it
distinct physical and
chemical properties

it e
fin
De

r
C

st
y

lS
a

uc
tr

re
tu
What does that
mean?!?!?!
QUESTION
How does the mineral graphite,
which is soft have the same
chemical formula as diamond,
which is the hardest mineral
in the world?

ANSWER
Because their internal
arrangement of atoms are different

ite
fin
e
D

ry
C

re
tu
uc
tr
lS
ta
s
How are
Minerals
Identified??
Fill in the spiders
legs as we go!!
Minerals can be
identified by
their chemical
and physical
properties.
How are Minerals Identified??

--Least useful for
identification
--One mineral can
come in many colors
EXAMPLE:
--Hematite: Comes in black, red and brown

Co
lo
r
How are Minerals Identified??
1. Some minerals are always the same color

Sulfur

2. Some minerals can have many colors

Smoky Quartz

Rose Quartz

Quartz
Colors can vary as a result of…

A. Chemical Impurities– Cobalt compounds tend
to be pink, purple, or blue

Manganese—tends to produce
pink colors
Colors can vary as a result of…

B. Oxidation—exposure to air and water
changing the color of the mineral.
Ex. Rust

--Iron is the dominant coloring agent in
rocks and soils
How are Minerals Identified??
--the color of a
mineral when it is
finely powdered
--determined by
rubbing the mineral
on a piece of tile

Hematite has a
reddish-brown streak.

St
rea
k
How are Minerals Identified??
--describes how a
mineral appears to
reflect light

Lus
t

There are 2
categories in
which a minerals
luster can fall…

Metallic

OR

er

Non-Metallic
How are Minerals Identified??

A. Metallic– reflects light like metal (shiny)

Graphite

Galena

Pyrite
How are Minerals Identified??

B. Non-Metallic—any mineral which DOES
NOT exhibit shiny metallic characteristics
Ex. Quartz
Metallic or Non-Metallic??
Non-Metallic
Mica
Pearly luster

Metallic
Magnetite
Metallic or Non-Metallic??

Non-Metallic
Pyroxene
Dull luster
How are Minerals Identified??

--Resistance of a mineral
to being scratched
--Moh’s Hardness Scale
—compares the
hardness of the mineral
to 10 reference minerals.

Hardness
How is Hardness Determined??

Softest

Hardest

The scale consists of
number 1 through
10; 1 being the
softest and 10 being
the hardest. Each
number represents a
different mineraleach harder than the
previous. The 10
minerals are to the
left.
How is Hardness Determined??

Several common household items have a
fixed hardness, and can be used to test for
hardness.
-Fingernail = 2.5
-Copper penny = 3-3.5
-Nail = 4.5
-Knife blade = 5.5
-Glass = 5.5
-Steel file = 6.5
-Streak plate = 7
What Determines Hardness?
--Hardness is determined by a minerals
internal arrangement of atoms.
Ex. Diamond vs. Graphite
-Diamond has hardness of 10 and graphite is ranked
between 1 and 2. Diamond is about 40 times harder
than graphite due to the way the atoms are arranged.
--Hardness is the best property to use to identify a
mineral.
How are Minerals Identified??

e or
vag
Clea re
ractu
F

Cleavage—when a
mineral breaks
along a flat, smooth
surface
Examples of Minerals that show Cleavage
Mica exhibits basal
cleavage.

Galena exhibits cubic
cleavage.
Rocks & minerals
What Determines Cleavage and Hardness?

A minerals internal
arrangement of
atoms!!
How are Minerals Identified??
Fracture—When a mineral
breaks along irregular rough
surfaces.

e or
vag
Clea ure
act
Fr

EX. Quartz
How are Minerals Identified??
--The amount of matter in a
given space
(mass/volume)

r Heft
nsity o
De

Depends on…
-kind of atoms which
make up the mineral
-how the atoms are
arranged in the crystal
lattice
How are Minerals Identified??

Crystal Shape

--Minerals have a
characteristic crystal
shape resulting from
the atomic packing of
the atoms when the
mineral is forming
How are Minerals Identified??
-Magnetism (Magnetite)
-Glowing under
ultraviolet light (Fluorite)
-Salty taste (Halite)
-Smell (Sulfur)

Spe
cial
Pr

ope
rtie
s

-Reaction to HCl
(Calcite)
Rocks
Parent Material for
all Rock??

Magma!!
Lithosphere
How are rocks
formed?
Rocks are classified
by their process of
formation.
The Rock Cycle
Igneous
Rocks

• The Rock
Cycle

describes the
continually
changing
structure of
rocks.

Magma

Metamorphic
Rocks

Sediments

Sedimentary
Rocks
Texture and Grain Size
• Texture is described based on grain
size, grain shape, and grain pattern.
• Most rocks are made up of tiny
particles of minerals or other rocks,
which are called grains.
• A rock’s grains give it its texture
Distribution of Rocks in the U.S.
Rocks
 Made of two or more different minerals
that have been:
• cemented together (Sedimentary)
• squeezed and heated together
(Metamorphic)
• melted and cooled together (Igneous)
ROCKS
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Igneous
sediments and
minerals are compacted
and cemented
With dissolved minerals

Clastic – pieces
of other rocks
Cemented into
rock

Chemical –
Evaporites
From seawater

Organic/Bioclastic
Remains of plants
Or animals which
Are transformed
Into rock
Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock forms
when magma or lava

COOLS

Solidifies
Crystallizes
hardens
Crystallization
TEXTURE

Intrusive
or Plutonic

Extrusive
or Volcanic

Coarse Grained
large crystals
Non-Vesicular
(no gas bubbles)

Fine Grained (small crystals)
Glassy

Gas Pockets (vesicular)

Magma

LAVA

Underground

Above ground

Slow cooling

FAST cooling
Granite vs. Obsidian
Extrusive

Intrusive
Igneous Rock
Mineral Composition
Light Colored

Dark Colored

Rocks Called

Rocks Called

FELSIC

MAFIC

Low density

High Density

Rich in Aluminum

Rich in IRON &
Magnesium
Sedimentary Rocks
Form when

SEDIMENTS

And

Minerals

Are cemented together
The 3 types of sedimentary rock are

Clastic

Chemical

Organic
Origins of Sedimentary Rock –
Draw an arrow from “CLASTIC”

•Through the process of
weathering

, rock is loosened and
carried away with wind and
water by

As the layers stack up,
they become heavier until
the weight squeezes the
layers together during
compaction

.

erosion

. The sediment then settles
out of the wind and water
during deposition. The
deposition
sediment begins to settle out
and form
layers
.

Dissolved minerals act as
glue in a process known
as
.
Cementation
• This is a sample of sandstone, a sedimentary
rock that formed from sand grains.
Chemical
• Formed when minerals dissolved in
water, precipitate out and form crystals
on the sea floor – Includes evaporites.
Rocks & minerals
Organic (bioclastic) – rocks formed from

the remains of plants and/or animals
that undergoes a transformation into
rock.
• This is a sample of limestone, a sedimentary
rock made of calcium carbonate that formed
under water indirectly from the remains of tiny
marine organisms.
Grand Canyon
Metamorphic Rocks
Conditions that cause rocks to

:

undergo metamorphism include

• Deep burial and pressure or
hot contact zones
• Metamorphic rocks are
often found in mountainous
regions

You’ll have to add this to your
notes on page 8
Metamorphic Rocks – formed when a rock
is changed by

Heat

Pressure

Chemical due
to Contact

Metamorphic rocks are
characterized by:
•

Increased DENSITY

•

NEW Minerals

•

BANDING
Metamorphic Rocks
are classified by the
arrangement of their:

MINERALS
Into two types of metamorphic
rocks called:
Foliated
Where the minerals grains are

Squeezed and
curved or
folded

and

Non Foliated
Where the minerals grains are

Not aligned
and appear
MASSIVE
Foliated (think
FOLD)

Mica Schist

Increased HEAT
and PRESSURE

Gneiss
Non-Foliated
• Massive
Metamorphic
rocks
Metamorphic Rock Chart
• Increasing metamorphic change occurs with increasing
temperatures and pressures.
• If the melting point is reached, the change is no longer
metamorphic, and igneous rocks are formed AGAIN.

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Rocks & minerals

  • 2. OK – so here’s the real introduction to Rocks & Minerals
  • 3. Minerals can be identified by their chemical and physical properties.
  • 6. What does that mean?!?!?! --Not a gas or a liquid --Has a definite shape and volume QUESTION? Is oil a mineral?? Answer… No, because it is a liquid. So lid ,E ar th Ma ter ial
  • 8. --Not formed from living things or the remains of living things Inorgan ic What does that mean?!?!?! --NON-LIVING!! EXAMPLES 1. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from plants. 2. Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from tree sap. 3. A pearl is NOT a mineral because it comes from oysters.
  • 9. -Gold (Au) -Pyrite (FeS²) -Graphite (C) -Diamond (C) lF Ch em ica --Chemical formula can be found on page 16 of ESRT. EXAMPLES De fin ite --The elements that make up the minerals are combined in definite proportions orm ula What does that mean?!?!?!
  • 10. What does that mean?!?!?! --Atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern --Each mineral has a different INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS that gives it distinct physical and chemical properties it e fin De r C st y lS a uc tr re tu
  • 11. What does that mean?!?!?! QUESTION How does the mineral graphite, which is soft have the same chemical formula as diamond, which is the hardest mineral in the world? ANSWER Because their internal arrangement of atoms are different ite fin e D ry C re tu uc tr lS ta s
  • 12. How are Minerals Identified?? Fill in the spiders legs as we go!!
  • 13. Minerals can be identified by their chemical and physical properties.
  • 14. How are Minerals Identified?? --Least useful for identification --One mineral can come in many colors EXAMPLE: --Hematite: Comes in black, red and brown Co lo r
  • 15. How are Minerals Identified?? 1. Some minerals are always the same color Sulfur 2. Some minerals can have many colors Smoky Quartz Rose Quartz Quartz
  • 16. Colors can vary as a result of… A. Chemical Impurities– Cobalt compounds tend to be pink, purple, or blue Manganese—tends to produce pink colors
  • 17. Colors can vary as a result of… B. Oxidation—exposure to air and water changing the color of the mineral. Ex. Rust --Iron is the dominant coloring agent in rocks and soils
  • 18. How are Minerals Identified?? --the color of a mineral when it is finely powdered --determined by rubbing the mineral on a piece of tile Hematite has a reddish-brown streak. St rea k
  • 19. How are Minerals Identified?? --describes how a mineral appears to reflect light Lus t There are 2 categories in which a minerals luster can fall… Metallic OR er Non-Metallic
  • 20. How are Minerals Identified?? A. Metallic– reflects light like metal (shiny) Graphite Galena Pyrite
  • 21. How are Minerals Identified?? B. Non-Metallic—any mineral which DOES NOT exhibit shiny metallic characteristics Ex. Quartz
  • 24. How are Minerals Identified?? --Resistance of a mineral to being scratched --Moh’s Hardness Scale —compares the hardness of the mineral to 10 reference minerals. Hardness
  • 25. How is Hardness Determined?? Softest Hardest The scale consists of number 1 through 10; 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest. Each number represents a different mineraleach harder than the previous. The 10 minerals are to the left.
  • 26. How is Hardness Determined?? Several common household items have a fixed hardness, and can be used to test for hardness. -Fingernail = 2.5 -Copper penny = 3-3.5 -Nail = 4.5 -Knife blade = 5.5 -Glass = 5.5 -Steel file = 6.5 -Streak plate = 7
  • 27. What Determines Hardness? --Hardness is determined by a minerals internal arrangement of atoms. Ex. Diamond vs. Graphite -Diamond has hardness of 10 and graphite is ranked between 1 and 2. Diamond is about 40 times harder than graphite due to the way the atoms are arranged. --Hardness is the best property to use to identify a mineral.
  • 28. How are Minerals Identified?? e or vag Clea re ractu F Cleavage—when a mineral breaks along a flat, smooth surface
  • 29. Examples of Minerals that show Cleavage Mica exhibits basal cleavage. Galena exhibits cubic cleavage.
  • 31. What Determines Cleavage and Hardness? A minerals internal arrangement of atoms!!
  • 32. How are Minerals Identified?? Fracture—When a mineral breaks along irregular rough surfaces. e or vag Clea ure act Fr EX. Quartz
  • 33. How are Minerals Identified?? --The amount of matter in a given space (mass/volume) r Heft nsity o De Depends on… -kind of atoms which make up the mineral -how the atoms are arranged in the crystal lattice
  • 34. How are Minerals Identified?? Crystal Shape --Minerals have a characteristic crystal shape resulting from the atomic packing of the atoms when the mineral is forming
  • 35. How are Minerals Identified?? -Magnetism (Magnetite) -Glowing under ultraviolet light (Fluorite) -Salty taste (Halite) -Smell (Sulfur) Spe cial Pr ope rtie s -Reaction to HCl (Calcite)
  • 38. How are rocks formed? Rocks are classified by their process of formation.
  • 39. The Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks • The Rock Cycle describes the continually changing structure of rocks. Magma Metamorphic Rocks Sediments Sedimentary Rocks
  • 40. Texture and Grain Size • Texture is described based on grain size, grain shape, and grain pattern. • Most rocks are made up of tiny particles of minerals or other rocks, which are called grains. • A rock’s grains give it its texture
  • 41. Distribution of Rocks in the U.S.
  • 42. Rocks  Made of two or more different minerals that have been: • cemented together (Sedimentary) • squeezed and heated together (Metamorphic) • melted and cooled together (Igneous)
  • 43. ROCKS Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous sediments and minerals are compacted and cemented With dissolved minerals Clastic – pieces of other rocks Cemented into rock Chemical – Evaporites From seawater Organic/Bioclastic Remains of plants Or animals which Are transformed Into rock
  • 44. Igneous Rock • Igneous rock forms when magma or lava COOLS Solidifies Crystallizes hardens
  • 46. TEXTURE Intrusive or Plutonic Extrusive or Volcanic Coarse Grained large crystals Non-Vesicular (no gas bubbles) Fine Grained (small crystals) Glassy Gas Pockets (vesicular) Magma LAVA Underground Above ground Slow cooling FAST cooling
  • 48. Igneous Rock Mineral Composition Light Colored Dark Colored Rocks Called Rocks Called FELSIC MAFIC Low density High Density Rich in Aluminum Rich in IRON & Magnesium
  • 49. Sedimentary Rocks Form when SEDIMENTS And Minerals Are cemented together The 3 types of sedimentary rock are Clastic Chemical Organic
  • 50. Origins of Sedimentary Rock – Draw an arrow from “CLASTIC” •Through the process of weathering , rock is loosened and carried away with wind and water by As the layers stack up, they become heavier until the weight squeezes the layers together during compaction . erosion . The sediment then settles out of the wind and water during deposition. The deposition sediment begins to settle out and form layers . Dissolved minerals act as glue in a process known as . Cementation
  • 51. • This is a sample of sandstone, a sedimentary rock that formed from sand grains.
  • 52. Chemical • Formed when minerals dissolved in water, precipitate out and form crystals on the sea floor – Includes evaporites.
  • 54. Organic (bioclastic) – rocks formed from the remains of plants and/or animals that undergoes a transformation into rock.
  • 55. • This is a sample of limestone, a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate that formed under water indirectly from the remains of tiny marine organisms.
  • 57. Metamorphic Rocks Conditions that cause rocks to : undergo metamorphism include • Deep burial and pressure or hot contact zones • Metamorphic rocks are often found in mountainous regions You’ll have to add this to your notes on page 8
  • 58. Metamorphic Rocks – formed when a rock is changed by Heat Pressure Chemical due to Contact Metamorphic rocks are characterized by: • Increased DENSITY • NEW Minerals • BANDING
  • 59. Metamorphic Rocks are classified by the arrangement of their: MINERALS
  • 60. Into two types of metamorphic rocks called: Foliated Where the minerals grains are Squeezed and curved or folded and Non Foliated Where the minerals grains are Not aligned and appear MASSIVE
  • 64. • Increasing metamorphic change occurs with increasing temperatures and pressures. • If the melting point is reached, the change is no longer metamorphic, and igneous rocks are formed AGAIN.