6. What does that mean?!?!?!
--Not a gas or a liquid
--Has a definite
shape and volume
QUESTION?
Is oil a mineral??
Answer…
No, because it is a liquid.
So
lid
,E
ar
th
Ma
ter
ial
8. --Not formed from living
things or the remains of
living things
Inorgan
ic
What does that mean?!?!?!
--NON-LIVING!!
EXAMPLES
1. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from plants.
2. Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from tree sap.
3. A pearl is NOT a mineral because it comes from oysters.
9. -Gold (Au)
-Pyrite (FeS²)
-Graphite (C)
-Diamond (C)
lF
Ch
em
ica
--Chemical formula can
be found on page 16 of
ESRT.
EXAMPLES
De
fin
ite
--The elements that make
up the minerals are combined
in definite proportions
orm
ula
What does that mean?!?!?!
10. What does that mean?!?!?!
--Atoms are arranged
in a repeating pattern
--Each mineral has a
different INTERNAL
ARRANGEMENT OF
ATOMS that gives it
distinct physical and
chemical properties
it e
fin
De
r
C
st
y
lS
a
uc
tr
re
tu
11. What does that
mean?!?!?!
QUESTION
How does the mineral graphite,
which is soft have the same
chemical formula as diamond,
which is the hardest mineral
in the world?
ANSWER
Because their internal
arrangement of atoms are different
ite
fin
e
D
ry
C
re
tu
uc
tr
lS
ta
s
14. How are Minerals Identified??
--Least useful for
identification
--One mineral can
come in many colors
EXAMPLE:
--Hematite: Comes in black, red and brown
Co
lo
r
15. How are Minerals Identified??
1. Some minerals are always the same color
Sulfur
2. Some minerals can have many colors
Smoky Quartz
Rose Quartz
Quartz
16. Colors can vary as a result of…
A. Chemical Impurities– Cobalt compounds tend
to be pink, purple, or blue
Manganese—tends to produce
pink colors
17. Colors can vary as a result of…
B. Oxidation—exposure to air and water
changing the color of the mineral.
Ex. Rust
--Iron is the dominant coloring agent in
rocks and soils
18. How are Minerals Identified??
--the color of a
mineral when it is
finely powdered
--determined by
rubbing the mineral
on a piece of tile
Hematite has a
reddish-brown streak.
St
rea
k
19. How are Minerals Identified??
--describes how a
mineral appears to
reflect light
Lus
t
There are 2
categories in
which a minerals
luster can fall…
Metallic
OR
er
Non-Metallic
20. How are Minerals Identified??
A. Metallic– reflects light like metal (shiny)
Graphite
Galena
Pyrite
21. How are Minerals Identified??
B. Non-Metallic—any mineral which DOES
NOT exhibit shiny metallic characteristics
Ex. Quartz
24. How are Minerals Identified??
--Resistance of a mineral
to being scratched
--Moh’s Hardness Scale
—compares the
hardness of the mineral
to 10 reference minerals.
Hardness
25. How is Hardness Determined??
Softest
Hardest
The scale consists of
number 1 through
10; 1 being the
softest and 10 being
the hardest. Each
number represents a
different mineraleach harder than the
previous. The 10
minerals are to the
left.
26. How is Hardness Determined??
Several common household items have a
fixed hardness, and can be used to test for
hardness.
-Fingernail = 2.5
-Copper penny = 3-3.5
-Nail = 4.5
-Knife blade = 5.5
-Glass = 5.5
-Steel file = 6.5
-Streak plate = 7
27. What Determines Hardness?
--Hardness is determined by a minerals
internal arrangement of atoms.
Ex. Diamond vs. Graphite
-Diamond has hardness of 10 and graphite is ranked
between 1 and 2. Diamond is about 40 times harder
than graphite due to the way the atoms are arranged.
--Hardness is the best property to use to identify a
mineral.
28. How are Minerals Identified??
e or
vag
Clea re
ractu
F
Cleavage—when a
mineral breaks
along a flat, smooth
surface
29. Examples of Minerals that show Cleavage
Mica exhibits basal
cleavage.
Galena exhibits cubic
cleavage.
32. How are Minerals Identified??
Fracture—When a mineral
breaks along irregular rough
surfaces.
e or
vag
Clea ure
act
Fr
EX. Quartz
33. How are Minerals Identified??
--The amount of matter in a
given space
(mass/volume)
r Heft
nsity o
De
Depends on…
-kind of atoms which
make up the mineral
-how the atoms are
arranged in the crystal
lattice
34. How are Minerals Identified??
Crystal Shape
--Minerals have a
characteristic crystal
shape resulting from
the atomic packing of
the atoms when the
mineral is forming
35. How are Minerals Identified??
-Magnetism (Magnetite)
-Glowing under
ultraviolet light (Fluorite)
-Salty taste (Halite)
-Smell (Sulfur)
Spe
cial
Pr
ope
rtie
s
-Reaction to HCl
(Calcite)
39. The Rock Cycle
Igneous
Rocks
• The Rock
Cycle
describes the
continually
changing
structure of
rocks.
Magma
Metamorphic
Rocks
Sediments
Sedimentary
Rocks
40. Texture and Grain Size
• Texture is described based on grain
size, grain shape, and grain pattern.
• Most rocks are made up of tiny
particles of minerals or other rocks,
which are called grains.
• A rock’s grains give it its texture
42. Rocks
Made of two or more different minerals
that have been:
• cemented together (Sedimentary)
• squeezed and heated together
(Metamorphic)
• melted and cooled together (Igneous)
43. ROCKS
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
sediments and
minerals are compacted
and cemented
With dissolved minerals
Clastic – pieces
of other rocks
Cemented into
rock
Chemical –
Evaporites
From seawater
Organic/Bioclastic
Remains of plants
Or animals which
Are transformed
Into rock
44. Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock forms
when magma or lava
COOLS
Solidifies
Crystallizes
hardens
46. TEXTURE
Intrusive
or Plutonic
Extrusive
or Volcanic
Coarse Grained
large crystals
Non-Vesicular
(no gas bubbles)
Fine Grained (small crystals)
Glassy
Gas Pockets (vesicular)
Magma
LAVA
Underground
Above ground
Slow cooling
FAST cooling
48. Igneous Rock
Mineral Composition
Light Colored
Dark Colored
Rocks Called
Rocks Called
FELSIC
MAFIC
Low density
High Density
Rich in Aluminum
Rich in IRON &
Magnesium
50. Origins of Sedimentary Rock –
Draw an arrow from “CLASTIC”
•Through the process of
weathering
, rock is loosened and
carried away with wind and
water by
As the layers stack up,
they become heavier until
the weight squeezes the
layers together during
compaction
.
erosion
. The sediment then settles
out of the wind and water
during deposition. The
deposition
sediment begins to settle out
and form
layers
.
Dissolved minerals act as
glue in a process known
as
.
Cementation
51. • This is a sample of sandstone, a sedimentary
rock that formed from sand grains.
52. Chemical
• Formed when minerals dissolved in
water, precipitate out and form crystals
on the sea floor – Includes evaporites.
54. Organic (bioclastic) – rocks formed from
the remains of plants and/or animals
that undergoes a transformation into
rock.
55. • This is a sample of limestone, a sedimentary
rock made of calcium carbonate that formed
under water indirectly from the remains of tiny
marine organisms.
57. Metamorphic Rocks
Conditions that cause rocks to
:
undergo metamorphism include
• Deep burial and pressure or
hot contact zones
• Metamorphic rocks are
often found in mountainous
regions
You’ll have to add this to your
notes on page 8
58. Metamorphic Rocks – formed when a rock
is changed by
Heat
Pressure
Chemical due
to Contact
Metamorphic rocks are
characterized by:
•
Increased DENSITY
•
NEW Minerals
•
BANDING
60. Into two types of metamorphic
rocks called:
Foliated
Where the minerals grains are
Squeezed and
curved or
folded
and
Non Foliated
Where the minerals grains are
Not aligned
and appear
MASSIVE
64. • Increasing metamorphic change occurs with increasing
temperatures and pressures.
• If the melting point is reached, the change is no longer
metamorphic, and igneous rocks are formed AGAIN.