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Wireless Power Transmission
                      Presented by
                      Rakesh K.K.
                      4NM07EC080
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
          NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte
Overview
•   What is wireless power transmission(WPT)?
•   Why is WPT?
•   History of WPT
•   Types of WPT
      – Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly
•   Advantages and disadvantages
•   Applications
•   Conclusion
•   References

3/7/2013                   Wireless Power Transmission   2
What is WPT?
• The transmission of energy from one place to
  another without using wires
• Conventional energy transfer is using wires
• But, the wireless transmission is made
  possible by using various technologies




3/7/2013          Wireless Power Transmission    3
Why not wires?
• As per studies, most electrical energy transfer
  is through wires.
• Most of the energy loss is during transmission
      • On an average, more than 30%
      • In India, it exceeds 40%




3/7/2013              Wireless Power Transmission   4
Why WPT?

           •   Reliable
           •   Efficient
           •   Fast
           •   Low maintenance cost
           •   Can be used for short-range or long-
               range.


3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission   5
History
       •   Nikola Tesla in late 1890s
       •   Pioneer of induction techniques
       •   His vision for “World Wireless System”
       •   The 187 feet tall tower to broadcast energy
       •   All people can have access to free energy
       •   Due to shortage of funds, tower did not
           operate



3/7/2013                 Wireless Power Transmission     6
History (contd…)
• Tesla was able to transfer energy from one coil
  to another coil
• He managed to light 200 lamps from a
  distance of 40km
• The idea of Tesla is taken in to research after
  100 years by a team led by Marin Soljačid from
  MIT. The project is named as ‘WiTricity’.


3/7/2013           Wireless Power Transmission   7
Energy Coupling
• The transfer of energy
      – Magnetic coupling
      – Inductive coupling
• Simplest Wireless Energy coupling is a
  transformer




3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission   8
Types and Technologies of WPT
• Near-field techniques
      Inductive Coupling
      Resonant Inductive Coupling
      Air Ionization
• Far-field techniques
      Microwave Power Transmission (MPT)
      LASER power transmission


3/7/2013              Wireless Power Transmission   9
Inductive coupling
• Primary and secondary coils are not
  connected with wires.
• Energy transfer is due to Mutual Induction




3/7/2013          Wireless Power Transmission   10
Inductive coupling (contd…)
           • Transformer is also an example
           • Energy transfer devices are usually air-cored
           • Wireless Charging Pad(WCP),electric brushes
             are some examples
           • On a WCP, the devices are to be kept, battery
             will be automatically charged.




3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission    11
Inductive coupling(contd…)
• Electric brush also charges using inductive
  coupling
• The charging pad (primary coil) and the
  device(secondary coil) have to be kept very
  near to each other
• It is preferred because it is comfortable.
• Less use of wires
• Shock proof
3/7/2013            Wireless Power Transmission   12
Resonance Inductive Coupling(RIC)
           • Combination of inductive coupling and
             resonance
           • Resonance makes two objects interact
             very strongly
           • Inductance induces current




3/7/2013               Wireless Power Transmission   13
How resonance in RIC?
           • Coil provides the inductance
           • Capacitor is connected parallel to the coil
           • Energy will be shifting back and forth
             between magnetic field surrounding the
             coil and electric field around the capacitor
           • Radiation loss will be negligible



3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission   14
Block diagram of RIC




3/7/2013         Wireless Power Transmission   15
An example




3/7/2013    Wireless Power Transmission   16
WiTricity
           • Based on RIC
           • Led by MIT’s Marin Soljačid
           • Energy transfer wirelessly for a distance
             just more than 2m.
           • Coils were in helical shape
           • No capacitor was used
           • Efficiency achieved was around 40%


3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission      17
WiTricity (contd…)




3/7/2013        Wireless Power Transmission   18
WiTricity… Some statistics
           • Used frequencies are 1MHz
             and 10MHz
           • At 1Mhz, field strengths
             were safe for human
           • At 10MHz, Field strengths
             were more than ICNIRP
             standards


3/7/2013              Wireless Power Transmission   19
WiTricity now…
           • No more helical coils
           • Companies like Intel are also working on
             devices that make use of RIC
           • Researches for decreasing the field
             strength
           • Researches to increase the range



3/7/2013               Wireless Power Transmission   20
RIC vs. inductive coupling
• RIC is highly efficient
• RIC has much greater range than inductive
  coupling
• RIC is directional when compared to inductive
  coupling
• RIC can be one-to-many. But usually inductive
  coupling is one-to-one
• Devices using RIC technique are highly
  portable
3/7/2013           Wireless Power Transmission   21
Air Ionization
           • Toughest technique under
             near-field energy transfer
             techniques
           • Air ionizes only when
             there is a high field
           • Needed field is 2.11MV/m
           • Natural example:
             Lightening
           • Not feasible for practical
             implementation
3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission   22
Advantages of near-field techniques
           • No wires
           • No e-waste
           • Need for battery is
             eliminated
           • Efficient energy
             transfer using RIC
           • Harmless, if field
             strengths under
             safety levels
           • Maintenance cost is
             less
3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission   23
Disadvantages
•   Distance constraint
•   Field strengths have to be under safety levels
•   Initial cost is high
•   In RIC, tuning is difficult
•   High frequency signals must be the supply
•   Air ionization technique is not feasible



3/7/2013             Wireless Power Transmission     24
Far-field energy transfer
•   Radiative
•   Needs line-of-sight
•   LASER or microwave
•   Aims at high power transfer
•   Tesla’s tower was built for this


3/7/2013           Wireless Power Transmission   25
Microwave Power Transfer(MPT)
           • Transfers high power from one place to
             another. Two places being in line of sight
             usually
           • Steps:
             – Electrical energy to microwave energy
             – Capturing microwaves using rectenna
             – Microwave energy to electrical energy



3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission    26
MP T (contd…)
• AC can not be directly converted to microwave
  energy
• AC is converted to DC first
• DC is converted to microwaves using
  magnetron
• Transmitted waves are received at rectenna
  which rectifies, gives DC as the output
• DC is converted back to AC
3/7/2013          Wireless Power Transmission   27
LASER transmission
           • LASER is highly directional, coherent
           • Not dispersed for very long
           • But, gets attenuated when it propagates
             through atmosphere
           • Simple receiver
             – Photovoltaic cell
           • Cost-efficient


3/7/2013                 Wireless Power Transmission   28
Solar Power Satellites (SPS)

           • To provide energy to earth’s increasing
             energy need
           • To efficiently make use of renewable
             energy i.e., solar energy
           • SPS are placed in geostationary orbits



3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission    29
SPS (contd…)
• Solar energy is captured using photocells
• Each SPS may have 400 million photocells
• Transmitted to earth in the form of
  microwaves/LASER
• Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the energy is
  converted to electrical energy
• Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave is used.


3/7/2013           Wireless Power Transmission   30
Rectenna
•   Stands for rectifying antenna
•   Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes
•   Converts microwave to its DC equivalent
•   Usually multi-element phased array




3/7/2013            Wireless Power Transmission   31
Rectenna in US
• Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of power
  from SPS
• It is about one and a half mile long




3/7/2013         Wireless Power Transmission   32
Other projects
• Alaska’21




• Grand Bassin
• Hawaii

3/7/2013         Wireless Power Transmission   33
LASER vs. MPT
• When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be
  much smaller
• Microwaves can face interference (two
  frequencies can be used for WPT are 2.45GHz
  and 5.4GHz)
• LASER has high attenuation loss and also it
  gets diffracted by atmospheric particles easily


3/7/2013           Wireless Power Transmission   34
Advantages of far-field energy transfer

• Efficient
• Easy
• Need for grids, substations etc are eliminated
• Low maintenance cost
• More effective when the transmitting and
  receiving points are along a line-of-sight
• Can reach the places which are remote

3/7/2013            Wireless Power Transmission   35
Disadvantages of far-field energy trasnfer

•   Radiative
•   Needs line-of-sight
•   Initial cost is high
•   When LASERs are used,
      – conversion is inefficient
      – Absorption loss is high
• When microwaves are used,
      – interference may arise
      – FRIED BIRD effect

3/7/2013                  Wireless Power Transmission   36
Applications
• Near-field energy transfer
      – Electric automobile charging
           • Static and moving
      – Consumer electronics
      – Industrial purposes
           • Harsh environment
• Far-field energy transfer
      – Solar Power Satellites
      – Energy to remote areas
      – Can broadcast energy globally (in future)

3/7/2013                         Wireless Power Transmission   37
Conclusion
•   Transmission without wires- a reality
•   Efficient
•   Low maintenance cost. But, high initial cost
•   Better than conventional wired transfer
•   Energy crisis can be decreased
•   Low loss
•   In near future, world will be completely wireless



3/7/2013               Wireless Power Transmission      38
References
• S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham,” Wireless
  power transmission – a next generation power transmission
  system”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
  (Volume 1 – No. 13)
• Peter Vaessen,” Wireless Power Transmission”, Leonardo
  Energy, September 2009
• C.C. Leung, T.P. Chan, K.C. Lit, K.W. Tam and Lee Yi Chow, “Wireless Power
  Transmission and Charging Pad”
• David Schneider, “Electrons unplugged”, IEEE Spectrum, May 2010
• Shahrzad Jalali Mazlouman, Alireza Mahanfar, Bozena Kaminska, “Mid-
  range Wireless Energy Transfer Using Inductive Resonance for Wireless
  Sensors”
• Chunbo Zhu, Kai Liu, Chunlai Yu, Rui Ma, Hexiao Cheng, “Simulation and
  Experimental Analysis on Wireless Energy Transfer Based on Magnetic
  Resonances”, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference
  (VPPC), September 3-5, 2008


3/7/2013                      Wireless Power Transmission                      39
References(contd…)
• André Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J. D.
  Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher and Marin Soljačid, “Wireless
  Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic
  Resonances”, Science, June 2007
• T. R. Robinson, T. K. Yeoman and R. S.
  Dhillon, “Environmental impact of high power density
  microwave beams on different atmospheric layers”,
• White Paper on Solar Power Satellite (SPS)
  Systems, URSI, September 2006
• Richard M. Dickinson, and Jerry Grey, “Lasers for Wireless
  Power Transmission”
• S.S. Ahmed, T.W. Yeong and H.B. Ahmad, “Wireless power
  transmission and its annexure to the grid system”

3/7/2013                Wireless Power Transmission            40
THANK YOU!


3/7/2013     Wireless Power Transmission   41

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Ppt seminar

  • 1. Wireless Power Transmission Presented by Rakesh K.K. 4NM07EC080 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte
  • 2. Overview • What is wireless power transmission(WPT)? • Why is WPT? • History of WPT • Types of WPT – Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly • Advantages and disadvantages • Applications • Conclusion • References 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 2
  • 3. What is WPT? • The transmission of energy from one place to another without using wires • Conventional energy transfer is using wires • But, the wireless transmission is made possible by using various technologies 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 3
  • 4. Why not wires? • As per studies, most electrical energy transfer is through wires. • Most of the energy loss is during transmission • On an average, more than 30% • In India, it exceeds 40% 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 4
  • 5. Why WPT? • Reliable • Efficient • Fast • Low maintenance cost • Can be used for short-range or long- range. 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 5
  • 6. History • Nikola Tesla in late 1890s • Pioneer of induction techniques • His vision for “World Wireless System” • The 187 feet tall tower to broadcast energy • All people can have access to free energy • Due to shortage of funds, tower did not operate 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 6
  • 7. History (contd…) • Tesla was able to transfer energy from one coil to another coil • He managed to light 200 lamps from a distance of 40km • The idea of Tesla is taken in to research after 100 years by a team led by Marin Soljačid from MIT. The project is named as ‘WiTricity’. 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 7
  • 8. Energy Coupling • The transfer of energy – Magnetic coupling – Inductive coupling • Simplest Wireless Energy coupling is a transformer 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 8
  • 9. Types and Technologies of WPT • Near-field techniques Inductive Coupling Resonant Inductive Coupling Air Ionization • Far-field techniques Microwave Power Transmission (MPT) LASER power transmission 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 9
  • 10. Inductive coupling • Primary and secondary coils are not connected with wires. • Energy transfer is due to Mutual Induction 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 10
  • 11. Inductive coupling (contd…) • Transformer is also an example • Energy transfer devices are usually air-cored • Wireless Charging Pad(WCP),electric brushes are some examples • On a WCP, the devices are to be kept, battery will be automatically charged. 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 11
  • 12. Inductive coupling(contd…) • Electric brush also charges using inductive coupling • The charging pad (primary coil) and the device(secondary coil) have to be kept very near to each other • It is preferred because it is comfortable. • Less use of wires • Shock proof 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 12
  • 13. Resonance Inductive Coupling(RIC) • Combination of inductive coupling and resonance • Resonance makes two objects interact very strongly • Inductance induces current 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 13
  • 14. How resonance in RIC? • Coil provides the inductance • Capacitor is connected parallel to the coil • Energy will be shifting back and forth between magnetic field surrounding the coil and electric field around the capacitor • Radiation loss will be negligible 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 14
  • 15. Block diagram of RIC 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 15
  • 16. An example 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 16
  • 17. WiTricity • Based on RIC • Led by MIT’s Marin Soljačid • Energy transfer wirelessly for a distance just more than 2m. • Coils were in helical shape • No capacitor was used • Efficiency achieved was around 40% 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 17
  • 18. WiTricity (contd…) 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 18
  • 19. WiTricity… Some statistics • Used frequencies are 1MHz and 10MHz • At 1Mhz, field strengths were safe for human • At 10MHz, Field strengths were more than ICNIRP standards 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 19
  • 20. WiTricity now… • No more helical coils • Companies like Intel are also working on devices that make use of RIC • Researches for decreasing the field strength • Researches to increase the range 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 20
  • 21. RIC vs. inductive coupling • RIC is highly efficient • RIC has much greater range than inductive coupling • RIC is directional when compared to inductive coupling • RIC can be one-to-many. But usually inductive coupling is one-to-one • Devices using RIC technique are highly portable 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 21
  • 22. Air Ionization • Toughest technique under near-field energy transfer techniques • Air ionizes only when there is a high field • Needed field is 2.11MV/m • Natural example: Lightening • Not feasible for practical implementation 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 22
  • 23. Advantages of near-field techniques • No wires • No e-waste • Need for battery is eliminated • Efficient energy transfer using RIC • Harmless, if field strengths under safety levels • Maintenance cost is less 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 23
  • 24. Disadvantages • Distance constraint • Field strengths have to be under safety levels • Initial cost is high • In RIC, tuning is difficult • High frequency signals must be the supply • Air ionization technique is not feasible 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 24
  • 25. Far-field energy transfer • Radiative • Needs line-of-sight • LASER or microwave • Aims at high power transfer • Tesla’s tower was built for this 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 25
  • 26. Microwave Power Transfer(MPT) • Transfers high power from one place to another. Two places being in line of sight usually • Steps: – Electrical energy to microwave energy – Capturing microwaves using rectenna – Microwave energy to electrical energy 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 26
  • 27. MP T (contd…) • AC can not be directly converted to microwave energy • AC is converted to DC first • DC is converted to microwaves using magnetron • Transmitted waves are received at rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as the output • DC is converted back to AC 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 27
  • 28. LASER transmission • LASER is highly directional, coherent • Not dispersed for very long • But, gets attenuated when it propagates through atmosphere • Simple receiver – Photovoltaic cell • Cost-efficient 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 28
  • 29. Solar Power Satellites (SPS) • To provide energy to earth’s increasing energy need • To efficiently make use of renewable energy i.e., solar energy • SPS are placed in geostationary orbits 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 29
  • 30. SPS (contd…) • Solar energy is captured using photocells • Each SPS may have 400 million photocells • Transmitted to earth in the form of microwaves/LASER • Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the energy is converted to electrical energy • Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave is used. 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 30
  • 31. Rectenna • Stands for rectifying antenna • Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes • Converts microwave to its DC equivalent • Usually multi-element phased array 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 31
  • 32. Rectenna in US • Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of power from SPS • It is about one and a half mile long 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 32
  • 33. Other projects • Alaska’21 • Grand Bassin • Hawaii 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 33
  • 34. LASER vs. MPT • When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much smaller • Microwaves can face interference (two frequencies can be used for WPT are 2.45GHz and 5.4GHz) • LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets diffracted by atmospheric particles easily 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 34
  • 35. Advantages of far-field energy transfer • Efficient • Easy • Need for grids, substations etc are eliminated • Low maintenance cost • More effective when the transmitting and receiving points are along a line-of-sight • Can reach the places which are remote 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 35
  • 36. Disadvantages of far-field energy trasnfer • Radiative • Needs line-of-sight • Initial cost is high • When LASERs are used, – conversion is inefficient – Absorption loss is high • When microwaves are used, – interference may arise – FRIED BIRD effect 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 36
  • 37. Applications • Near-field energy transfer – Electric automobile charging • Static and moving – Consumer electronics – Industrial purposes • Harsh environment • Far-field energy transfer – Solar Power Satellites – Energy to remote areas – Can broadcast energy globally (in future) 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 37
  • 38. Conclusion • Transmission without wires- a reality • Efficient • Low maintenance cost. But, high initial cost • Better than conventional wired transfer • Energy crisis can be decreased • Low loss • In near future, world will be completely wireless 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 38
  • 39. References • S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham,” Wireless power transmission – a next generation power transmission system”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) (Volume 1 – No. 13) • Peter Vaessen,” Wireless Power Transmission”, Leonardo Energy, September 2009 • C.C. Leung, T.P. Chan, K.C. Lit, K.W. Tam and Lee Yi Chow, “Wireless Power Transmission and Charging Pad” • David Schneider, “Electrons unplugged”, IEEE Spectrum, May 2010 • Shahrzad Jalali Mazlouman, Alireza Mahanfar, Bozena Kaminska, “Mid- range Wireless Energy Transfer Using Inductive Resonance for Wireless Sensors” • Chunbo Zhu, Kai Liu, Chunlai Yu, Rui Ma, Hexiao Cheng, “Simulation and Experimental Analysis on Wireless Energy Transfer Based on Magnetic Resonances”, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 3-5, 2008 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 39
  • 40. References(contd…) • André Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher and Marin Soljačid, “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances”, Science, June 2007 • T. R. Robinson, T. K. Yeoman and R. S. Dhillon, “Environmental impact of high power density microwave beams on different atmospheric layers”, • White Paper on Solar Power Satellite (SPS) Systems, URSI, September 2006 • Richard M. Dickinson, and Jerry Grey, “Lasers for Wireless Power Transmission” • S.S. Ahmed, T.W. Yeong and H.B. Ahmad, “Wireless power transmission and its annexure to the grid system” 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 40
  • 41. THANK YOU! 3/7/2013 Wireless Power Transmission 41