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- 1. • “Native” Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks
- 2. – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west – Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
- 3. • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing – Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel • England supplants Spain
- 4. – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond • England Colonizes in a Big Way
- 5. • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit – Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time” • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr
- 6. – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright
- 7. • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives? • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629 • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households
- 8. • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
- 9. • The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God • Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp
- 10. • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock • Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan society – Ergot • The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots
- 11. • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
- 12. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados in south • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crops – Eliza Lucas – VA influence in north • Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah • Navigation Acts – Mercantilism—raw materials – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated – Designed to make money and stop competition – Board of Trade • Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole – Ignoring leads to more wealth • Admiralty Courts
- 13. • Crown attacks colonies charters – Mass Bay Colony charter revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct English control • All land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Influenced colonists to rise as well • Mass Bay restored with additions – Leisler’s Rebellion – Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them – North Carolina • Tuscarora—many enslaved – South Carolina • Yamassee – Abused by whites (sold into slavery) – Threatened lands – Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese
- 14. – Africans practiced violence • Europeans didn’t have to • Xtianized them instead – Triangular Trade • Products/ trade became basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono – Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom. • Colonial experiences – The Great Awakening • First shared • Religious indifference – Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers – Most didn’t go to church • Revivals – Jonathan Edwards » Sinners… • Led to religious diversity • Enlightenment – Liberty, liberty, property » John Locke • Right of rebellion » Peter Zenger – Religion
- 15. » Deism » God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin » Poor Richard’s • Work & wealth • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes—Jesuits – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi – No suppression of Indian – They liked European goods • Kept Spanish out • Wars with the French – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European affairs • Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection – King George’s War – Louisbourg • Colonists furious – Boston widows • French and Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley
- 16. • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin » Win Indians—they made no commitment » Colonists meet annually » Colonies & crown refused • Not enough or too much independence – General Braddock • Duquesne—war declared • Colonists refused to fight • British thought colonists bear the responsibility • Indians side with French—less land-hungry – William Pitt—Great Commoner • Picked better commanders – Recruitment was local now • Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt – Boon to colonies economy – Turning point • Focus on North America
- 17. – Attack Quebec – Cripple France’s colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe & Montcalm » Iroquois allied w/ GB – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land as colonists mover west • England east, Spain west
- 18. – Colonial hangover • Colonists have military confidence • Colonist officers treated poorly – No promotions—British discipline brutal – Amateurs • British concerns – Americans traded with enemy – Americans begin to head west – Pontiac’s Rebellion • Refused to surrender lands • Britain raised prices • Several British forts attacked • Many lives lost, long time to quell • Britain retaliated with germ warfare – Proclamation of 1763 • Keep peace—no settling west • Stationed soldiers here for same • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act • Sugar Act – Molasses Act
- 19. – Rewards for capture • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned • Boycott worked
- 20. • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co.
- 21. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • “Intolerable” Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » “we must hang together…” – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75
- 22. – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax
- 23. • Ethan Allen • Canadian Invasion – Ben Arnold • Fawkes Day – Americans need European support • Common Sense/ Thomas Paine • Hessian = war’s unpopularity • Independence needed for European support – Richard Henry Lee – “these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states” – Committee formed • Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al • SC & GA edit – “all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…” – Government purpose is to allow constituents… – Government derive their power – If government fails… • All signers… treason! – All states were encouraged to write const • All took power away from executive • Battle of New York – No pursuit – Lots of desertion – The Crisis • Brit ad/disadvantages
- 24. – Profession army – 3000 miles – Re-conquer w/o destroy • Divide and conquer • Tories • Keep allegiance • Americans – Good generals/ bad also – Home game – Bonus (land) for enlistment • Women – Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher • New Jersey – Delaware River • Trenton • Princeton • Britain attempts to cut off NE – Howe – Philadelphia – Burgoyne – Saratoga • One of the world’s biggest! • French – Repossess – Reconcile?
- 25. • Home-rule • Philadelphia – Brandywine – Accomplished nothing – Fired-up colonists • Valley Forge – Baron von Steuben – Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy • War in the west – Iroquois Alliance – George Rogers Clark – Indians neutral to British • War on the sea – John Paul Jones • Bonhomme Richard – Privateers • War in the South – Charleston/ Savannah • Put Tories in charge • African-Americans • Nathaniel Greene – “we fight, get beat, fight again – Guerrilla warfare » Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter » Drag British inland
- 26. – Yorktown • De Grasse • Cut their loses – Treaty of Paris
- 27. • State Constitutions – Reduced power of governors – Most bi-cameral – Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised • South—at least you ain’t Black – VA had Bill of Rights • Republican government – Elected reps – Most favor weak central government – Articles of Confed. • 1st constitution – Conduct foreign affairs – Maintain armed forces – Borrow money – Issue currency » Could not » Regulate trade » Draft an army » Tax » To pass law—9 of 13 » To amend—all 13 » No exec, no judicial » Tariff tried but… – One vote per state – Ratification problems
- 28. » Western lands • March 1781 • Accomplishments – Won war – Foreign affairs – New states • Land Policy – Ordinance 1785 • First independent source of revenue • rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education • 640 acres each—$1 per acre • Public auction • Speculators – Ordinance of 1787 • Northwest Territory • 3 to 5 states • 60,000 • Equal to others • Bill of Rights • No slavery – Fugitive slave law included • Problems with money – Soldiers wages – 1781 march on PHL – Paper $ worthless
- 29. – Dept. of Finance created • Robert Morris • 5% on imports – Denied—A of C government could get too powerful • Depression – Rice crop destroyed – Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes – West Indies closed to trade (Britain) – Britain flooded • Shay’s Rebellion – Mass broke – Tax farmers – Judge taking lands – Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal – 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops • Many feared future rebellions • A of C not strong enough • Slavery – Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states – Manumission – All men…. Quok Walker • Only humans in South – NJ let free & women vote • Constitutional Convention – Annapolis Conference
- 30. – Madison/Hamilton • Changes—A of C too weak • 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich • Closed doors no notes – VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states • VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature • People choose lower, lower chooses upper • NJ one house one vote per state • Plural execs – The Great Compromise • Roger Sherman • 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states) • 3/5 clause • Slavery not interfered with till 1808 • 9 of 13 states required to ratify • Ratification – Federalists – Anti-Federalists • Fear of a distant power • Bill of Rights – Delaware • New Hampshire • Virginia – B of Rights to be added • New York
- 31. – Federalist essays • Detailed failure of A of C • First Election – Washington • Adams • Dept of State—Jefferson • Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton • Dept of War • Cabinet (advisers) – Adams just presided of Senate • Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Ct. – John Jay • Bill of Rights – Madison – 12—10 – Nothing on who could vote • Financial Problems – Hamilton • Tariff – To protect/ foster – South no, North yes • Report on Public Credit • Fed debt (par) – Speculators—wealthy have stake
- 32. • Assumption – States – South not happy – Washington • National Bank • Vault, loans, currency • Strict • Loose—Necessary & Proper • Political parties • Whiskey Rebellion – Hamilton’s programs • 25% • Barter = no cash • Serious threat • Nationalize PA militia • Frontier Problems – Indians look to Britain/Spain – Anthony Wayne • Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 • Treaty of Greenville 1795 – Ohio • European Problems – French Revolution – Neutrality – Citizen Genet
- 33. – Jefferson resigns – British impress • Jay’s Treaty – Hamilton’s role – Northwest – Withdraw – Pay for ships – Allow trade w/ British W.I. – Freed slaves – French capture US ships • Executive Privilege – Pinckney’s Treaty • Right of Deposit • Mississippi • Washington’s Farewell – Precedent – Party system – Foreign alliances • Election of 1796 – Adams/ Chas. Pinckney – Jefferson/ Burr – 71-68 – 12th Amendment • Adam’s Presidency – Problems w/ France
- 34. • XYZ Affair – Shipping – Talleyrand • Undeclared war – Dept of Navy – Alien & Sedition Acts • Aimed at Republicans – 14 year naturalization • Sedition Act – KY & VA Resolutions • Constitution a compact • Nullification