Provides an overview of gender and DRR issues and its relevance in a Caribbean context

1. Gender and Disaster Risk ReductionAn Overview Leisa Perch, Team Leader – Rural and Sustainable Development IPC-IG July 11th, 2011

2. Outline of Presentation Gender and Development Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction: Case Study – Grenada Case Study – St. Lucia Case Study - St. Kitts and Nevis Gender Mainstreaming in DRR Gender Analysis for Improved Development Results Gender and Climate Change

3. Terminology Gender and Development: understanding how socially and culturally defined roles prescribe opportunities and capabilities for women and men and impacts on their capacity for education, employment, for accessing services Gender Mainstreaming: In July 1997, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) defined the concept of gender mainstreaming as follows: "Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels. It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality." Gender Analysis: examines the differences in women's and men's lives, including those which lead to social and economic inequity for women, and applies this understanding to policy development and service delivery is concerned with the underlying causes of these inequities aims to achieve positive change for women (GRDC)

4. “Gender equality is an issue of developmental effectiveness, not just a matter of political correctness or kindness to women” (WB, 2002:1). Gender and Development

5. Gender and Development Everybody has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of his/herself and of his/her family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/her control. (United Nations, Declaration of Human Rights Article 25 (1))

6. Addressing Gender is SMART development Leaving 50% of the population out of development weakens the sustainability of growth and development Targeting women can be strategic and be a multiplier for development: “impact on household investment in nutrition, health, and education of children than extra income going to fathers” (World Bank 1995:28). When women are empowered, growth and the rate of growth improves (Klasen, 2006) Increased output of goods and services, increased leisure, increased conservation of the environment, increased capacities to enjoy good health, to exercise skills, and to participate in decision making (Barriteau, 2005)

7. Taken from the Report of Third Working Group on Primary Education and General Equality of the Millennium Project, 2005

8. Gender dimensions of development According to the best available data approximately 30% of those who live on less than a dollar each day are men. Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours yet receive only 10% of the world’s income. Men own 99% of the world’s property. Women members of parliament globally average only 17% of all seats. 92% of all of the world’s cabinet ministers are men. Seventy-five percent of the world’s 876 million illiterate adults are women. Worldwide women received 78% of the wages received by men for the same work, although in some regions, they have a better educational background. In some parts of the world, the wage gap between women and men is close to 40%. Of the 550 million low-paid workers in the world, 40% are men. In a sample of 141 countries over the period 1981–2002, it was found that natural disasters (and their subsequent impact) on average kill more women than men or kill women at an earlier age than men. Sources: Social Watch, 2007 and 2008; Oxfam, 2007; Neumayer and Plümper, 2007; and ILO, 2008.

9. Gender – More than about women “Development cannot be achieved if half of the world’s population is left out” – Helen Clark Beyond sex and biology Social and cultural constructs Definitions of masculine and feminine and how these define power and access Includes focus on women’s empowerment (based on clear data on women’s disadvantage) Engagement with men and male leaders on solutions Understanding and working to adjust notions of masculinity which encourage violence and unequal advantage

10. Gender and Disaster Risk

11. A conceptual framework for vulnerability Source: AshaKambon, 2005

12. What do We know about Gender and Development in the Caribbean Different impacts for men and women in development – different issues and implications (Trotz, 2003) Increased feminization of poverty – increasing no. of poor female headed households Increasing feminization of HIV-AIDS in the region (see HIV-AIDS presentation) Higher attrition amongst males in secondary school Challenges for women go beyond them –by implication impacts on children and their development and role in society Socialization, gender roles and culture have impacts on many things we do and why and how we do them Educational attainment not translating in livelihood, employment and income – twice as many women unemployed than men (STL, 2004)

13. Framework for the social dimension of vulnerability to a natural disaster Source: AshaKabon, 2005

14. Case Study – Post-Ivan Grenada Main impacts – housing, agriculture and tourism Agriculture: women were mainly processers in nutmeg industry; owned little of the industry. Were immediately unemployed – non-mobile skills. Households: Fifty-one (51%) of Grenada’s households are headed by womenwith significant dependents. How to repair houses? Women make up the majority of the workforce in the tourism sector and a significantly large percent of agriculture workers. Only 30% of Grenada’s hotels are likely to be operational by the end of 2005. Reported sex for food transactions and coercion (UNECLAC/UNIFEM/UNDP, 2005) Construction – huge source of investment BUT……………..

15. Gender and Land Tenure in Grenada Gender differentiation in land ownership (2005 CWIQ, survey)

16. Poverty indicators: Post-Ivan

17. Lessons on Gender and Environment from Disasters (Kambon, 2005)

18. Case Study – St. Kitts and Nevis (GEC) HDI Rank: 62; GDP per capita over 14K; Debt to GDP – 187%. GDP declined by -8% in GEC; 2005 the sugar industry was closed affected 15% of labour force The lack of insurance, particularly health insurance, potentially exposes the poor and vulnerable in St. Kitts and Nevis: it is estimated that about 70 per cent of the population had no access to health insurance (Felicien, 2009a). the labour force participation rate for women was 71.6 per cent, compared to 87.2 per cent for men (St. Kitts and Nevis CPA, 2008); women’s unemployment exceeds that of men mostly in the higher quintiles (quintiles 3–5) and not in the poorest. Conversely, unemployment seemed to affect young men particularly (St Kitts and Nevis CPA, 2008: 27). Nevis – The Four Seasons closed for one year - 30 per cent drop in income for the Nevis government and 10% of labour force unemployed. (Source: Perch and Roy, 2010)

19. Kambon, 2005 Sectoral distribution of the Impact of natural Disasters on four selected Caribbean SIDS (Sept 2004)

20. Why Gender Analysis is Important Gender analysis - the process by which we reveal the social, psychological, ideological and material inequalities and power differentials existing between women and men that are outcomes of the social relations of gender at the individual and institutional levels within a society. (EudineBarriteau, 2005)

21. Understanding Gender in Reality “a basic underlying assumption embedded in the target statement, which is also highlighted in many of the outcome documents of the international conferences held in the 1990s, is that education can be used as the vehicle for women’s economic and political empowerment”, and challenges this assumption by quoting Barbara Bailey’s assertion (2003) that …education has not proven to be the vehicle for Caribbean women’s economic, political or personal empowerment. In spite of their overall higher levels of participation and performance at the secondary and tertiary levels of Caribbean education systems, the majority of the women in the region continue to be positioned in the lowest sectors of the capital market, earn lower wages than men, suffer higher rates of unemployment, experience greater levels of poverty, are under-represented in decision-making positions at the meso and macro levels of social and political institutions and lack real personal autonomy. (p.136)[i] [i]Bailey, B. 2003. The Search for Gender Equity and Empowerment of Caribbean Women: The Role of Education. In: Tang-Nain, G. & Bailey, B. (eds.) Gender Equality in the Caribbean: Reality or Illusion. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.

22. Gender and Environment/Disaster Management (1) Where does Gender Apply? Use of resources – main user and for what? Who collects the resource? Who will be most affected by change in behaviour? Do they influence others? Is there a difference in perception of the value of the resource At the “issue”, the “policy level”, “implementation”? Helps to identify other sources of vulnerability: disability, age, HIV status, dependency and other health factors

23. Gender and Environment/DRR Disaster Management? Where could gender apply? Issues in vulnerability – what are they? Who should be evacuated and when? Shelter Management – any issues? Response – who are those in need? Who were most affected? Management – who could be the drivers of change? Social Risk Analysis: What happens when you don’t take gender relations and gender into consideration – anything, nothing, something big, nothing major or something significant?

24. Case Study – Saint Lucia (2005) 38% of household-heads unemployed; incidence of unemployment is greater amongst female- rather than male-headed households (50% in the former versus 25%+ in the latter) 86% of male-headed households reporting the man as the principal income earner versus 68% of women heads in female-head households. 15% of children in women-headed households are the principal contributors to income versus less than 3% in male-headed households. 24.5% of women report household duties as the reason for being ‘economically inactive’, compared to less than 2% of men. This figure rises to almost 60% when considering women in the 30-49 age cohort. (Jackson, 2005 for UNDP Barbados and the OECS)

25. Benefits – Engendered UNTFHS project UNIFEM/UN Women and National Organization of Women on board from the initiation Gender mainstreamed from the outset A specific component on mainstreaming with specific funds allocated All implementing partners trained on gender to improve targeting and reporting in project Specific gender indicators identified in project document Improved gender analysis on DRR and Agriculture components where they were weakest Gender reflected in additional protocols for DRR in HIV/AIDS and PWDs

26. Example from UNTFHS project Objective 5: Gender considerations mainstreamed in disaster risk reduction and livelihoods approaches, and ate responses to ending gender-based violence (GBV) strengthened. (Increased access for women to microfinance by 15% and increased services for Gender-based violence by end of 2007)5.0. Mainstream gender in disaster management, livelihoods security and counselling services: 5.1. Improved understanding of gender analysis and the instruments for factoring gender issues into disaster management. 5.2. Microfinance institutions better equipped to respond to women’s needs to enhance their livelihood. 5.3 Enhanced capacity and understanding of police and justice administration personnel to respond to GBV

27. Tools Gender Analysis – UNIFEM, WEDO, UNFPA Gender Scorecards – (identifying impacts of projects/interventions before-hand): UNDP and the OECD Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (ex-ante or ex-post of policy) Engendered EIAs (SEA – few good examples exist) Post-Disaster Socio-economic Impact (UNECLAC, OECS) Post Disaster Needs Assessment (UNDP)

28. – An added dimension to DRR EfFORTS and BUILDING/SUSTAININg SOCIAL RESILIENCe Climate Change

29. Social Vulnerability: the additionality of climate change Health Access to water (by 2020, between 75 and 250 million of people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change – IPCC FAR, 2007) Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases; malaria could emerge in places it has never been Income generation Floods or droughts are both bad for small farmers and their investments Access to food and nutritious food ((By 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%, IPCC FAR/Heinrich Boll Foundation SAR) Disasters Death Destruction of property and livelihoods Resettlement Poverty: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1HWoL5Xwdk&feature=related

30. Implications for Response Responding to humanitarian crises Adaptation – building resilience in communities and identifying options for sectors such as agriculture, water, sanitation Mitigation: reducing GHGs from unplanned, crisis and emergency driven responses particularly by the poor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rnlpv_G8f94

31. Gender in Climate Change There are important gender perspectives in all aspects of climate change: 60 % of the world's poorest and most vulnerable people are women who are dependent on their natural environment to earn a living and feed their families. Gender inequalities in access to resources, including credit, extension services, information and technology, must be taken into account in developing mitigation activities. Adaptation efforts should systematically and effectively address gender-specific impacts of climate change in the areas of energy, water, food security, agriculture and fisheries, biodiversity and ecosystem services, health, industry, human settlements, disaster management, and conflict and security. Referenced from the Report of the Secretary-General on overview of UN activities in relation to climate change A/62/644.

32. IMPROVING GENDER OUTCOMES Improving Development Effectiveness

33. Building Social Resilience Improves analysis of the social and other impacts of climate change Improved understanding of impacts of repeated events on systems and social resilience (moving past event-related analysis) Can allow tracking of how long recovery takes and understanding resilience and fragility Expands our understanding of the behaviour change needed to expand renewable energy, reduce dependency on fossil fuels Will improve adaptation and mitigation – success depends on each of us individually Can help make strategic decisions for the investment of scarce resources Likely to improve human impact of climate change policy Likely to result in greater ownership by entire society of policy reform including hard choices Can reduce/eliminate ‘ additional harm’ of supposed gender-neutral policy

34. The need to mainstream and not just add….. mainstream gender perspectives into national policies, action plans and other measures on sustainable development and climate change, carrying out systematic gender analysis, collecting and utilizing sex-disaggregated data, establishing gender-sensitive indicators and benchmarks, developing practical tools to support increased attention to gender perspectives, More research on the social dimensions not only of climate change but about climate change responses i.e. human behaviour and social change, and Consultation with and participation of women in climate change initiatives and ensuring a role for women’s groups and networks. Involving the Gender Bureaux and Ministry of Social Development. [Policy Reform]

35. Examples of DRR and CC Links in Policy Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh (http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bangladesh-laying-constitutional-groundwork-to-seek-climate-damages/) Government of Maldives – Strategic National Adaptation Plan which links Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (SNAP) -www.drrprojects.net/.../drrpp_file.file.bff298f63b65aa07.4d616c64 Government of Tonga: In 2010, Tonga’s Cabinet endorsed a Joint National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (JNAP)

36. Examples of CC and Gender Bangladesh, Sao Tome e Principe and Solomon Islands Bangladesh prioritizes women and the poor in its NAPA (Government of Bangladesh, 2005), and was nominated for “Gender Champion of the Week” at the Copenhagen 2009 climate talks for its strong interventions on gender and providing significant support for women to participate in the climate talks (Somera, 2009). São Tomé e Príncipe’s NAPA offers another example of how it is possible to combine several benefits in one project: constructing two systems of water supply in rural zones combines adaptation to climate change, helps the rural poor, and decreases the burden that women face in water collection (Government of São Tomé e Príncipe, 2007).

37. Multiplier effect of Crises and Multiple Crises Fuel crisis-Food Crisis – Global Economic crisis Haiti: earthquake (201o) – 200,000+ dead; millions homeless and infrastructure devastated; cholera (early 2011): 5300 dead and thousands hospitalized; tropical storm (June 2011): 20+ dead and thousands affected by landslides Antigua and Barbuda (Jose and Lenny in 1999) and Jamaica (Wilma, Emily and Dennis in 2005; Ivan and Charley in 2004 and Isidor and Lili in 2002 and Charley and Haiti 2008)

38. Further Reading Eldis website and BRIDGE (http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/go/home&id=58722&type=Document&langid=1) http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/En/JUD-31194519-KBD UNDP CRI Reports on Gender and DRR and Gender and CC - http://www.undp.org.cu/crmi/en/doclist.asp Women’s Leadership in DRR (Oxfam): http://www.undp.org.cu/crmi/docs/oxfam-womenleaderdrr-td-2011-en.pdf http://devnet.anu.edu.au/GenderPacific/pdfs/23_gen_mainstream_hunt.pdf www.undp.org/gender www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper75.pdf

39. Thank You! For further information, Pls contact: Leisa Perch IPC-IG leisa.perch@ipc-undp.org