This lecture is intended to introduce the concepts and terminology used in Quantum Computing, to provide an overview of what a Quantum Computer is, and why you would want to program one. The material here is using very high level concepts and is designed to be accessible to both technical and non-technical audiences. Some background in physics, mathematics and programming is useful to help understand the concepts presented.

1. Quantum Computers
New Generation of Computers
PART 1
Professor Lili Saghafi
Quantum Information and Computation XIII Conference
April 2015
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
1

2. AGENDA
• Why Quantum Computers, what are QC good for
• The type of processor
• Digital Computers vs Quantum Computers
• Superposition
• Digital / Conventional computers
• A new kind of computing
• Intrinsic randomness
• Decoherence
• The use of Quantum Computers
• Quantum-readiness Plan
2

3. Introduction
• This lecture is intended to introduce the concepts
and terminology used in Quantum Computing, to
provide an overview of what a Quantum
Computer is, and why you would want to
program one.
• The material here is using very high level
concepts and is designed to be accessible to both
technical and non-technical audiences.
• Some background in physics, mathematics and
programming is useful to help understand the
concepts presented.
3

4. The Quantum Computers
• Exploits Quantum Mechanical effects
• Built around “Qubits” rather than “bits”
• Operates in an extreme environment
• Enables quantum algorithms to solve very
hard problems
4

5. WHY QUANTUM COMPUTERS
5

6. 1-Quantum Computers rely on
Quantum Mechanics to work
• The rules for the microscopic particles that make
up atoms are drastically different from the rules
for macroscopic objects that we can see with the
naked eye.
• For example, Quantum particles can exist in two
places at once, move forwards or backwards in
time, and even “teleport” by way of what
physicists call “Quantum Tunneling.”
• Scientists can’t really explain it.
6

7. Quantum Tunneling
7

8. 2-A Quantum Computer solves problems that are
impossible or impractical for a conventional computer
• Quantum Computers are good for solving optimization
problems.
• Some of these problems are so complex that it would
require an impractical amount of time for a computer to
solve. Like, billions of years.
• A classic example is the “Traveling Salesman Problem.”
Imagine a list of towns showing the distances between
each one.
• You’re a salesman trying to figure out the shortest route to
travel while still visiting every town.
• The only way to do this with a personal computer is to
record the distance of every possible route and then look
for the shortest one.
8

9. “Traveling Salesman Problem.”
• Remember that quantum bits (Qubits) ,
however, can represent more than one things
simultaneously.
• This means that a Quantum Computer can try
out an insane number of routes at the same
time and return the shortest one to you in
seconds.
9

10. “Traveling Salesman Problem.”
insane number of routes
10

11. “Traveling Salesman Problem.”
Quantum Computers can solve in
instant
11

12. 12

13. 13

14. 14

15. 3-tracing Out Potential Routes In Other Realities In
Order To Drastically Reduce The Amount Of Time
Required To Compute It
• No one can really identify the mechanism that
lets a Qubit represent more than one thing at
a time.
• It’s inherent in its weird Quantum nature and
has thus far defied understanding.
• But just because we don’t understand it
doesn’t mean it isn’t happening.
• Scientists have all kinds of ideas as to how it’s
possible
15

16. Some think that Quantum Computers are running calculations
in alternate universes!!!!
16

17. Multiverse Theory
• My favorite is the Multiverse Theory, an idea in
theoretical physics which states that there are multiple
(probably an infinite number of) alternative realities.
• The various universes within the multiverse are
sometimescalled "parallel universes" or "alternate
universes".
• In this model, a Quantum Computer solving a traveling
salesman-type problem may actually be running
calculations in alternate universes, tracing out potential
routes in other realities in order to drastically reduce
the amount of time required to compute it.
17

18. Multiverse Theory
• "Bubble universes":
every disk is a bubble
universe (Universe 1 to
Universe 6 are different
bubbles; they have
physical constants that
are different from our
universe); our universe
is just one of the
bubbles.
18

19. The basic component of Traditional Digital Computers,
presence or absence of voltage
19

20. 4-forget The Digital Bits Of Ones And Zeroes – Quantum
Computers Use Qubits
20

21. 21

22. INTERNAL PART OF A Quantum
Computer
22

23. Quantum Computers basic component is Qubit , at the
same time 0 and 1 may exist
23

24. Quantum Computer’s Qubits are
working with superconductors
24

25. Quantum Computing Will
Revolutionize Encryption
• Kryptos, the encrypted sculpture outside CIA
headquarters in Virginia.
25

26. 5-breaking Unbreakable Codes
• Outside of being handy at optimization
problems, Quantum Computers will punch
holes in our contemporary idea of encryption
and data security.
• We’re talking virtually unbreakable codes for
uninhibited communication between anyone.
26

27. Two different Quantum Computers one for breaking
codes and one for optimization
• Quantum Computers are good for mass problem.
• Factoring really large numbers , because we believe the
problem is very hard we use it as a lock for security.
• if that lock can be broken , the person with Quantum
Computers , could break most of cryptography , all
traffic going on the web , all financial transaction , all
authentication can be venerable to these Quantum
Computers.
• The other type is good for optimization , like D-Wave
system (Lowest valley in mountain area , the lowest
value , price, ...)
27
D-Wave Systems’ Quantum Computer ( a Canadian company presented the
first commercial Quantum Computers in 2011)

28. 28

29. Quantum Computers are good for
weather forecast
29

30. 6-Quantum Computers have to be
kept extremely cold to run properly
• Zero degrees Kelvin, or absolute zero, is the
coldest temperature that can possibly be
measured.
• It’s the temperature at which every single atom
that constitutes an object stops moving, and
therefore stops generating heat.
• The inside of D-Wave Systems’ Quantum
Computer ( a Canadian company presented the first commercial
Quantum Computers in 2011) is kept at a balmy .02
degrees Kelvin.
• That’s about -460 degrees Fahrenheit.
30

31. Power and Cooling
• “The Fridge” is a closed cycle dilution
refrigerator
• The superconducting processor generates no
heat
• Cooled to 150x colder than interstellar space
(0.02 Kelvin)
-273°C , 0.02° above absolute zero
31

32. 32

33. 7-Quantum Computers are faster than
you can imagine
• Quantum approach is “thousands of times”
faster.
33

34. Quantum Computing, what it is, how
it works/ Video
34

35. 35

36. THE TYPE OF PROCESSOR
36

37. A Unique Processor Environment
• Shielded to 50,000× less than Earth’s magnetic
field
• In a high vacuum: pressure is 10 billion times
lower than atmospheric pressure
• 192 i/o and control lines from room temperature
to the chip
• "The Fridge" and servers consume just 15.5kW of
power
• Power demand won’t increase as it scales to
thousands of Qubits
37

38. 38

39. 39

40. D-Wave_Technology_E_IMG_5980_EXPORT
40

41. 41

42. Processing
• A lattice of 512 tiny superconducting circuits (D-Wave
systems) , known as Qubits, is chilled close to absolute
zero to get quantum effects
• Type of solution that D-Wave Quantum Computers
presents .Example :A user models a problem into a
search for the “lowest point in a vast landscape”
• The processor considers all possibilities simultaneously
to determine the lowest energy required to form those
relationships
• Multiple solutions are returned to the user, scaled to
show optimal answers
42

43. DIGITAL COMPUTERS VS QUANTUM
COMPUTERS
43

44. We examine …
• How quantum physics gives us a new way to
compute
• The similarities and differences between
quantum computing and classical computing
• How the fundamental units of quantum
computing (Qubits) are manipulated to solve
hard problems
• Why Quantum Computing is well suited to AI and
machine learning applications, and how Quantum
Computers may be used as 'AI co-processors'
44

45. Mind Machine Project, or MMP
• The new project, launched in MIT with an initial
$5 million grant and a five-year timetable, is
called the Mind Machine Project, or MMP, a
loosely bound collaboration of about two dozen
professors, researchers, students and postdocs.
• According to Neil Gershenfeld, one of the leaders
of MMP and director of MIT’s Center for Bits and
Atoms, one of the project’s goals is to create
intelligent machines — “whatever that means.”
45

46. Moore’s Law
• Every year or two, the capacities of computers
have approximately doubled inexpensively. This
remarkable trend often is called Moore’s Law.
• Moore’s Law and related observations apply
especially to the amount of memory that
computers have for programs, the amount of
secondary storage (such as disk storage) they
have to hold programs and data over longer
periods of time, and their processor speeds—the
speeds at which computers execute their
programs (i.e., do their work).
The death of Moore’s law
Videos and Articles:
•Moore's Law is dead
•Tweaking Moore's Law and the Computers of the Post-Silicon 46

47. 47

48. On one silicon chip there are 3 billion of these
transistors, 5000 times smaller than human
hair
48

49. The size of atom
49

50. 50

51. Bit state differences
51

52. Bit state differences
52

53. Bit state differences
53

54. Bit state differences
SUPERPOSITION
54

55. SUPERPOSITION
55

56. The power of Quantum Computation
300 qubits Quantum Computer is more
powerful than all computer in the world
connecting together 56

57. Quantum Computers’ computational
power
• Qubits have both state in the same time
• As we increase the number of qubits the computational power
increase
• One Qubit two possible state at the same time
• Two qubits , 4 possible state at the same time
• Every time we add a Qubit to a quantum computer we are
doubling computational power
• 30 Qubit Quantum Computers is more powerful than the most
supercomputer that exist
• 300 qubits Quantum Computers is more powerful than all
computer in the world connecting together
• 300 qubits Quantum Computers compares 3 billion conventional
transistors
57

58. Quantum Computers
New Generation of Computers
PART 2
Professor Lili Saghafi
Quantum Information and Computation XIII Conference
April 2015
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
58

59. SUPERPOSITION
59

60. Superposition
• superposition, where a quantum object can exist in two states at
the same time.
• A regular transistor allows you to encode 2 different states (using
voltages).
• The superconducting qubit structure instead encodes 2 states as
tiny magnetic fields, which either point up or down.
• We call these states +1 and -1, and they correspond to the two
states that the qubit can 'choose' between.
• Using the quantum mechanics that is accessible with these
structures, we can control this object so that we can put the qubit
into a superposition of these two states as described earlier.
• So by adjusting a control knob on the quantum computer, you can
put all the qubits into a superposition state where it hasn't yet
decided which of those +1, -1 states to be.
60

61. Electron in transistor react different
and they behave like waves
61

62. Movement of Electrons in Quantum
Mechanic
62

63. Rules by probability not certainty
63

64. It Is All About Uncertainty Not
Probability
64

65. "An Act of Desperation"
• In 1900, Max Planck was a physicist in Berlin studying
something called the "ultraviolet catastrophe."
• The problem was the laws of physics predicted that if you
heat up a box in such a way that no light can get out
(known as a "black box"), it should produce an infinite
amount of ultraviolet radiation.
• In real life no such thing happened: the box radiated
different colors, red, blue, white, just as heated metal does,
but there was no infinite amount of anything.
• It didn't make sense.
• These were laws of physics that perfectly described how
light behaved outside of the box -- why didn't they
accurately describe this black box scenario?
65

66. "An Act of Desperation"
• Planck tried a mathematical trick.
• He presumed that the light wasn't really a
continuous wave as everyone assumed, but
perhaps could exist with only specific amounts,
or "quanta," of energy.
• Planck didn't really believe this was true about
light, in fact he later referred to this math
gimmick as "an act of desperation."
• But with this adjustment, the equations worked,
accurately describing the box's radiation.
66

67. "An Act of Desperation"
• It took awhile for everyone to agree on what
this meant, but eventually Albert Einstein
interpreted Planck's equations to mean that
light can be thought of as discrete particles,
just like electrons or protons.
• In 1926, Berkeley physicist Gilbert Lewis
named them photons.
67

68. Quanta, quanta everywhere
• This idea that particles could only contain lumps
of energy in certain sizes moved into other areas
of physics as well.
• Over the next decade, Niels Bohr pulled it into his
description of how an atom worked.
• He said that electrons traveling around a nucleus
couldn't have arbitrarily ( by chance ) small or
arbitrarily large amounts of energy, they could
only have multiples of a standard "quantum" of
energy.
68

69. transistor
• Eventually scientists realized this, explained
why some materials are conductors of
electricity and some aren't -- since atoms with
differing energy electron orbits conduct
electricity differently.
• This understanding was crucial to building a
transistor, since the crystal at its core is made
by mixing materials with varying amounts of
conductivity.
69

70. But They're Waves Too
• Here's one of the quirky things about quantum
mechanics: just because an electron or a photon can
be thought of as a particle, doesn't mean they can't
still be though of as a wave as well.
• In fact, in a lot of experiments light acts much more
like a wave than like a particle.
• This wave nature produces some interesting effects.
• For example, if an electron traveling around a nucleus
behaves like a wave, then its position at any one time
becomes fuzzy.
• Instead of being in a concrete point, the electron is
smeared out in space.
70

71. Move like a wave
71

72. They have superposition
72

73. How current flowed through the first
transistor
• This smearing means that electrons don't always travel
quite the way one would expect.
• Unlike water flowing along in one direction through a
hose, electrons traveling along as electrical current
can sometimes follow weird paths, especially if
they're moving near the surface of a material.
• Moreover, electrons acting like a wave can sometimes
burrow right through a barrier.
• Understanding this odd behavior of electrons was
necessary as scientists tried to control how current
flowed through the first transistors.
73

74. 74

75. 75

76. DIGITAL / CONVENTIONAL
COMPUTERS
76

77. Digital Computers
• To understand quantum computing, it is useful to
first think about conventional computing.
• We take modern digital computers and their
ability to perform a multitude of different
applications for granted.
• Our desktop PCs, laptops and smart phones can
run spreadsheets, stream live video, allow us to
chat with people on the other side of the world,
and immerse us in realistic 3D environments.
77

78. Digital Computers
• But at their core, all digital computers have
something in common.
• They all perform simple arithmetic operations.
• Their power comes from the immense speed at
which they are able to do this.
• Computers perform billions of operations per
second.
• These operations are performed so quickly that
they allow us to run very complex high level
applications.
78

79. Dataflow in a conventional computer
Conventional digital computing can be summed up by the diagram shown
79

80. Digital Computers
• Although there are many tasks that conventional
computers are very good at, there are still some
areas where calculations seem to be exceedingly
difficult.
• Examples of these areas are:
– Image recognition,
– natural language (getting a computer to understand
what we mean if we speak to it using our own
language rather than a programming language),
– and tasks where a computer must learn from
experience to become better at a particular task.
80

81. Digital Computers , cont...
• Even though there has been much effort and
research poured into this field over the past
few decades, our progress in this area has
been slow and the prototypes that we do have
working usually require very large
supercomputers to run them, consuming a
vast quantities of space and power.
81

82. Digital Computers , cont...
• We can ask the question: Is there a different
way of designing computing systems, from
the ground up?
• If we could start again from scratch and do
something completely different, to be better
at these tasks that conventional computers
find hard, how would we go about building a
new type of computer?
82

83. A NEW KIND OF COMPUTING
83

84. A new kind of computing
• Quantum computing is radically different from
the conventional approach of transforming
bits strings from one set of 0's and 1's to
another.
• With quantum computing, everything
changes.
• The physics that we use to understand bits of
information and the devices that manipulate
them are totally different.
84

85. A new kind of computing
• The way in which we build such devices is
different, requiring new materials, new design
rules and new processor architectures.
• Finally, the way we program these systems is
entirely different.
• how replacing the conventional bit (0 or 1)
with a new type of information - the Qubit -
can change the way we think about
computing.
85

86. INTRINSIC RANDOMNESS
86

87. 87

88. 88

89. 89

90. 90

91. 91

92. 92

93. 93

94. 94

95. 95

96. 96

97. 97

98. There should be no lick from Quantum Computers
which destroys the Quantum Computing , because
there is no record kept
98

99. 99

100. DECOHERENCE
• One of the biggest hurdles faced by quantum
computing researchers is called decoherence —
the tendency of quantum systems to be
disturbed.
• This vulnerability to noise leads to errors, which
can be overcome by quantum error correction.
• Because error correction techniques are
themselves susceptible to noise, it is crucial to
develop fault-tolerant correction.
• liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
100

101. DECOHERENCE
• information is physical and cannot exist without a physical
representation.
• In recent decades, the relationship between physics and
information has been revisited from a new perspective: could the
laws of physics play a role in how information is processed? The
answer appears to be yes.
• If information is represented by systems such as nuclear spins
governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, an entirely new way
of doing computation, quantum computation (QC), becomes
possible.
• Quantum computing is not just different or new; it offers an
extraordinary promise, the capability of solving certain problems
which are beyond the reach of any machine relying on the classical
laws of physics
101

102. Quantum Error Correction Had To
Overcome Three Important Obstacles:
• (1) the no-cloning theorem, which states that
it is not possible to copy unknown quantum
states
• (2) measuring a quantum system affects its
state
• (3) errors on qubits can be arbitrary rotations
in Hilbert space, compared with simple bit
flips for classical bits.
102

103. Quantum Error Correction
• Quantum error correction requires many extra operations
and extra qubits (ancillae), however, which might introduce
more errors than are corrected, especially because the
effect of decoherence increases exponentially with the
number of entangled qubits, in much the same manner
that multiple quantum coherences decay exponentially
faster than single quantum coherences.
• Therefore, a second surprising result was that provided the
error rate (probability of error per elementary operation) is
below a certain threshold, and given a fresh supply of
ancilla qubits in the ground state, it is possible to perform
arbitrarily long quantum computations
103

104. New Perspective On NMR, Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance
• The possible payoff for successful quantum
computing is tremendous: to solve problems
beyond the reach of any classical computer.
• It is not clear at this point whether quantum
computers will fulfill this promise, but in any case
quantum computing has already provided an
exciting new perspective on NMR and, more
broadly, on the connection between physics,
information and computation.
104

105. THE USE OF QUANTUM
COMPUTERS
105

106. A-Quantum Computers are good for
complicated calculations
• Quantum Computers are good for Data
encryption , working with prime factors of large
numbers , divisible by itself or one
• Quantum Computers are good for mass problem,
Factoring really large numbers , because we
believe the problem is very hard we use it as lock
• If that lock can be broken , the person with QC ,
could break most of cryptography , all traffic
going on the web , all financial transaction , all
authentication can be venerable to these
Quantum Computers.
106

107. public-key cryptography under attack
• "Every single security function out there is
using something called public-key
cryptography. It's a specific set of algorithms
and they all share one common property –
they absolutely spill their guts and fall apart
under a quantum computing attack, "Mr Snow, a
technical director at the US National Security Agency
(NSA) for six years
107

108. B-Quantum Computers are good for
Data encryption
108
The factorization of a number into its constituent primes, also
called prime decomposition. Given a positive integer , the
prime factorization is written

109. RSA/ Ron Rivest, Adi
Shamir and Leonard Adleman
• RSA is one of the first practical public-key
cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data
transmission.
• In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is
public and differs from the decryption key which
is kept secret.
• In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical
difficulty of factoring the product of two
large prime numbers, the factoring problem.
109

110. RSA
• RSA is made of the initial letters of the
surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi
Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who first
publicly described the algorithm in 1977.
• Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician, had
developed an equivalent system in 1973, but
it was not declassified until 1997.
110

111. RSA problem
• A user of RSA creates and then publishes a public key
based on the two large prime numbers, along with an
auxiliary value.
• The prime numbers must be kept secret.
• Anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message,
but with currently published methods, if the public key
is large enough, only someone with knowledge of the
prime numbers can feasibly decode the message.
• Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem;
whether it is as hard as the factoring problem, it
remains an open question.
111

112. Quantum Computers are good for
Data encryption
112

113. Quantum Computers are good for
Data encryption
113

114. Quantum Computers are good for
Data encryption
• Code are information in very large number
• 768 bite number ,RSA code broken in 2010, it
can take 3 years for Digital Computers
• 1024 bite code number it takes 3000 years for
Digital Computers, for Quantum Computers in
a minute
114

115. C-Quantum Computers are good for
DATA security
• It was once believed that Quantum Computers
could only solve problems that had underlying
mathematical structures, such as code
breaking.
• However, new algorithms have emerged that
could enable Quantum Machines to solve
problems in fields as diverse as weather
prediction, materials science and artificial
intelligence.
115

116. Quantum Computers are good for
DATA security
• the ability of Quantum Computers to process
massive amounts of data in a relatively short
amount of time makes them extremely
interesting to the scientific community.
116

117. QUANTUM-READINESS PLAN
117

118. Quantum Computers
• Since instead of just computing in a linear binary way,
with the presence or absence of an electrical charge
being converted into "bits" of zeros or ones, Quantum
Computers can take the rich quantum properties of
subatomic particles and turn them into "Qubits" that
can be both zero and one at the same time.
• Quantum Computers could potentially run simulations
and solve problems that are far too big for today's
computers.
• But there is a catch: A Quantum Computer could also
break public encryption keys used today to keep data
safe.
118

119. Quantum-Readiness Plan
• quantum-readiness plan, providing advice
about where vulnerabilities might be in the
quantum-computer era, and strategies and
tools that could be implemented now to make
any transition into that era much easier.
119

120. Quantum Computers
• Quantum Computers are not just faster and
better computers — they would operate in a
radically different way to exploit the powerful
quantum mechanical features of subatomic
particles.
120

121. Quantum Partnership Focuses On
Cyber Security
• "If we want the advent of Quantum
Computers to be a positive milestone in
human history, we have to make sure that our
cyber infrastructure is quantum-safe first,“
Michele Mosca ( co-
founder and cryptography expert at the
institute and a co-founder with Norbert
Lütkenhaus of evolutionQ, a professional
services company that is helping companies
prepare for the quantum future.)
121

122. WHAT QUESTIONS WE SHOULD ASK
FROM QUANTUM COMPUTERS ???
122

123. Quantum Computing
•Exploits quantum mechanical effects
•Built around “Qubits” rather than “bits”
•Operates in an extreme environment
•Enables quantum algorithms to solve very hard problems
Quantum Computer
Tutorial
123

124. “Computersare useless.
- Pablo Picasso
They can only giveyou
answers.”
124

125. 125
Thank you!
Great Audience
Professor Lili Saghafi
proflilisaghafi@gmail.com

126. References, Images Credit
• Internet and World Wide Web How To Program, 5/E , (Harvey & Paul) Deitel & Associates
• New Perspectives on the Internet: Comprehensive, 9th Edition Gary P. Schneider Quinnipiac
University
• Web Development and Design Foundations with HTML5, 6/E, Terry Felke-Morris, Harper College
• SAP Market Place https://websmp102.sap-ag.de/HOME#wrapper
• Forbeshttp://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2013/10/28/how-fashion-retailer-burberry-keeps-
customers-coming-back-for-more/
• Youtube
• Professor Saghafi’s blog https://sites.google.com/site/professorlilisaghafi/
• TED Talks
• TEDXtalks
• http://www.slideshare.net/lsaghafi/
• Timo Elliot
• https://sites.google.com/site/psuircb/
• http://fortune.com/
• Theoretical Physicists John Preskill and Spiros Michalakis
• Institute for Quantum Computing https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/
• quantum physics realisation Data-Burger, scientific advisor: J. Bobroff, with the support of :
Univ. Paris Sud, SFP, Triangle de la Physique, PALM, Sciences à l'Ecole, ICAM-I2CAM
• Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) http://www.mpg.de/institutes
126