30. CEREBELO Superfície = sulcos de predominância transversal que delimitam Laminas -> Folhas do cerebelo

31. Sulcos mais profundos – fissuras do cerebelo -> delimitam lóbulos

35. Citoarquitetura – Substância branca envolvida por um córtex: Córtex = camada molecular Células Golgi células de Purkinje Células em cesto camada granular Células Estrelas

46. CONEXÕES EFERENTES DA ZONA MEDIAL Axônio da célula de Purkinje -> núcleo fastigiais -> Núcleos Vestibulares ->neurônios motores-> Formação Reticular -> neurônios motores Controle da Musculatura Axial e Proximal dos membros no sentido de manter o equilíbrio e a postura

60. Increased Expression of Activity-Dependent Genes in Cerebellar Glutamatergic Neurons of Patients With Schizophrenia Rodrigo D. Paz, M.D. , Nancy C. Andreasen, M.D, Ph.D., Sami Z. Daoud, M.D., Robert Conley, M.D., Rosalinda Roberts, Ph.D., Juan Bustillo, M.D. and Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero, Ph.D. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional state of glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellar cortex of patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: The authors measured messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of three activity-dependent genes expressed by glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellar cortex (GAP-43, BDNF, and GABA A - subunit) in the tissues of 14 patients with schizophrenia and 14 matched nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. Since its level of expression does not change in response to neuronal activity, gamma-aminobutyric acid A - 6 subunit mRNA was used as a control. RESULTS: The levels of GAP-43 and BDNF mRNAs were significantly elevated in patients with schizophrenia, and a similar finding was observed for GABA A - mRNA. In contrast, the levels of the GABA A – 6 subunit mRNA, which is expressed in cerebellar granule cells in an activity-independent manner, did not differ from comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that glutamatergic neurons may be hyperactive in the cerebellar cortices of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2006 163: 62.

62. Roy Turner, M.D. and Alessandra Schiavetto, Ph.D. The Cerebellum in Schizophrenia: A Case of Intermittent Ataxia and Psychosis—Clinical, Cognitive, and Neuroanatomical Correlates , J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 16:400-408, November 2004 The contribution of cerebellar brain circuits to schizophrenia has been previously alluded to in the literature. This study examines current reappraisals of cerebellar involvement in cognition and behavior. An individual with documented developmental cerebellar anomalies who developed schizophrenic symptoms in late adolescence is described. Psychiatric, medical, and cognitive assessments were conducted to document the multifactorial contributions and manifestations of this dysfunction. Using this case as an example, the putative role of cerebellar dysfunction in the pathogenesis and clinical understanding of schizophrenic and psychotic illnesses is explored

64. James J. Levitt, M.D., Robert W. McCarley, M.D., Paul G. Nestor, Ph.D., Creola Petrescu, B.S., Robert Donnino, B.A., Yoshio Hirayasu, M.D., Ph.D., Ron Kikinis, M.D., Ferenc A. Jolesz, M.D. and Martha E. Shenton, Ph.D. Quantitative Volumetric MRI Study of the Cerebellum and Vermis in Schizophrenia: Clinical and Cognitive Correlates OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests that the cerebellum may play a role in higher cognitive functions and, therefore, may play an important role in schizophrenia. METHOD: The authors used magnetic resonance imaging to measure cerebellum and vermis volume in 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 normal comparison subjects. RESULTS: They found that 1) vermis volume was greater in patients with schizophrenia than in normal subjects, 2) greater vermis white matter volume in the patients with schizophrenia significantly correlated with severity of positive symptoms and thought disorder and with impairment in verbal logical memory, and 3) patients with schizophrenia showed a trend for more cerebellar hemispheric volume asymmetry (left greater than right). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that an abnormality in the vermis may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia .

65. Fronto-cerebellar systems are associated with infant motor and adult executive functions in healthy adults but not in schizophrenia Khanum Ridler * , Juha M. Veijola , , Päivikki Tanskanen , Jouko Miettunen ,¶ , Xavier Chitnis|| , John Suckling* , Graham K. Murray* , Marianne Haapea , Peter B. Jones*, * , Matti K. Isohanni , and Edward T. Bullmore Delineating longitudinal relationships between early developmental markers, adult cognitive function, and adult brain structure could clarify the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. We aimed to identify brain structural correlates of infant motor development (IMD) and adult executive function in nonpsychotic adults and to test for abnormal associations between these measures in people with schizophrenia. Representative samples of nonpsychotic adults ( n = 93) and people with schizophrenia ( n = 49) were drawn from the Northern Finland 1966 general population birth cohort. IMD was prospectively assessed at age 1 year; executive function testing and MRI were completed at age 33–35 years. We found that earlier motor development in infancy was correlated with superior executive function in nonpsychotic subjects. Earlier motor development was also normally associated with increased gray matter density in adult premotor cortex, striatum, and cerebellum and increased white matter density in frontal and parietal lobes. Adult executive function was normally associated with increased gray matter density in a fronto-cerebellar system that partially overlapped, but was not identical to, the gray matter regions normally associated with IMD. People with schizophrenia had relatively delayed IMD and impaired adult executive function in adulthood. Furthermore, they demonstrated no normative associations between fronto-cerebellar structure, IMD, or executive function. We conclude that frontal cortico-cerebellar systems correlated with adult executive function are anatomically related to systems associated with normal infant motor development. Disruption of this anatomical system may underlie both the early developmental and adult cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia.