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Ch03
1.
Chapter 3: Introduction
to the Atmosphere Image courtesy of cimss.ssec.wisc.edu McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, Tenth Edition, Hess
2.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Introduction to the Atmosphere • Size of Earth’s Atmosphere • Composition of the Atmosphere • Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere • Human-Induced Atmospheric Change • Depletion of the Ozone Layer • Weather and Climate 2
3.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Size of Earth’s Atmosphere • Atmosphere uniformly surrounds Earth • Held down by Earth’s gravity • Extends up to 10,000 km from the surface • More than 50% of the total mass is below 6 km 3 Figure 3-2
4.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Composition of the Atmosphere • Two primary gas types – Permanent • Oxygen and Nitrogen – Variable • Water Vapor • Carbon Dioxide • Ozone • Permanent gases make up over 95% of total atmosphere 4
5.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Composition of the Atmosphere • Particulates – Non-gaseous particles which exist in the atmosphere – Many human-induced and natural types – Many are hygroscopic – Some reflect or absorb sunlight 5 Figure 3-4
6.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere • Thermal Layers – Troposphere—lowest 10-15 km of atmosphere; most weather occurs here – Stratosphere—stagnant air – Mesosphere—middle of atmosphere – Thermosphere—“heat” – Exosphere—transitions into interplanetary space 6 Figure 3-5
7.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere • Air Pressure – Analogous to the “weight” of the air – Decreases with height at nonconstant rate – Low-levels compressed by air above, so surface pressure is higher – 90% of atmosphere is in lowest 16 km 7 Figure 3-8
8.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere • Composition – Homosphere—lowest 80 km – Heterosphere—above heterosphere – Ozone layer—between 15 and 48 km; ozonosphere – Ionsophere—between 60 and 400 km; source of auroras 8 Figure 3-9
9.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Human-Induced Atmospheric Change • Introduction of impurities into the atmosphere at rapid pace • Received international attention in recent years • Example is the reduction of ozone by CFCs 9
10.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Depletion of the Ozone Layer • Chemistry of ozone depletion 10 Figure 3-12
11.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Depletion of the Ozone Layer • The “Hole” in the Ozone layer • Mainly affects polar regions • The Montreal Protocol 11 Figure 3-13
12.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Human-Induced Atmospheric Change • Definition • Primary versus secondary pollutants • Primary pollutants – Particulates – Carbon monoxide – Nitrogen compounds – Sulfur compounds • Secondary pollutants – Photochemical smog – Ozone 12 Figure 3-15
13.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • Weather—short-term atmospheric conditions for a specific area • Meteorology • Climate—aggregate long-term weather conditions • Climatology • Weather versus climate 13
14.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • Distinction between continental and maritime climates • Seattle, WA, and Fargo, ND, have vastly different climates • Maritime climates typically much more humid 14
15.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • General circulation of the atmosphere – Semipermanent wind pattern on Earth • General circulation of the oceans – Oceanic broad-scale semi-permanent motions 15 Figure 3-17
16.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • Altitude – Four controls of weather and climate affected by altitude • Topographic barriers – Can drastically alter climate due to orographic change in wind patterns 16 Figure 3-20
17.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • Storms – Control weather and climate through atmospheric modification – Some storms prominent enough to affect climate 17 Figure 3-21
18.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • Coriolis effect – Rotation of Earth modifies path of forward motion over great distances – Discovered by Gaspard Coriolis – Causes a rightward turn to motion in the Northern Hemisphere – Causes a leftward turn in the Southern Hemisphere – Deflection greatest at the poles; zero at the equator – Proportional to the speed of the object – Has no influence on speed 18
19.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Weather and Climate • Coriolis effect 19 Figure 3-22
20.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Summary 20 • Earth’s atmosphere is a shallow “ocean” of air that uniformly surrounds the Earth • The atmosphere consists of many permanent and variable gases • The gas with the highest concentration in Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen (78%) • The atmosphere has various vertical structures that describe it • Five main spheres make up the thermal atmosphere
21.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Summary 21 • The homosphere and heterosphere describe the gas composition of the atmosphere at different heights • Most auroral activity occurs in the ionosphere • Human activity has modified the atmospheric composition through pollution and ozone depletion • Weather and climate, while related, involve atmospheric conditions on different time scales
22.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Summary 22 • Many controls exist that modify the four primary weather elements • The Coriolis effect is an apparent force that exists due to the rotation of Earth
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