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Ch09
1.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Chapter 9: The Hydrosphere McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, Tenth Edition, Hess
2.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Hydrosphere • The Hydrologic Cycle • The Oceans • Movements of Ocean Waters • Permanent Ice—The Crysophere • Surface Waters • Underground Water 2
3.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Hydrologic Cycle • Bulk of Earth’s moisture (99%) is in storage in oceans, lakes, rivers, glacial ice, or rocks beneath the surface • Remaining fraction involved in a continuous sequence of movement and change • Movement is the hydrologic cycle 3 Figure 9-1
4.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Hydrologic Cycle • Three primary movement types – Surface to air • Ocean evaporation • Vapor remains in air for a short time – Air to surface • Precipitation—78% falls on oceans and 22% on land • Precipitation is the same as evaporation over long time scales 4 Figure 9-2
5.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Hydrologic Cycle • Three primary movement types (cont.) – Movement beneath the surface—runoff • Water collects in lakes and rivers and either penetrates ground or runs off if sloped • Becomes part of underground water supply • Reemerges as springs or becomes part of rivers and streams • Residence times 5 Figure 9-3
6.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Oceans • Vast majority of surface is oceans • Number of oceans – Four principal parts • Pacific—largest, occupies 1/3 of total Earth surface area • Atlantic—less than half the size of the Pacific • Indian—slightly smaller than Atlantic • Arctic—small and shallow • Smaller bodies—seas, gulfs, and bays 6 Figure 9-4
7.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Oceans • Characteristics of ocean waters – Chemical composition • Sodium and chlorine • Salinity – Increasing acidity • Carbon dioxide absorbed by ocean water creates carbonic acid • Affects the ability of microscopic creatures to build shells and exoskeletons 7 Figure 9-6
8.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Oceans • Characteristics of ocean waters (cont.) – Temperature • Decreases with increasing latitude • Ranges from near 80 °F to near 28 °F – Density • High temperature means low density • High salinity means high density 8
9.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Movement of Ocean Waters • Three primary groupings: tides, currents, and waves • Tides – Bulges in sea surface in some places that are compensated by sinks in the surface at other places – Significant in shallow water areas for horizontal placement of water 9
10.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Movement of Ocean Waters • Causes of tides – Gravitational attraction of Moon (lunar tides) and Sun (solar tides) – More gravitational force on the side of Earth facing the Moon – More centripetal force on opposite side to keep Earth in orbit – Two bulges form on opposite sides of planet 10 Figure 9-7a
11.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Movement of Ocean Waters • Causes of tides (cont.) – Two tidal cycles in 25 hours – Flood tide and high tide – Ebb tide and low tide • Monthly tidal cycles – Tidal range—difference in high and low tides – spring tides – neap tides • Global range of tides 11 Figure 9-7b and c
12.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Movement of Ocean Waters • Currents – Subtropical gyres develop from surface wind patterns – Deep ocean circulations • Result from differences in salinity and temperature in deep ocean water • Thermohaline circulation • Water in northern latitudes is colder and higher salinity, so it sinks – Global conveyer-belt circulation • Waves – Disturbances to the sea surface – Little forward progress is observed – Wave breaking can result in shifting of water 12
13.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Movement of Ocean Waters 13 Figure 9-10
14.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Permanent Ice – The Cryosphere • Cryosphere – Second greatest storage of Earth’s water – Two groups; ice on land and ice in water – Approximately 10% of Earth’s surface is ice – Different names • Ice pack • Ice shelf • Ice floe • Iceberg 14 Figure 9-12
15.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Permanent Ice – The Cryosphere • Cryosphere (cont.) – Largest ice pack covers most of the Arctic ocean surface – Several large ice shelves attached to Antarctica – Large ice floes form off of Antarctica • Permafrost – Permanently frozen ground ice 15 Figure 9-13
16.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Surface Waters • Represent only 0.02% of the world’s total moisture • Numerous surface water types • Lakes—bodies of water surrounded by land – Small lakes are called ponds – Lake Baykal in Siberia is largest lake by volume 16 Figure 9-17
17.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Surface Waters • Lakes (cont.) – Saline versus freshwater lakes – Ephemeral lakes (only contain water sporadically) – Two conditions required for lake formation • Natural basin with restricted outlet • Sufficient water to keep basin filled – Most are relatively short-lived 17
18.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Surface Waters • Human alteration of natural lakes – Irrigation – Water diversion projects – Reservoirs • Artificial lakes used for hydroelectric power, municipal water, and stable agriculture 18 Modification of the Aral Sea Figure 9-19a
19.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Surface Waters • Swamps and Marshes – Flattish places that are periodically submerged and shallow enough to permit plant growth – Swamps grow trees – Marshes grow grasses and rushes 19 Figure 9-23
20.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Surface Waters • Rivers and Streams – Streams smaller than rivers – Geographers call all running water streams – Allow for drainage of land surface water towards oceans – Drainage basins 20 Figure 9-24
21.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Underground Water • Water beneath land surface worldwide • More than half found within 800 meters of the surface • Precipitation or water basins are the sources • Quantity held depends on – Porosity – Permeability • Aquifers and aquicludes 21 Figure 9-25
22.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Underground Water • Zone of aeration – Topmost band in underground water supply – Water amount fluctuates rapidly with time • Zone of saturation – All pore spaces filled with water, called groundwater – Top of the zone is the water table – Water table intersects surface, water flows out (lakes, swamps, etc.) – Well water drawn faster than replenished creates a cone of depression – Lower limit has absence of pore spaces 22
23.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Underground Water • Zone of confined water – Zone that exists in some regions that is below the region of impermeable rock below the zone of saturation – Pressure at the great depth of the water will cause water to rise to piezometric surface – Artesian well versus sub- artesian 23 Figure 9-27
24.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Underground Water • Waterless zone – Pressure too great to sustain water • Groundwater mining – Accumulation of groundwater is slow, but human use is rapid – The Ogallala Aquifer • Water table drops with increased use • Numerous wells tapped • Unsustainable situation 24 Figure 9-30
25.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Summary • Most of the water on the planet exists in the oceans • The hydrologic cycle describes the transition of water from land to sea to air • Ocean water has numerous defining characteristics • Ocean water movement is affected by gravitational pull from celestial objects (tides) • Ocean water moves through currents based on salinity and temperature • Winds and ocean surface disturbances result in waves on the ocean surface 25
26.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Summary • The cryosphere holds a large percentage of the Earth’s water content • The ice in the cryosphere contains no salt • Permafrost is permanently frozen landscape • Surface water represents a very small fraction of the total Earth water content • Surface water processes constitute an important part of the hydrologic cycle • Lakes are bodies of water surrounded by land 26
27.
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. Summary • Swamps and marshes exist in areas that are shallow and can support plant life • Rivers and streams help distribute water back to the oceans and replenish lakes • Underground water exists due to water basin seeping or precipitation • Human interactions in above ground and below ground water areas have drastically altered the hydrosphere 27
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