Ip valuation presentation

MONETISING
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

ASPECTS OF VALUATION OF IP

Chumphol Mahattanakul

Outlines

• IP System
• IP Embodiment
• IP Valuation
• IP Strategy
• IP Audit

IP System
• IP system is a set of activities to
encourage and protect persons or
parties of concerns in relation to
invention, innovation and creation
along the social and economic
development path
• IPRs which are intangible assets as
derived from IPs are systematically
governed by competent functioning
bodies e.g. WIPO, WTO (via TRIPs)
and NPOs in
- Administration
- Codification
- Regulation
- Enforcement
- Dispute Resolution
- Marketplace Regulation

• IP embodiment comprises IP business partners
and their respective IP actions/functions or
interactions.
IP Embodiment • IP business partners cover the following players
whose activities or functions are interrelated or
mutually made or strategically overlapped with
each others such as IP/technology development
companies, licensing agents, patent licensing and
enforcement companies, privateers, institutional
IP aggregators/IP acquisition funds, litigation
finance/investment firms, IP brokers, IP-based
merger & acquisition advisory firms, IP auction
houses, IP-backed lending firms, online
IP/technology exchanges, royalty stream
securitization firms, IP transaction exchanges,
etc.
• IP functions are engaged in variety of
arrangements for monetization or securitization
of IP from which IP business models are
structured for the sake of industrial and
economic development, and for benefits to all
concerned parties.

IP Business Partners
IP/Technology Development Licensing Agents - entities functioning
Companies – Entities engaged in R&D as intermediaries by helping IP owners
activities and produce IP often not find licensees. Also called IP advisory,
used for manufacturing themselves but IP consulting, IP management or
licensed to one or more operating technology transfer firms. They may
companies for their further activities in merely act as consultants where the
bringing physical products or services patent owner gets involved in the
to marketplace. In case the IP creators licensing process, or function more like
provide consulting services to the IT companies where the patent owner
licensees to integrate the technology outsources patent monetization and
into the licensee’s products or sets aside day-to-day licensing
processes, they are considered beyond operations, but collects a major part of
the scope of intermediaries between revenue from licensing. They can be of
patent owner and patent “carrot” licensing or “stick” licensing
licensee. They will be intermediaries activities. In the latter case, these
when they form a link between the IP entities tend to be engaged in activities
creator and those who commercially like PLEC business model.
deploy it in the form of products and
services. In some cases, they do both
manufacturing and licensing.

• Patent Licensing and Enforcement
IP Business Companies (PLECs) - own one or more
patent portfolios, attempt to license
Partners them through targeted letter-writing
campaigns and then file patent
(cont’d) infringement suits against those letter
recipients who refuse to enter into non-
exclusive licenses. PLECs are often called
non-practicing entities (NPEs) or patent
trolls. PLECs might have purchased the
patents they are asserting or it is
otherwise founded by the inventor(s) of
the asserted patent portfolio. As for the
latter, they are not
intermediaries. PLECs earn revenue
both from license fees and from the IP
awards market.

IP Business Partners (cont’d)
• Privateers - Operating companies who have
been spinning groups of patents to PLECs to
generate additional revenue, by means of
outsourcing patent-monetization function,
that helps save the costs incurred in cross
license and counter-claim exposure, and avoid
anti-competitive regulations and bad publicity,
etc.
• Institutional IP Aggregators/Acquisition Funds
– private equities who operate as general
partners of a limited partnership and raise
money either from large technology
companies or from the institutional investors
and even high-net-worth individuals. The
investors are promised above average ROI
from selective, targeted or large-scale patent
purchases with the goal of instituting licensing
programs and/or employing various arbitrage
strategies.

• Litigation Finance/Investment Firms –
functioning alike both PLECs and IP
IP Business Acquisition Funds. Like IP Acquisition
Partners (cont’d) Funds - general partners of a limited
partnership and raise money from large
institutional investors and high-net-
worth individuals. Like PLECs – with a
view to acquiring a financial interest in
patent portfolios for assertion by taking
the form of targeted letter-writing
campaigns, followed with patent
infringement suits against those letter
recipients who refuse to enter into non-
exclusive licenses. Variances in the
model (and from a PLEC) include the
level and nature of ownership or
participation (e.g., equity vs. debt) that
the firm takes in the patent portfolios
being asserted or in the patent-owning
entity itself (typically an LLC formed for
the purpose of assertion).

• IP Brokers – function as same as
IP Business Licensing Agents with key distinctions
that they seek to help IP owners find
Partners (cont’d) buyers rather than licensees; and
operate both on the sell-side and the
buy-side (assisting technology
companies in acquiring patents having
“strategic” (i.e. defensive) value vis-à-
vis their competitors). A typical “one hit
and done” engagement term between
an IP Brokerage firm and an IP owner is
shorter than that of a Licensing Agent
firm because once the IP is sold, the IP
Broker takes a percentage of the sale as
a success fee, without any opportunity
for recurring revenue. In contrast, buy-
side brokerage engagements can
continue indefinitely as the broker’s
client strengthens and extends its IP
position over time.

• IP-Based M&A Advisory Firms – Entities
IP Business operating like investment banking (or 2nd
generation IP investment banking) by advising
Partners technology companies in their M&A activities
and earning fees based on the value of the entire
(cont’d) deal (or apportioned according to the value of
the IP within the deal of either sell-side or buy-
side, focusing on IP assets; followed with
services e.g. IP due diligence, IP integration and
operations as a result of M&A activity, IP deal
structuring advisory and general consultations
related to contemplated investments, mergers,
acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures and
other corporate transactions. It involves not just
maximizing IP value in the context of a
“traditional” corporate acquisition or divestiture,
but actually sourcing the transaction based, at
least in part, on IP considerations. By this, the IP
investment banker assist operating companies in
identifying potential acquisition targets or
acquirors with complimentary IP assets.

• IP Auction Houses – Entities attempting
IP Business to do for the IP marketplace (like
Christie’s and Sotheby’s auction houses
Partners (cont’d) did for the antique and art marketplace)
holding multi-lot, live auctions for
patents with the intent of providing a
marketplace for facilitating the
exchange of such historically-illiquid
assets. With various auction formats
and structures, such auctions enable
sellers to offer one or more patents
according to a pre-determined set of
terms and conditions and allow the
auction house to charge listing fees,
attendance fees, buyers’ premiums
and/or sellers’ commissions. Also, other
entities aim to be the “eBay of patents”
by offering online patent auctioning
services.

• On-Line IP/Technology Exchanges, Clearing
IP Business houses, Bulletin Boards, and Innovation
Portals - Functioning like the former B2B
Partners (cont’d) web sites; offer web platforms and
interfaces specialized for patent and other
IP assets. (Like online classifieds Craig’s List,
but this is provided for IP.) There are
variances such as whether listing fees are
charged to patent owners/sellers in addition
to, or versus, back-end fees for successful
patent sale or licensing
transactions. Additional variances include
whether these sites are public and
browseable for free, or whether they are
private, “member’s only” sites that require
registration (and presumably a registration
and/or annual membership fees). Some of
these sites also offer forums, bounties,
challenges and idea exchange platforms
that aim to spur innovation and thus create
new IP.

IP Business • IP-Backed Lending Firms - Entities that
provide financing for IP owners, either
Partners (cont’d) directly or as intermediaries, usually in the
form of loans (i.e., debt financing), where
the security for the loan is either wholly or
partially IP assets (i.e., IP
collateralization). Thus, these parties often
function as intermediaries between
borrowers and commercial lending
institutions, such as banks. Unlike
traditional bankers who focus on accounts
receivable (i.e. Factoring) and tangible
assets, however, these IP-backed financiers
take into account a borrower’s IP assets or
target company’s (potential or actual) IP
assets in structuring a financing
transaction. Variances in this model include
entities who deploy their own capital (and
thus resemble IP investment firms) or who
maintain a network of technology-specific
or industry-specific investors to whom they
refer IP owners (and thus resemble patent
brokers).

• Royalty Stream Securitization Firms - Entities providing a
consultation and/or capital to patent owners in performing IP
securitization financing transactions. In such transactions, an
entity sells their IP underlying the transaction to a bankruptcy
remote entity or SPV, and the SPV grants a license back the IP to
the original owner. Then, SPV issues IP-backed notes/securities
to investors to raise cash/fund for IP owner at the agreed-upon
purchase price. The notes are then backed by the expected
future royalties to be earned from licensing the underlying IP (to
the original patent owner and/or third parties). By this, the
original IP owner obtains funds raised at much more cheaply
than a loan backed by its traditional assets. The IP-backed notes
are generally higher-rated commercial paper reflecting the
quality of the IP and not necessarily the overall creditworthiness
of the original IP owner.

IP Business Partners In Securitization
• Securitization - A technique that isolates income-
producing assets from bankruptcy risk by
assigning them to SPV which then issues debt
securities payable from the cash flows generated
by the assets.

• Debt securities achieve ratings which are set
aside from the rating of the sponsor (transferor
company/institution). Issuance is made to
respond to investor demand for different
maturities and credit qualities. Normally, the
highest ratings can be achieved via wrapping
securities with relevant financial guarantees.

IP Business Partners - Securitization Schematic Diagram

• A means for encouraging the
IP Business
private sector credit with a
Partners - flexible and efficient off-
Securitization balance sheet funding source
of SME Assets • Reduce a cost of capital
• Diversify asset exposures
x •A

• Improve asset-liability
management
Y •B

• Eliminate credit constraints
• Overcome the agency costs of
•C

Z •D

asymmetric information where
one has information over the
other

IP Business Partners - SME Assets Securitization
Implementation
• Germany: The securitization of • Malaysia: Securitization started in
SME loan initiated in 1998 by 1986 when the government set up a
Deutsche Bank followed by mortgage financing body called
other commercial banks in National Mortgage Corporation
(Cagamas) to function as SPV
2000 (Jobst, 2007). To reduce between the house mortgage lenders
the financing cost of SMEs, and investors of long-term funds.
KfW has been commissioned Apart from mortgages securitized by
by the government to Cagamas, securitization for other
implement the securitization assets has not been very strong in
scheme to raise the financing Malaysia (Rosalan, 2008). The
for SMEs. transaction is governed by the
Securities Commission Act 1993. In
2001, SC issued Guidelines on the
• Japan: Securitization of SME Offering of Asset-Backed Securities
loan is one of the program which provides the criteria for
implemented by Japan Finance securitization deals. In 2007,
Corporation for Small and Cagamas pioneered the securitization
Medium Enterprise (Tsukahara, of SME loans via the issuance of
RM600 million credit-linked notes by
2006). its wholly owned subsidiary, Cagamas
SME Bhd. (Wan Azhar, 2007)

IP Business Partners - SME Assets Securitization
Implementation
• Thailand: Secondary Mortgage • Scheme: SMC purchased a pool of housing
Corporation (SMC) established in 1997 loans from financial institutions in the
under the Royal Decree of Secondary primary market, and securitized them by
issuing Mortgage-Backed Securities which are
Mortgage Corporation with its initial
to be sold to both local and foreign investors.
capital of Baht 1,000 million, as a state The pool of loans will be transferred to SPV
enterprise financial institution under as established by SMC in order to segregate
the Ministry of Finance with its major the risk of pools of loans from SMC risk and
objective to develop the secondary loan originators. Then, SPV will issue MBS
market for housing mortgage loan instrument backed up by the said transferred
under the principal of asset pool of housing loans. Investors in MBS
securitization for fund raising activities instrument will receive both interest and
principal repayment generated from cash
for the adequate and stable expansion
flow stream collected from loan borrowers
of housing mortgage financing, and to under the specified terms and conditions.
expand lending activities of housing MBS can achieve a credit rating from rating
loan market in order to resolve the agency, and also to be attached with credit
problems faced by the real estate enhancement scheme, such as the
sector during the country’s economic repayment of loan interest and principal is
downturn period. insured by reliable credit insurance
institution, to level up the confidence.

• IP Transaction Exchanges & Trading Platforms/IP
Transaction Best Practices Development Communities
In further attempts to make IP a more liquid asset
class, plans have been announced to create traded
exchanges (whether physical or online locations)
similar to the NYSE and NASDAQ where yet-to-be-
created IP-based financial instruments would be listed
and traded much like stocks are today. Another variant
involves an on-line trading platform where IP buyers
and sellers can come together to execute transactions
based on a set of agreed rules developed by a “best
practices” steering committee composed of major
corporate buyers and buyer-sellers.

IP Exchange
• Innovation – a fast decaying rate of innovation/product
has forced the companies to learn as to how to
accelerate every aspects of businesses, particularly with
IT business
• Speed
 once product was launched, a plagiarism prevails e.g. knock-
off and reverse engineering
 production, marketing campaign and distribution plans can
never last for six months but to be substantially shortened to
only, for example; 6 weeks, instead
• Protection – consideration angle of being worth the
effort of regional or global patenting

“If
only two can be chosen out of the three,
what’re yours based on economic aspect?”

IP Business Partners - Coase Theorem
• When looking at how to deal with• Freidman looks at “how an item
protection for intellectual property, must be useful before it can get a
we look at transaction cost, and patent”. No matter what to do in
that is the Coase theorem. The the area of productivity, people
Freidman book clearly states that have very little incentive to come
copyright protection is cheap and up with uses for things, and rather
easy to enforce, and patent just get as many patents as you can
protection has high transaction and then when someone discovers
costs and is hard to enforce. If a use for it, you get paid. But this
there is a very small amount that runs into a problem in that no one
you are copying, there is a high will be looking for uses. There is no
transaction cost of getting incentive for it. This has been an
permission. This just makes sense, excellent chapter to read in the fact
the smaller affect that you will that it relates directly to both law
have on revenues and profits, the and economics, and we can use
lower the copyright holder’s the analytical tools it gives us for
incentive to get that lost revenue any other form of property rights
from you. It would take him time, that we want to look at.
in both finding where you copied
his work and how many times you
copied it and for what purpose.

- IP Exchange

• The patent exchange idea: Implied valued –
based patent tax is to be paid by IP owner to a
central IP market-making body to meet the
administration costs. By issuing a good-faith
binder, the 3rd party could challenge the IP
valuation at higher level. If agreed, IP owner
will pay the patent tax at higher level in return
for retention. Otherwise, the 3rd party will buy
the IP at higher valuation on which the patent
tax is based.

• University Technology Transfer
IP Business Intermediaries
Partners (cont’d) These are entities that function
as IP Development Companies,
IP Acquisition Funds, Licensing
Agents and/or Patent Brokers,
but focus on the niche university
technology transfer (i.e.,
licensing) market. The choice to
focus on the university market
by such entities is not surprising
given that in the 2011 fiscal year,
U.S. universities and research
institutes spent over $61 billion
in R&D, filed over 13,000 U.S.
patent applications and had over
$2.5 billion in licensing revenue.


• Defensive Patent Pools, Funds potentially “problematic” patents via
and Alliances – Of several types auctions, brokers or direct sale, and
license them to willing entity to share
of defensive entities, one was the financial cost of acquiring the
established in response to PLEC patents and the management
and Institutional Patent overhead of pool administration, and
Aggregator/IP Acquisition then sell them at a profit. Another is
“library fund,” where a group of
Fund. In acquiring patents, corporate investors pool capital to buy
entities focus on one patents that may be “of interest” to
technology/ industry segment. certain large operating companies
With a “catch and release” who are known to be aggressive in
approach, this model results in asserting patent claims against
competitors. If the alliance members
multiple operating companies are sued by one of these companies,
joining forces to create an they can “check out” the patents to
independent entity to use in a counterattack (not useful
against asserters who have no
acquire infringement exposure.)

• Technology/IP Spinout Financing • Analytics Software and Services
- best described as being Firms - Entities providing advanced
organized as a traditional venture patent search and analytics software
capital (VC) or private equity firm, tools that allow patent owners,
but specializing in spinning out prospective buyers, attorneys,
promising (non-core) IP which has investors and other players in the IP
become “stranded” within larger marketplace to obtain various due
diligence intelligence and data points
technology companies, or about a single patent or patent
creating JVs between large portfolio. These software tools and
technology companies to platforms provide varied outputs
commercialize the technology related to patent “quality” such as
and monetize the associated validity probabilities, maintenance
IP. Thus, the revenue is as same fee-related life expectancies, various
as a traditional VC or PE firm – infringement-related metrics, prior
achieving a high ROI once a art analysis, “related patent” analysis,
portfolio company is sold, goes citation-related metrics, etc. These
entities earn revenue from pure
through an IPO (Initial Public software sales/licenses, as well as
Offer) or even evolves into an IP consulting fees.
licensing company.


• IP Insurance Carriers - Typical – IP Abatement Coverage
commercial insurance under (Enforcement Coverage), which
Commercial General Liability policies funds an attack on a party that
carried by businesses do not cover IP improperly uses the insured’s IP.
claims. Insurance carriers currently
• What items can be insured?
market three basic types of IP
policies:  IP-Rich Products’ future revenue
streams; Licensing Revenue;
– First-Party IP Coverage, which
Royalty Receipts
protects the value of an insured’s
direct loss sustained when its  IP “Value” – accounting
revenue streams are diminished principles
from a direct and resultant  R&D Expenditure
impact upon its IP rights;  Financial Investment
– IP Defense Cost (Defense  Loan Arrangement
Coverage), which protects a  Transaction involving IP rights,
company against allegations that etc.
it improperly used the IP of
another; and

• Analytics Software and provide varied outputs
Services Firms - Entities related to patent “quality”
providing advanced such as validity
patent search and probabilities,
analytics software tools maintenance fee-related
that allow patent owners, life expectancies, various
prospective buyers, infringement-related
attorneys, investors and metrics, prior art analysis,
other players in the IP “related patent” analysis,
marketplace to obtain citation-related metrics,
various due diligence etc. These entities earn
intelligence and data revenue from pure
points about a single software sales/licenses, as
patent or patent well as consulting fees.
portfolio. These software
tools and platforms

• Patent-Based Public Stock Index theorized that investing in stocks
Publishers – As an evolution of the with valuable patents may allow
established Analytics Software and investors to commit a meaningful
Services business, once the and sustainable portion of their
entities offering these software assets to IP and allow them to
tools and platforms realized that outperform other investment
nearly 80% of the value of a U.S. strategies. They sought out
publicly-traded company now different algorithms to create
comes from intangible assets, and baskets of stocks using the
that they possessed tools to “quality” of a publicly-traded
measure the “quality” of arguably company’s patents as the primary
the largest part of those IAs, it’s selection factor. Revenue from
obviously that another potential such an emerging business model
source of revenue would be the includes the sale of equity
creation of formalized stock research and the licensing of such
indexes based on their existing indexes to ETF, mutual fund and
software tools and platforms. Put other investable financial
in different terms, the analytics instrument issuers.
software and services industry

• Intangible Assets are those encompassing
IP as a subset of domains of Intellectual Capital (IC), Intellectual
Assets (IA) and Intellectual Property (IP)
Intangible Assets
• Intangible Assets = IC + IA + IP, where
IC – Knowledge with potential for value
embodied in people, processes and
customers that comprises reputation,
goodwill, business relationships, customer
relations, licenses, branding and human
resources
IA – Knowledge providing value that
comprise skills, know-how, inventions data,
processes, market data, information
unorganized
IP – Knowledge legally identified
comprises patents (e.g. technology and
design), know-how implemented,
trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets,
geographical indications

IP Parameters
• Values defined by situation
• Bankruptcy – Fair Valuation
Value-Affecting Factors
— Liquidation – assumes a distressed
sale (appropriate when • IP - Cash Flow
debtor is dead or mortally wounded). – Revenues
— Going concern – cash realized from a
sale over a reasonable period of time.
– Costs
• Fair Market Value – Profits
— Tax Definition • Remaining Life
— Willing buyer and willing seller — Economic
— Neither under compulsion to buy or
sell — Statutory
— Both having reasonable knowledge of — Stage of Development
relevant facts
• Market/Industry Factors
• Fair Value
— Definition for financial reporting — Growing or Maturing
purposes — Competitive
— Current transaction between Environment
marketplace participants
— Both able and willing to transact
— Uncertainty/Risk

IP Economic Characteristics

Economic Characteristics
• Not of a diminishing value by time of Value Sources
exploitation • Direct Use
• Not always be restricted to a single user, but — Manufacture and/or Marketing of
likely to be applicable to multi-users, IP value Products
can be managed on a multi-disciplinary basis • Indirect Use
to gain benefits as desired for all partners — Strategic Alliance/JV Opportunities
• Not necessarily depend on IP asset-creating • Licensing/Sale
or inventing investment cost, but rather on
— Additional source of revenue
commercialization ignition spark after project
completion, and perhaps or more likely to be • Strategic/Defensive
associated with other assets — Building up higher entry barrier
against competitors
• Be context specific (e.g. internal
development, JV, sale or licensing) with
• Tax
relevant time specific parameters (e.g. — Built‐in‐gains to offset 382 limitations
historical, current or potential)
/197 benefits /Donations
• Devalued after achieving the saturation of S-
Curve

Patent Rights
Suppose the invention covered by your patent
• A patent gives the patent owner is a chair with four legs, a seat, a back
the "exclusive right" to stop others and a pair of rockers -- a rocking chair.
from making, using, selling or Under your patent, you have the exclusive
offering for sale the product, or right to stop others from making, using,
selling or offering for sale your patented
process of making the product, that rocking chair. Assume the rockers on your
is described by the patent claims. It rocking chair are unique and covered by
is important to note that a patent an earlier patent to someone else. The
does not give the patent owner the rocker patent owner has the exclusive
right under his patent to stop others
right to exploit the patented (including you) from using his patented
invention himself. The patent rockers. Use of the patented rockers on
owner has only the "exclusive your rocking chair would constitute
right" to stop others from doing so. infringement of the rocker patent.

So while you received a patent for your
• In other words, just because you rocking chair, you will not be able to
obtain a patent on your product actually make, use, sell or offer for sale
does not mean that you can the chair without first obtaining permission
from the rocker patent owner. The rocker
actually use the product. You may patent owner is not required to give you
be blocked by an earlier patent permission, however, and can keep your
owner who exercises the "exclusive rocking chair off of the market if he
right" granted to him under his chooses to do so. It might make better
sense for the rocker patent owner to
patent. This is an important participate in your success by giving his
distinction and the following permission in exchange for a licensing
example will help to explain it. fee.
•

Patent Pooling
• The patent system has been industry better manage its
recognized of negative patent licensing. By “pooling”
outcome on account of being patents from many license
a tool more likely to stifle holders, licensors are likely
than protect innovation. This able to lower transaction
negative sentiment stemmed costs and administrative
from the recent victory of overhead, and benefit from a
Apple over Samsung. centralized model that
• As for the future role and encourages patent bundling
efficacy of the patent system, and fair play. Licensees
product and technology likewise enjoy advantages in
licensing is not anathema the form of lower royalty fees
(vehement disagreement) to and a single point of contact
the qualities of fairness and that eliminates the need to
transparency. negotiate separately with
• Patent pooling is a proven, multiple license holders.
effective tool that helps the

IP Valuation
Characteristics
- IP assets are of intangible IP Valuation
unique characteristics with - not much a matter of science
their inherent values, but rather a matter of art or
depending upon: external judgment:
– Widely varying terms & – Purpose – Why are we
conditions valuing the asset?
– Inherently dissimilar – Description – What is the
asset?
– IP transfers are often – Application – How will the
motivated by unique asset be used?
strategic considerations – Standard – Who is the
– Details of IPR transfers are assumed buyer of the asset?
usually not widely
disseminated

IP Valuation
• The process is concerned about
• IP valuation is involved in gathering of information and in-
depth understanding of economy,
the process itself with IP industry and specific business
driving parameters (e.g. that directly affect the IP value.
market share, barriers to • Information are used for
entry, legal protection, IP’s structuring a financial model that
profitability, industrial and can generate the specific values
economic factors, growth based on internationally-
accepted standards (e.g. USPAP,
projection, remaining IVSC, GAAP, IFRS and FASB),
economic life and new where either or combination of
technologies). the following approaches are
taken into account, that is, cost
approach, market approach,
income approach, direct
approach, and pay-off approach.

IP Valuation
• Monetization and valuation their certain marketplaces
are indispensable to each in which patents stay
other from basic dominant.
marketplace to complicated • Other IAs like brand loyalty
one. and customer relations will
• Sale, licensing, with some definitely help driving the
variation or combination of acquisition activities in
sale and licensing are basic which intellectual capital
part of IP monetization and skills of human
among large, medium and resources are specifically
small companies and among targeted in the advanced
non-practicing entities using technology sector like IT.
various IP business models
in the marketplace.
• Known IP business models
are auction and IP
infringement insurance in

IP Valuation
• A monetization is mechanized in prevailing in many circumstances
debt-financing marketplace, with e.g. valuations of patent portfolio
an exchange between revenue or trademarks for a brand.
stream as generated by the The following are challenges in
pledged income-producing IP and determining IP value:
fund or loan as provided by IP  Lack of data consistency and
financier. accuracy
• A securitization is invented to issue  Lack of patent-related
a note/bond secured with revenue metadata e.g. data supporting
stream as generated by the subject the apparent data or
IP in return for a fund from configuration data
investors. Bowie Bonds is for
example.  Limited legal linkages
• As IP valuation is rather art prone,  Patent and non-patent
not only a valuation of variant IP’s reference visibility
inherent uniqueness, but its  Lack of standard or accepted
transferability course of action is metrics
also concerned with uncertainties

IP Valuation
• IAs generate incremental returns for compared to competitors who do
the business either through revenue not.
increase or cost reduction, whereas – Premium pricing method –
most of the IP valuation methods figuring out the price difference
emphasize a capturing of the values between a branded and
of those additional returns. unbranded product, net of
• IP valuation approaches: marketing or supporting costs to
– Market approach – comparable achieve the revenue.
market transactions needed – Cost savings method –
– Cost approach – using main costs calculating the present value of
and associated costs assumed in the cost savings anticipated from
replacement or reproduction of IP ownership
the subject IP asset, and its – Royalty savings method –
depreciation assuming the non-ownership
– Income approach – determining scenario where the business
the income of IP asset by also needs to license it to earn the
taking into consideration returns that it is earning.
anticipated utilization expenses – Pay-Off Method (POM)
besides its revenue generated
– Excess operating profits –
determining the additional
profits pertinent to IP possession

IP Valuation for Financial Reporting
• Being essential for fulfilling Where are the intangible
various information as assets?
demanded by the interest
group or investors. What the real value of the
company in focus is?
• If it just provides information
about the company itself• Lack of relevant information
covering an ability to create on intangible assets (including
profit, cash flows and changes intellectual assets) will disable
on capital, as well as its the possibility for investors or
tangible and financial assets external users to perceive
and liabilities. real value of the company and
adequate decision making.

IP Valuation for Financial Reporting (cont’d)

What criteria should be
accepted?
• Too rigid - results in
undervalued pricing with
respect to market price
• Leniently – results in over-
pricing

U.S. Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB) – 2001

Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP)

IP Valuation As A Transaction Strategy

• A strategic valuation • Transaction strategy
of IP is rendered often ends with ‘go
when considering on’ or ‘stop’
buying, selling, recommendation.
assigning or • That is, at what price
transferring the to enter into this
asset in a licensing proposed
arrangement or transaction?
acquisition.

expected term of
IP Valuation in • Information and
receipt ; identify
the licensees or

Financing
other obligors
Data Required which will be
a) What are the responsible for
expected annual these revenues,
Financing: An revenues from and show how the
licensing and other revenues shown
increasing area of contractual on the pro forma
arrangements? are allocated
activity is the b) What historical among these
revenue numbers various
financing of IP assets. are available to licensees/obligors
support these f) Provide a brief
This can be achieved future projections? summary of the
c) What is the term licenses or other
through a number of over which these contractual
revenues are arrangements
ways, including expected to be under which these
received, and will revenues are
borrowing against the the payable, including,
inter alia, for each,
license stream (similar d) y diminish or
increase over
to Factoring) of IP time?
e) Provide a pro
forma schedule
showing these
projected
revenues over the

IP Valuation
Cost of Creation — The
cost of creation method of
valuing intangible assets
relies on calculating what it
• Assets that may be valued using the cost
would cost another
of creation method include:
business to duplicate a
given asset today. This – Internal Software
method does not measure – Patents
an asset’s future impact on – Trademarks
profits; it merely looks at – Copyrights
what it would cost to
– Subscriptions
create the asset from
scratch at a particular – Customer lists
point in time. – Service contracts, etc.

IP Valuation – Disadvantages
Cost-based – There is no direct correlation between cost
method of development and the future revenue
potential of assets. IP that costs the most to
Advantages produce may not necessarily be the most
valuable.
- IP becomes
– Likewise, IP which is many years old and has
visible in the been written down in value could still be the
company’s books most valuable to the company, even though
the historical cost approach does not show
- IP awareness is this. The measure of historic costs is
increased. unreliable with rapid technological
advancement.
- Regarded as a
– It is not always possible to provide accurate
useful indicator of information on the resources spent on
IP value in the development and there will always be a
case of IP assets practical challenge to determine which costs
to include or exclude.
whose future – Cost-based methods make no allowance for
benefit is not yet the future benefits which might accrue from
evident. the IP.

When are they used?
IP Valuation – They are generally used in
Cost-based accounting, bookkeeping and in
Method accordance with accounting rules.
They are only useful for bookkeeping
purposes or as a supplement to an
income approach. They are only
relevant in historical cost-based
accounting systems or where
taxation methods dictate their use.

IP Valuation – Income–Based Method
• Capitalization of Income or Savings
• Assets that work well with this
Method — The capitalization method
method include:
measures the future benefits
intangible assets will bring to a – Trade names
company, when those benefits will be – Customer lists
generated and for how long. The – Commercial Software
capitalization rates used in this – Patents
method should reflect the risk
– Trademarks
associated with the intangible asset
being valued. – Brand names, etc.

• In addition to the income an intangible • The capitalization method works well
asset may bring to a company, the for all of these assets when they are
benefits may also include savings to relatively new. As they come closer to
the company as a result of owning the the end of their economic usefulness,
asset, or not having to pay a royalty to however, other methods of valuing
someone else who owns the asset or them may become more appropriate.
of efficiencies generated by the asset.

IP Valuation – Income-Based Method
• Disadvantages
– Although the methods are conceptually
robust, they can prove difficult to implement
• Advantages in high-uncertainty environments. This task
– It is simple to assess the always includes some uncertainty and
subjective assumptions.
value on the basis of the
– There are both uncertain and distant cash
conditions set up. With the flows and the discount rate have to be
likely availability of many of estimated. For example, there is rarely an
the required inputs from the experience base when estimating the
market potential and therefore cash flow of
firm’s financial statements
early stage IP developments.
and market information it – All risks are summed together and
may be possible to identify assumed to be appropriately adjusted for in
and or forecast particular the discount rate and the probabilities of
cash flows. success, rather than being dealt with
individually (such as legal risk, technological
– In specific circumstances this risk etc.).
method is useful, especially if – A significant drawback of the relief from
there are suitable royalty method is that a royalty rate can
always be assumed, when in reality it may
comparable transactions never materialize.
involving third parties or – It ignores changes in the time value of
industry standard royalty money and maintenance Cost.
rates. – Does not account for market demand.

IP Valuation – Income-Based Method
When are they used?
• Income approach to IP valuation is only
accurate if the following variables are
available or can be accurately estimated:
– an income stream either from product sales or
license of the IP
– an estimate of the duration of the IP’s useful life
– an understanding of IP specific risk factors for
incorporation into the valuation and a valid
discount rate.

IP Valuation - DCF

• Discounted Cash Flow — The discounted cash
flow method is good for assets with
predictable life spans and future financial
benefits, including:
– Contracts (current and future yearly benefits);
– Subscriptions and service contracts; and
– Patent royalties.
• The DCF method can be applied to savings
flows as well as to income flows.

Exhibition on DCF Calculation

The sources of risk are the revenue growth rate and the variable costs as a percentage of sales.The average of the
DCF is known as the net present value (NPV) and standard deviation as volatility. The results show that the average
DCF is positive (about 40), whereas the probability of a negative DCF is about 15%. The decision as to whether to
proceed or not with this project will therefore depend on the risk perspective (tolerance) of the decision-maker. This
example has also been extended to calculate the distribution of bonus payments on the assumption that a bonus is
paid whenever the net DCF is larger than a fixed amount (such as 50).

• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Revenue 100 105.0 110.3 115.8 121.6 127.6 134.0 140.7 147.7 155.1
• % growth 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0%
• Average 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
• S.D. (Volatility ) 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8%

• Fixed Cost 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
• Variable Cost 50 53 55 58 61 64 67 71 74 78
• Variable Cost 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3% 50.3%
• min 48% 48% 48% 48% 48% 48% 48% 48% 48% 48%
• ml 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
• max 54% 54% 54% 54% 54% 54% 54% 54% 54% 54%

• Profit/Cash Flow 15 17 20 22 25 28 32 35 38 42

• DCF 12% 139.6
• Investment 100
• Net DCF (NPV) 39.6 Average N/A
• p(<=0) N/A
• Bonus limit 50
• Bonus 0.0 p(>0) 37.4

IP Valuation - DCF Method

• Limitations of DCF Methods
Use of DCF based method can become
inordinately complex when;
 In situation where a decision may have to be
taken continuously
 The discount rate need to change continuously
varying with underlying IP asset value and time
 Proponents of use of real option methods for IP
valuation argue DCF based methods do not address
issue of managerial flexibility

Monte Carlo Method
• Monte Carlo method is • Useful in considering intrinsic
understood as any uncertainty in underlying earnings
potential of IP asset
technique of statistical
• Based on DCF method
sampling employed to
• Usually used in income
approximate solutions to
projection sensitivity analysis
quantitative problems.
• Addresses a situation where
more than one analysis variables
• Evaluates how possible future
are related e.g. price of
outcomes can affect a current
product/service and market
decision.
penetration
 Assign appropriate probabilities
• Each simulation exercise one or
to different outcome
more variable is changed
• Very useful in considering IP with
no prior commercialized track
record (new or unique in the
market)

Monte Carlo Method

• Procedural Process • Variables used
– Identify inputs (e.g. market – Capital investment needed to
size, cost of goods sold) develop a technology
– Identify useful life time – Time needed to deliver
– Choose discount rate product to the market
– Choose minimum, – Potential market size
maximum – Potential product/license
– Prescribe randomness revenue
through distribution (e.g.
uniform, normal, • Sensitivity analysis is useful in
triangular, etc) and highlighting key uncertainty
probability
– Enter into model • Identifying such uncertainty
– Run sensitivity analysis provide an opportunity to reduce
them which greatly improves
– Make a decision quality of prediction

Monte Carlo Method

Challenges Benefits
– More complex in – Able to identify
manual computation probability of specific
outcome
– Prone to be Garbage- – Able to identify variables
In Garbage-Out which have influence in
(GIGO) the model (e.g. net
present value)
– Add more flexibility to
the model
– Obtain clear charts and
reports

IP Valuation – Option pricing based methods
Option Pricing- The theory behind option pricing was
primarily developed for use in pricing financial
Based Method options but can also be applied to a number
Real Options Method (Non- of other situations other than directly
financial Options) financial assets. The valuation of IP still in
Real (non-financial) option development or being commercialized is one
valuation methods treat the such framework. Option based methods
development as well as essentially belong in the income based
commercialization of IP as a series methods category as they too use expected
of options. As the IP is developed future cash flows to measure value.
and commercialized, many
decisions about investment
timing, when to patent, The basic definition of an option is a right but
abandonment, direction of not an obligation, at or before some specified
research etc. must be made. The time, to purchase or sell an underlying asset
information to make these
whose price is subject to some form of
decisions is often not available at
the time of valuation, but
random variation. Options are priced using
becomes available later. The real the Black-Scholes option-pricing model,
options method, using the Black- which is a mathematical model for the
Scholes model, takes into account valuation of options.
the flexibility of these future
decisions.

IP Valuation - OPT
Black-Scholes Model

IP Valuation
OPT vs Real Option

OPT Real Option
• Time to expiry • Time to invest in
• Exercise price of the • Investment cost of
financial option on share real option project
• Current price on the • Present value of
underlying share project cash flows
• Standard deviation of • Standard deviation of
the underlying share
return project value (volatility)
• Risk free interest rate • Risk free interest rate

IP Valuation – Option Pricing-Based Method

Advantages Disadvantages
It incorporates the value
associated with the uncertainty The main disadvantage of the
and accounts for the flexibility real options method is the
inherent in the development of IP. complexity of the model. It is
The value associated with the difficult to understand and the
uncertainty of cash flows and the
ability to manage the evaluation can be costly to
development of the IP is perform. Some experts doubt the
accounted for. Like the DCF accuracy of options based models
method it values the stream of for use with real investments
cash flows but it also accounts for
acquired knowledge. As a result, it such as IP. The main arguments
provides a more complete are that option based models
evaluation than the DCF as it over-value IP through the
captures more than simply cash
flows and static costs. inclusion of non-viable
development as well as
commercialization decisions.

IP Valuation – Option Pricing-Based Method

When are they used?
• The real options method is Conclusion
applicable when confronting a • Monte Carlo Simulation
high degree of uncertainty or uses a random number
being in the situation of generation to simulate
complexity, adding some reality
managerial flexibility, and not all • Possible to generate
the information is known at a thousands possible
particular time. scenarios
• Based on Black-Scholes • Made easy by
model used in valuing options
on financial assets. availability of software
• It is increasingly used in the
packages
biotechnology as well as
pharmaceutical industries and
early stage IP developments.

IP Valuation –
Market-Based  Auction In a perfect auction, there are
many potential buyers with perfect
Method information about all aspects of the IP.
The value of the IP is determined by the
Market-based methods value price reached through bidding.
IP through comparison with
 Comparable market value The value of
prices achieved in recent the IP is given by comparison with similar
comparable or similar IP comparable independent IP or similar
transactions between transactions.
independent parties.  Comparable royalty rate Market based
Observing the prices of valuation methods may also be based on
comparable assets traded the comparison of royalty rates used
between parties in an active when licensing similar IP. Many sectors
market gives a value to the often use industry averages as a basis for
subject IP. The idea behind setting royalty rates in license
these approaches is that the
agreements or in establishing damages
in litigation. The value of the IP is given
market decides the accurate through the comparison of the subject IP
price and therefore the value with the royalty rates in similar license
of the IP. Market based agreements.
methods include IP auctions,
comparable market and
comparable royalty rate
methods.

IP Valuation – Market-Based Method

Advantages Disadvantages (Cont’d)
Observing the market is - There is a risk of comparing the subject
IP with other IP which has been traded
a relatively but which has still not been utilized in full
straightforward stretch. In these cases the IP can be
valuation method. It is undervalued.
useful to check the - When royalty rates are compared, there
validity of other are also some potential distorting
approaches. problems. Royalty rates set using returns
to R&D costs, return on sales figures or
Disadvantages industry averages run the risk of valuing
- Lack of IP markets and costs or other factors rather than value.
information - Search for a comparable market
transaction is futile
- Uniqueness of IP makes – Lack of compatibility
direct comparison difficult – IP transactions are part of a larger
transaction and details are kept
extremely confidential, it is never
possible to find a transaction

IP Valuation – Market-Based Method
When are they used?
 Market based methods are useful when a market value is
required for any given subject IP. These methods require an
active market, a comparable exchange of IP between two
independent parties and sufficient access to transaction price
information.

 There are limited formal markets for IP and the relevant
pricing information is not usually public. As a result, the use of
the comparable market value approach to valuing IP is rare. The
use of comparable royalty rates are more widespread, especially
as databases of industry royalty rates and comparable
transaction information have been collated by larger IP right-
holders and independent companies offering valuation services.

 In the future, when IP markets become active and public, the
use of market based approaches can become more established.

IP Valuation – Royalty Savings Method
• Execution of the Royalty Savings method in a scenario of M&A
-- Select an appropriate royalty rate (as a percent of revenue)
• Search for agreements regarding the licensing of comparable technologies
• Review of the royalties paid as for the use of the comparable technologies,
and a comparison relative to the insured patent
• Analyze the company’s excess earnings, and hence its ability to pay a
royalty and still generate a fair return
– Project the expected future annual revenue attributable to the IP;
– Calculate the royalties that the owner is relieved from paying by
multiplying the projected annual revenue by the royalty rate;
– Reduce the royalties by the taxes that would be due on the
incremental profit created by the relief from paying royalties;
– Discount the after-tax annual royalty savings to present value at the
appropriate discount rate;
– Sum the discounted after-tax royalty savings to estimate the value of
the Intellectual Property.

IP Valuation – Royalty Savings Method
• Execution of the Royal Savings Method under a scenario of
owning IP and in a development process for technological
feasibility or market commercialization .
– The application of this approach is in the same manner as
detailed in the M&A scenario, with the exception of
probability weighting the expected future royalty income
to reflect the uncertainty associated with the project
achieving technological feasibility.
– Application of this approach assumes that the owner
would license the rights to the IP in exchange for future
royalty payments to a third party during or at the end of
the R&D phase, rather than commercializing and
marketing the completed product using its own resources.

IP Valuation – Pay-off Method (POM)
• POM is an analysis method that is suitable for cases, where
the value information is in the form of scenarios. It is about
the way to create a distribution from values of, usually
three value scenarios, minimum possible value scenario,
and maximum possible value scenario.
• Observe that the best guess scenario is the most likely one
and assigning it full degree membership in the set of
expected outcome. Decide that the maximum possible
(optimistic) and the minimum possible (pessimistic)
scenarios are the upper and lower bounds of the
distribution. Do not consider values higher than the
optimistic scenario and lower than pessimistic scenario.
Assume the shape of the POM distribution is triangular.
Calculate a real option value for the patent under analysis
directly from the pay-off distribution by using fuzzy pay-off
method for real option valuation.

IP Valuation – Qualitative Evaluation Method
• Qualitative evaluation methods framework for evaluating and
provide a value guide for the strategically managing patents.
subject IP through the rating It consists of five categories:
and scoring of different factors legal, technology, market,
related to the IP. These factors finance and strategy, each of
which has 5-10 associated
or “value indicators” can index questions. Each question
influence the value of the IP relates to a different value
both positively and negatively. indicator. Each question is rated
 Patent information related 1-5 according to the patents
value indicators used to strengths and weaknesses.
suggest the existence of strong  Together, the 40 or so value
correlation between patent indicators form a whole picture
value and standardized of the patent and its relative
indicators observable in patent risks and opportunities. These
information documents. are then displayed in various
 Evaluation of value indicators: tables and graphical forms to
IPScore is used to value be used by management for
technology, patents and patent making strategic decisions.
portfolios internally, within
companies. The tool provides a

IP Valuation – Qualitative Evaluation Method
• Advantages • Disadvantages
- Simplicity is the main advantage - Valuing IP using patent information
of patent information related and related value indicators have many
non-patent value indicators. Once drawbacks. For example simply counting
the relevant information has been citations avoids taking a stand on
questions such as how and why citations
researched and is available in a arise and what type of information they
useable form its relatively easily to convey. Focusing on simple counts
classify and evaluate the IP without deliberately ignores any added
the need for complex methods. information within the network of
citations. Using value indicators as a proxy
- Data for the evaluation is often for value is only as useful as the level of
publicly available. With sufficient expertise of those who are conducting the
expertise it is possible to value IP valuation. One must also decide which
belonging to other parties. As a indicators are relevant to the value of a
result, these qualitative methods particular IP, and which are not. The
quality and realism of the qualitative
facilitate the comparison and
evaluation in IPScore, for example, is
ranking of IP within a company’s greatly dependent on the quality of
own portfolio or against information used.
competitors’ IP.

To optimize the value Cost savings can
IP Strategy of IP assets, value
creation function
be achieved if
granted tax
can be simply incentives and
formulated where other tax
Σ Profiti profitability rests
upon price and
privileges, and due
to economy of
cost mechanism.
= (Pricei – Costi) The price will be
scale and skilled
work force.
rising on account
x Volumei of strategic
management such
as product
uniqueness,
product
differentiation,
monopolistic
competition,
higher barrier to
entry, innovation
and branding.

IP Strategy
SWOT analysis provides Qualitative evaluation
self assessment through methods are most often
internal audit that reveals used for the purpose of
strengths and weaknesses, internal IP management.
while taking opportunities They are most useful for
from the external factors comparing, categorizing
like technological progress, and ranking IP within a
government laws and portfolio or vis-à-vis
regulation, life styles, competitors’ IP. They are
demography, political and also useful for assessing
economic situation; and the risks and opportunities
escaping the risks from IP of IP.
infringement, the act of
not pursuing IP
circumvention and
plagiarism.

IP Audit
IP audit is a strategic
exercise where IP assets are Taxonomy can assist the
to be inventoried and then Company in determining the
mapped against the current extent to which current and
future products are
business and future protected (e.g. to identify
strategic priorities. Within the existence of strategic
an audit process through a gaps in the portfolio and
classification or taxonomy, pockets of non-core IP), and
IP assets will be categorized further performing
in manner that actionable competitive assessment
information is provided for (e.g. to determine the
IP asset optimization by position and trajectory of
rivals’ portfolios).
means of technical analyses
(e.g. SWOT).

 understanding  IP assessment
entire business  competitive
strategy (e.g. SWOT,
IP Audit (cont’d)  to align IP
strategy with
GAP,
trajectories)
business goals  opportunity
IP audit  to identify key
target
(e.g. licensing
and sale,
process which markets,
products and
utilization
across SBUs)
technologies
is used to  IP assets
and risk (e.g.
litigation)
identification  process and
support the IP  To ensure not
missing all
control (e.g.
best practices,
business plan relevant IP
assets
strategic
patenting,
needs these  IP assets
categorization
licensing
compliance)
 Using
essential steps taxonomy to
assess the
of action: strength and
relevancy of
IP

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