1. Obesity

2. Definition of obesity
Obesity is defined by a body-mass index )weight
divided by square of the height( of 30 kgm–2 or
.greater
BMI is the weight in kilograms divided by the*
.square of the height in metres

3. classification of overweight
BMI* )kg m–2( WHO classification Popular
description
Underweight Thin 18.5>
‘Healthy‘, ‘normal‘, ‘acceptable‘ — 24.9–18.5
Grade 1 overweight Overweight 29.9–25.0
Grade 2 overweight Obesity 39.9–30.0
Grade 3 overweight Morbid obesity 40.0≤

4. Factors influencing obesity
Genetics-1
Environmental factors It seems likely that-2
environmental influences act
through increasing energy intake and/or
decreasing energy expenditure

5. -3Energy expenditure. The most variable
component of energy expenditure is hysical
activity, representing 20–50% of total energy
.expenditure
There is some evidence thatEnergy intake -4
high-fat diets are associated with an
increased risk of obesity within populations

6. Culture -5 
-6Fetal nutrition. Evidence indicates that 
undernutrition of the fetus during intrauterine
development may determine the later onset of
obesity

7. Effect of obesity on the body
Obesity leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus -1 
-2The effects of obesity Cardiovascular 
function The increase in circulatory preload
and afterload lead to left ventricular )LV(
.dilatation and hypertrophy

8. Sleep-breathing abnormalities in obesity -3
During sleep, there is alveolar hypoventilation and
transient episodes of apnea that are accompanied
by a fall in arterial oxygen saturation )hypoxia( and
a rise in arterial carbon dioxide )hypercapnia(. In
some individuals, these factors lead to daytime
sleepiness )hypersomnolence( with persistent
hypoxia and hypercapnia accompanied by the
development of
pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and eventually,
.respiratory failure

9. Cerebrovascular disease -4
Obesity is linked to an increased risk of stroke in
both men and women
Gastrointestinal system gastroesophageal reflux -5

10. Hepatobiliary disease-
Obesity is associated with cholelithiasis. In the
Nurses‘ He
kg/m2 had an incidence of symptomatic
gallstones of
person-years of follow-up. Women with BMI
>45 kg/m
gallstones

11. Osteoarthritis-
Cancer-
Psychosocial function--
Gynaecological and obstetric complications-
Surgical and anesthetic complications-

13. Management of obesity
Dieting-1
Exercise-2
Weight loss programs-3
Medication -4
Surgery-5