1. The
English
Language.

2. Language: It is Human Faculty.

3. The English language will be defined into tree
categories:
1) The origins and history of English.
2) Comparison between, Modern English to
Old English and other languages.
3) Reasons for language change, (internal
and external ).

4. 1.The origins and history of English.

5. Celts
The Celtic language were spoken
all over Europe, and there were
many tribes.
One of this tribes may have been
given a name such as «painted»
from which the names Britain and
British.
In Britain, this language survive in:
 Wales
 Scotland
 Ireland.
(But they are not consider English, because of
its influence). .
Later they and their language
displaced and dissapeared.

6.  The Roman empire ruled until 476, and
because of the political power , Latin was
spoken in parts of Britain and the European
continent.
Celtic
Germanic.
Words like: wall, kitchen, wine, were borrowed
from Latin into Germanic.
The Latin influence continues through
medieval and renaissance times.

7. When does English
become official?
The arrival of the
Germanic tribes into the
British Isles in 449 .

8. The word English derived from one of the
tribes:
The germanic dialect is now a language
spoken by Over a billion people in many
parts of the world.

9. The English language even though it is a
Germanic language, it has adopted the
influence of other language from:
a) Latin
b) French.
It is estimated that half of the vocabulary of
English comes from this two dialects. French
and Latin loanwords are also used in English to
add formality to language.
The most frequent words: The, a(n), did, it and
of are native, also the plural –s and third
person singular –s.

10. The English language is the
result of loanwords, as the
collection of words that
were selected to appear in
the dictionary.
The Oxford Dictionary is the
best resource on the English
language and its history.
Nowdays many libraries
have access to the OED
online.
However, we still need rules
to put the words together
into sentences, words,
sounds, meaning and the
appropiate use.

11. 2.Modern English compare to Old English.
The English language will be examined through
three differents levels:
 Sound
 Word
 Sentence

12. Differences:
Sound: Pronunciation «Sc» and - Modern English has 13
«g». Or 14 different vowels.
- English has 25 consonants.
Word: Lack of grammatical The most unusual English
words, such as of, consonant is the one spelled
the and we. As «th».
Sentence: The sentences contains English syllable structure is
five words. complex, there are cluster,
like «Strikes», in which they
become adapted across world’s
language. The most common syllable
pattern is CV even in English.

13. To indicate Who does What
to Whom (where , when,
how and why that occur).
*Language differ in how they mark these
functions: - by endings (verbs ,nouns etc).
- Word order and grammatical words.

14. The major change :
Old English: It has a number of
endings, they are mainly on the
nouns.
The Endings express what word
order and prepositions do in
Modern English.
A change from:
Synthetic to Analytic.

15. 3.External and Internal change.
 External : Political
Geography
Social changes.
 Internal: Linguistics changes.

16. Internal Changes:
Internal change occur when :
• Speakers stop using
inflections
• Also occur when the
category of a word is
reanalyzed.
However, there are factors that
inhibit internal change, namely
Prescriptive rules.
These rules are explicity taught
in school, for example, the use
of the proper case endings,
and the third person –s are
reinforced in schools.

17. External changes:
• Incorporation of new words
into English, like French
words, (hot-dog, e-mail,
computer).
This lead to changes in the
actual grammar or sound
system .
• Also external changes have
certain expression s that
become markers of identity.

18. A bit of History
During the history of In the last 2000 years. The
the English language English language
suffered the influences
there are also from Latin and the Celtic
evidence of external language, through
changes. Roman civilizations.
They provided many
geographical names:
Kent – Avon – Dover and
Loch.

19. Later on..
Germanic Invasion.(6th Scandinavian
century). (8th and 10th centuries)
.The conversion to Scandinavian may be the most
Christianity introduced important of the external
influences on English grammar
Latin words .
and vocabulary.
A. The dissapearance of Old
English caused influence on
the grammar.
B. Scandinavian words
become «everyday» words.

20. Finally
In 1066 during the Battle of Hastings, William of
Normandy arrived and defeated Harold.
As a conclusion, French became the language of
the nobility and the court and much new
vocabulary was introduced.
a) Political
b) Cultural.