YouTube, Facebook and Twitter have become the new weapons of mass mobilization, especially in the Arab World. These tools include the whole media and modern technology, which depends mainly on the Internet. YouTube, which was founded in February 2005, allows millions of people to discover, watch and share originally created videos, not only but also created many channels, in various fields of the life. One of the important uses of YouTube is for education & training. This proposed model of YouTube Channel is creating a specialised university channel which could be of great interest to the students, trainers, interests & public, as they will benefit from the services provided, especially in the framework of media training. My project explores how we can use YouTube more effective in field of teaching & training, and how we can use it to reveal our insights in new ways.

1. New Media & YouTube: Overview & A
Model of YouTube Edu
" This Article is a Part Of Applied Project for YSJU"
By:
Mohsen Alafranji
MA Documentary & TV Production
Faculty of Arts
York St John University - UK
2011

2. ii
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................2
NEW MEDIA...............................................................................................................................................4
WHAT IS NEW MEDIA?.............................................................................................................................................4
Characteristics of New Media ………………………………………………...………..……………………..5
YOUTUBE: AMODEL OF EDU CHANNELS ....................................................................................................................7
HOW PEOPLE USE YOUTUBE......................................................................................................................................8
YOUTUBE STATISTICS..................................................................................................................................................9
YOUTUBE EDU.........................................................................................................................................11
PROPOSED MODEL OF YOUTUBE EDU .........................................................................................................13
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................14

3. 1
ABSTRACT
New media in the modern era have attracted the attention of whole people, it has had dramatic
effects at all levels, especially the political, social and economic. YouTube, Facebook and Twitter have
become the new weapons of mass mobilization, especially in recent years in the Arab World. These
tools include the whole media and modern technology, which depends mainly on the Internet.
YouTube, which was founded in February 2005, allows millions of people to discover, watch and
share originally created videos, not only but also created many channels, in various fields of the life.
One of the important uses of YouTube is for education & training. This proposed model of YouTube
Channel is creating a specialised university channel which could be of great interest to the students,
trainers, interests & public, as they will benefit from the services provided, especially in the
framework of media training.
My project explores how we can use new media (YouTube) more effective in field of teaching &
training, and how we can use it to reveal our insights in new ways.
KEY WORDS:
New Media, Social Media, YouTube, YouTube EDU, A Model, Media Training.

4. 2
INTRODUCTION
The modern era “information age” has seen the emergence of many new media, which are used
nowadays on a large scale in various fields of life, even considered like water, air and food, one of the
basic necessities of life that cannot be dispensed with. New media in the modern era have attracted
the attention of people, governments, institutions and parties. It has had dramatic effects at all levels,
especially the political, social and economic; so we now find a new world community, which has
changed dramatically and is based on new technology.
The strength and impact of new media have enabled it to exceed many of the obstacles faced by the
traditional media. So, we find that everything in life is dependent on these means, which are
spearheaded by YouTube, Twitter and Facebook.
YouTube, Facebook and Twitter have become the new weapons of mass mobilization, especially in
recent years in the Arab World. These tools include the whole media and modern technology, which
depends mainly on the Internet, notably Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, YouTube, Wikis, Podcasts and
other Web Tools.
The Arab Revolution, which named “The Arab Spring” had begun in early 2011 in the Arab world
from Tunisia, spreading to Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Jordan, Libya, and others, and is still going
non-stop; it led the Arab peoples for the first time against the political regimes. It has formed a
unique and private phenomenon, especially in the Egyptian revolution, which ended with the
downfall of President Hosni Mubarak, and has also been successful in Tunisia with the overthrow of
President Ben Ali.
New media nowadays is creating a new citizen, and a new citizenship, in what is called the “Citizen
Journalist”. Many people have become journalists using these new media tools, especially Facebook,
YouTube and Twitter, through filming, and publishing news of many events. One of the big stories
during the Egyptian Revolution was a movie on YouTube showing a diplomatic car running over a
number of demonstrators near Tahrir Square. This video was uploaded by a “Citizen Journalist”,
broadcast by Aljazeera channel, and then by most of the international news agencies. In Syria now,
most of the channels depend on “Citizen Journalists”, to show what is happening, and broadcasting
scenes of murder and torture of demonstrators through Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, especially
since all media is suffering from severe censorship.
One of the main reasons for this expansion in new media is increasing use of the Internet and mobile
phones, which continues to grow worldwide. By the end of 2009, there were an estimated 4.6 billion
mobile cellular subscriptions, corresponding to 67 per 100 inhabitants globally. Internet use has also
continued to expand in 2009, an estimated 26 per cent of the world’s population (or 1.7 billion
people) were using the Internet; Internet penetration in developed countries reached 64 per cent at
the end of 2009, in developing countries it reached only 18 per cent according to the report by the
International Telecommunication Union (2010).
One of the most important impacts of this new media is the new global and interactive
developments. Today, in new media, the equation is different, so we find the audience has become
more positive not as passive as was the case previously. For example, some Arab channels have
dedicated Web sites and programs to receive videos, and clips from Arab citizen journalists, who are
interested in covering the revolutions in their countries. Also, several media institutions announced

5. 3
training courses for citizen journalists on the skills of photography and editing. All this is happening
now in the Arab world, because the media realized that citizen journalists have become influential on
the media map.
YouTube, which was founded in February 2005, allows millions of people to discover, watch and
share originally created videos. YouTube has created many channels, which is a great way to bring
exposure to interests and activities, or just keep family and friends up to date on what is happening
in your life.
In Spring 2010, YouTube launched redesigned channels. Many users had contributed useful feedback,
and helped make the new channels (beta) stronger and faster. The channel is your home for
broadcasting on YouTube. It is the place to house the videos that you make (Uploads), the videos that
you love (favorites) and the videos that you have organized (Playlists).
The development of YouTube channels is continuing, many of foundations, agencies, government
organizations & nongovernmental organizations benefited from the services of new channels via
YouTube.
Also, Universities benefited and began to create their own electronic channels, which increased in
the world. These university channels have many goals, such as education, entertainment, training,
social and global networking.
This project present a model of YouTube EDU Channel where will be use for multiple uses based on
the advantages of such as these channels. My project explores how we can use new media (YouTube)
more effective in field of teaching & training, and how we can use it to reveal our insights in new
ways.

6. 4
NEW MEDIA
 DEFINITION
 IMPORTANCE
 CHARACTERISTICS
 TOOLS
The international information revolution today, represents one of the most important stages of
historical development, because of its effects and consequences on large areas of life.
This revolution is not just a revolution in digital technology, but lies within political, economic,
cultural, and social contexts, affecting the lives of individuals and communities. Therefore, the
controversial question is: how does this revolution to change our lives and our behavior?
In the context of the digital revolution, new media and social networks have emerged, which brought
together millions of individuals on their pages, and widened bridges extending between individuals
and peoples from around the world.
New media has established itself firmly on the world map, and has attracted increasing numbers of
Internet users, because it means the integration of different communication tools, old and new, in
one place. It has made the elements of the communication process, such as sender, recipient, the
message, the means and the feedback, more effective and interactive.
What is New Media?
New media have many terms, such as: Digital media, interactive media, Multimedia media, Online
media, & Cyber media.
All these terms mean that there are something different in content & form, developing the traditional
media, through merger of three basic elements: Computer, networks, & Multimedia.
F. Terry (2002) defines new media that forms the three combined circles, namely (i) computing and
information technology (IT), (ii) communications networks, and (iii) digital media and information
content. New media can also be thought of as digital media, which is formed of media content that
combines and integrates data, text, sound, and images of all kinds stored in digital formats, and
increasingly distributed through networks, such as broadband, fiber-optic cables, satellites and
microwave transmission systems.
Media (An EU Program) (2010) shows that digital media definitely opens up new opportunities to
develop innovative content, and new ways to reach and interact with the audience. This media
program supports companies in the development, distribution and promotion of projects and works.
R. Jeffery (2011) points out that the social media directory solves a problem by organizing the top 15
information categories into a comprehensive resource that helps users quickly find the Facebook,
Twitter, and LinkedIn connections that match their interests. These topics are business, computers
and electronics, current events, politics, news, entertainment, health, hobbies, sports, travel, religion
and shopping.
New media contribute to the achievement of several goals at various levels in order to placement it
more professional in various fields of life.

7. 5
UNESCO (2011) had set many objectives (long and short term) for creating content in new media, as
follows:
 Promote the expression of cultural and linguistic diversity through communication and
information.
 Contribute to building an inclusive knowledge society, where disadvantaged communities
may fully participate.
 Provide a human and cultural dimension to international cooperation efforts in order to
reach sustainable development.
 Improve intercultural communication and understanding, and to create an enabling
environment for democratic dialogue.
 Promote a free and better balanced flow of information and freedom of expression.
 Provide advanced training in their own regions to content creators.
 Encourage networking of communication and information institutions to widen access to
experience.
Characteristics of New Media:
FestoonMedia (2010) shows that most technologies described as "new media" are digital, often
having characteristics of being:
 Manipulated
 Networkable
 Dense
 Compressible
 Interactive
 Impartial
Also, some researchers added other features, including:
 Asynchronous
 Participation and non-proliferation
 Mobility and flexibility
 Cosmic
 Multimedia integration
 Attention and concentration
 Storage
 Open borders
 Speed and continuous updating
 Convertibility
New Media Tools
New media tools are not limited, so there are many tools with various categories & classifications.
ICrossing (2008) demonstrates that social media is best understood as a group of new kinds of online
media, which share most or all of the following characteristics: Participation, Openness,
Conversation, and Community and Connectedness.

8. 6
Furthermore, ICrossing (2008) points out that there are basically six kinds of social media—note
though, that innovation and change are rife; these are as follows:
 Social media Sites (Networks): these sites allow people to build personal web pages and
then connect with friends to share content and communication, such as: Facebook and Bebo.
 Blogs: perhaps the best known form of social media; blogs are online journals, with entries
appearing with the most recent first, such as: WordPress, Tumblr, & Blogger.
 Wikis: these websites allow people to add content or edit the information on them, acting as
a communal document or database. The best-known wiki is Wikipedia.
 Podcasts: audio and video files that are available by subscription, through services like Apple
iTunes.
 Content communities: communities that organize and share particular kinds of content. The
most popular content communities tend to form around photos (Flickr), social bookmarked
links (del.icio.us) and videos (YouTube).
 Micro blogging: social networking combined with bite-sized blogging, where small amounts
of content ('updates') are distributed online and through the mobile phone network. Twitter
is the clear leader in this field.
Sometimes, we could find other categories, such as:
 Mashups. ASHUPS.
 Texting.
 Webcasts/ Webinars.
 Widgets.
A recent study of new media Nielson report (2010) showed that Facebook, YouTube, and Wikipedia
have reached the list of top online brands; moreover, the world now spends over 110 billion minutes
on social networks and blog sites. This equates to 22 percent of all time online or one in every four
and half minutes.
Effective new media strategy , especially social networking is not about using a larger number of
tools; but in Improve practice across the sequential steps which lead to the success of the strategy,
based on the effective and efficient use.
Also, new media is related to the promotion of community participation and activation of the
communicative process, which has undergone major changes in terms of the exchange of roles and
allowing the public to be a major player, not just scenes.

9. 7
YOUTUBE: A MODEL OF YOUTUBE EDU
BROADCAST YOUR FILM AND TV PRODUCTION
 Foundation & Uses
 YouTube Statistics
 YouTube EDU
 Proposed Model
YouTube has allowed many possibilities to enrich the interaction between individuals and over
borders between communities. It has enabled work on the transfer of events, culture and
experiences through the provision of visual media, and saving it to ensure it continued. The website
gave people the possibility to create private channels for individuals, firms and governments to share
their own videos on the Internet.
YouTube today is considered the first choice for most Internet users, among their services available
to everyone. Any person, institution or group can create a channel to upload their own videos to the
site to be watched by the world, or to discover, and watch originally created videos. These services
helped to spread channels via YouTube widely, and the management of YouTube is keen on the
quality and authenticity of these videos out of respect for the rights of everyone.
Nowaday, its one of the most important video sharing sites in the world, for uploading and sharing
online videos. It allows users to exchange comments, messages & add advertisments.
Searchenginewatch (2011) indicates that YouTube is celebrating its sixth birthday this month, and has
achieved two impressive new statistics: 48 hours of video are now uploaded every minute, and
YouTube has surpassed 3 billion views per day. In November, YouTube challenged users to increase
the number of videos uploaded per minute from 35 hours of footage per minute to 48, and they
have delivered.
YouTube (2011) was founded in February 2005, in San Bruno, California, United States. It allows
billions of people to discover, watch and share originally created videos. YouTube provides a forum
for people to connect, inform and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform
for original-content creators and advertisers, large and small. See the company timeline for more
information on the company history. As such, YouTube is the largest video sharing website on the
Internet with over 100 million video accesses and about 65000 video uploads per day. It displays a
wide variety of user-generated video content, such as movie clips, TV clips, music videos, amateur
content, such as video blogging and short original videos.
Burgess, J & Green, J (2009) reported that YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, &
Jawed Karim, former employees of online commerce website, PayPal. YouTube’s website was
officially launched with little public fanfare in June 2005. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was
bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and now operates as a subsidiary of Google.
According to the global Alexa rating, the YouTube site comes in third place in terms of top sites,
where in the World view, there is Google, Facebook, and YouTube. YouTube today is one of the most
common websites on the Internet. The idea behind it is very simple and attractive; it allows anyone
to attach any files consisting of video clips on the Internet without any cost. After signing up, the user
will be able to attach any number of these files to be seen by millions of people around the world,
and also enables the viewers to comment on the video clips.

10. 8
Burgess, J & Green, J (2009) consider that debates around good or bad uses of YouTube come down
to ideas about ethics. However, the ethics of participation in YouTube should not be reduced to
making judgments about whether or not pre-determined moral standards are being lived up to.
According to YouTube (2011), “you can let people know what you think, through feedback which is
part of the experience, and when done with respect, can be a great way to make friends, share
stories and make your time on YouTube more fulfilling. So you can leave comments, rate videos, make
your own responses to videos that affect you, enter contests of interest—there's a lot going on and a
lot of ways to participate”.
How people use YouTube
Today, YouTube is the foremost video site and the first choice for most Internet users, some of whom
have replaced TV with YouTube to watch what they want. YouTube allows each person to be the
owner of the channel. So YouTube is considered by some as TV of the future, and the alternative rival
television; although there are differences between them.
Michael Wesch, cultural anthropologist from Kansas State University and author of the world-famous
YouTube video, “The Machine is Us/ing Us,” describes YouTube as a “worldwide participatory
movement”, “a new, user-driven community in which everyone is invited to participate” and
“YouTube is not just a technology, It’s a social space built around video communication that is
searchable, taggable and mashable,…”.
Thawratalweb (2011) explains the most important differences between TV and YouTube, as follows:
1. Both of them have channels: The difference is that a YouTube channel can be established by
any normal user anywhere in the world; it does not require huge amounts of money to
create a YouTube channel.
2. TV controls us, while YouTube is controlled by us: When we are watching TV, we get what the
owners of the channels want us to watch, not what we want to watch. But in YouTube, we
choose what we want to watch.
3. YouTube allows us to control the time of display, but TV shows depend on the time chosen by
them, not by audiences.
4. One of YouTube’s features is keeping all the clips and the possibility of recourse to it more
than once to promote interest.
5. YouTube allows anyone to publish, but TV depends on the central television broadcaster.
Now, students, trainers, academic staff, professionals and others are using YouTube in various fields
of life. We can discover the channels that exist via YouTube, follow-up the comments on them,
discuss on the media website and others.
Khuder, S (2010) demonstrated that students use YouTube as a study tool, and turning to the website
for help with their courses, especially since YouTube videos focus on concepts rather than details and
start from the beginning of a topic and build up. In contrast, in a lecture, the professor often assumes
students remember what they have learned in previous courses.
Mckay, C (2011) illustrates that if YouTube is used in the right way, it can be seen as a learning and
teaching tool. So when we normally go on YouTube, we look for funny, homemade videos, movie
clips, pop culture updates, or the hottest new music video. Although YouTube is mostly used for fun

11. 9
and entertainment, I am guilty of also using it for educational purposes. For example, if I do not
understand a math lesson, I go home and YouTube the name of the lesson.
Another study by Graeme McMillan (2010) explains that more Internet users watch music videos for
free on YouTube than download music, either through official sources like iTunes or even illegally.
That discovery comes from Nielsen, who
polled more than 25,000 users about their
online music habits towards the end of last
year.
According to Chris O’Neal (2006), the hugely
popular YouTube probably has the most
videos (and buzz) to date. Ask any teenager,
and you are sure to find that YouTube is one
of his or her favourite destinations. One can
find music videos, self-created talent
auditions, vacation videos, vintage footage
of sports events, and a grand variety of the
odd and unpredictable.
As Dana Dukic (2009) says, YouTube is a new
tool for teaching information literacy. She
also explains that the usage of online video
sharing site (YouTube) is sky-high, where:
 The share of online adults who watch
videos on video-sharing sites has nearly
doubled since 2006.
 Video watching outranks many online
activities.
 Online video viewing has grown across
all age groups.
 Television and movie watching are now an online experience for a third of internet users.
YouTube Statistics:
YouTube Statistics (2011) explains many facts and more recent statistics as follows:
Traffic:
 More than 13 million hours of video were uploaded during 2010, and 48 hours of video are uploaded
every minute.
 Over 3 billion videos are viewed a day.
 Users upload the equivalent of 240,000 full-length films every week.
 70% of YouTube traffic comes from outside the US.
 YouTube is localised in 25 countries across 43 languages.
 YouTube's demographic reach is broad: 18-54 years old.
 YouTube reached over 700 billion playbacks in 2010.

12. 10
YouTube Partner Programme:
 Created in 2007, YouTube now has 20,000+ partners from 22 countries around the world
 YouTube pays out millions of dollars a year to partners
 Hundreds of partners are making six figures a year, and the number of partners making over
USD1,000 a month is up 300% since 2010
Monetisation:
 YouTube is monetising over 3 billion video views per week globally
 98 of AdAge's Top 100 advertisers have run campaigns on YouTube and the Google Display Network
 The number of advertisers using display ads on YouTube increased tenfold in the last year
Product Metrics:
 YouTube has more HD content than any other online video site
 There are thousands of full-length films on YouTube
 10% of YouTube's videos are available in HD
 YouTube mobile gets over 320 M views a day (up 3x year/year), representing 10% of daily views
 The YouTube player is embedded across tens of millions of websites
Content ID:
 Content ID scans over 100 years of video every day
 More than 2,000 partners use Content ID, including every major US network broadcaster, film studio
and record label
 There are more than six million reference files (over 300,000 hours of material) in the Content ID
database; it is among the most comprehensive in the world. The number has doubled in the last year
 Over a third of YouTube's total monetised views come from Content ID
 More than 120 million videos have been claimed by Content ID
Social:
 Nearly 17 million people have connected their YouTube account to at least one social networking
service (Facebook, Twitter, etc.)
 Over 12 million people are connected and auto-sharing to at least one social network
 150 years of YouTube video are watched every day on Facebook (up 2.5x year/year) and every
minute more than 500 tweets contain YouTube links (up 3x y/y)
 100 million people take a social action on YouTube (likes, shares, comments, etc.) every week
 An auto-shared tweet results in 6 new YouTube.com sessions on average and we see more than 500
tweets per minute containing a YouTube link
 Millions of subscriptions happen each day. Subscriptions allow you to connect with someone you're
interested in - whether it's a friend or the NBA - and keep up with their activity on the site
 More than 50% of videos on YouTube have been rated or include comments from the community
 Millions of videos are favorite every day.

13. 11
Also, statistics by the Digital Ethnography (2011) about YouTube by category demonstrates the
following facts:
Music: 19.8%.
Entertainment: 19.0%.
People & Blogs: 14.2%.
Comedy: 13.4%.
Sports: 6.9%.
Education: 6.0%.
Autos: 5.2%.
Film: 4.7%.
How To: 2.6%.
News: 2.6%.
Pets: 2.2%.
Science: 2.2%.
Travel: 1.3%.
Previous statistics and facts show that the uses of YouTube are multiple; covering almost all fields of
life, where some fields have more audience than others. These facts confirm the need for users to
create more specialized channels to meet all their needs and desires.
YouTube EDU
HowStuffWorks (2011) demonstrates that when you become a YouTube member, YouTube assigns a
personal channel to you. The channel has divisions designed to display a short personal description,
thumbnails of videos you have uploaded, members to whom you have subscribed, videos from other
members you have picked as favorites, lists of members who are your friends and subscribers, and a
section where other people can comment on your channel.
YouTube Channels are the perfect place to house all video content for businesses, teaching, sport,
film or brands and is essentially a customisable home page within the world’s most popular video
site. According to YouTube statistics, tens of millions of people have created YouTube channels. Also,
there is over 7,000 hours of long-form content on YouTube, including thousands of short films and
television episodes, and hundreds of full-length films.
(More details about many points and questions related to YouTube can be found on: Frequently
Asked Questions https://www.YouTube.com/t/faq).
Universities have benefited from the services of new channels on YouTube. They began to establish
their own electronic channels. This trend has expanded worldwide, because of the attention from
the public it receives.

14. 12
Thomas J, (2008) argues that YouTube universities channels offering educational wares on YouTube, a
free video-sharing Web site, or Apple Computer’s university site, iTunes U, is the latest wrinkle in the
fast-growing Open Course Ware (OCW) sector. Today, more than 150 universities from six continents
participate in the OCW movement, offering approximately 5,000 courses for free, because of
YouTube’s development of an education category, as a direct response to the community's interest in
this type of content. The University of California (UC) at Berkeley became the first university to make
videos of full courses available through YouTube in October 2007. The first video in a lecture series
on integrative biology with Professor Marian Diamond has been viewed 89,000 times. The first in a
course titled “Physics for Future Presidents,” with Professor Richard Muller, has been viewed more
than 128,000 times. And “An Introduction to
Nonviolence” has been viewed 27,000 times.
The channels of universities have many goals,
such as:
 Education
 Entertainment
 Training
 Social and Global Networking.
The main categories of the EDU Channel on
YouTube which was launched on 26th March 2009
are: Arts, Business, Education, Engineering,
History, Humanities, Languages, Law, Medicine,
Science, and Social Sciences.
According to Dana Dukic (2009), when colleges
want to set up an official channel on YouTube, they
need to sign an agreement with the company. This allows them to put their logo or school colors on
their channel and to upload longer videos. Not only that, but YouTube has established partnerships
with many other content providers, such as BBC, PBS, CBS, HBO, and National Geographic.
Also, librarians may utilize YouTube videos for library tours, describing collections, services,
programs and facilities, library instructions, digital projects, staff training, library conferences and
events, Vloging, interviews with teachers, students, alumni and others, promoting and marketing
library collections and services, providing access to video recordings of various sponsored events,
lectures and concerts and many other archived video collections.
The interest of universities in establishment of YouTube channels is growing around the world; this
development makes the need for specialized university channels more important, to meet the needs
of different groups associated with the university and with the specialization.
Many universities in the world have benefited from the advantages provided by YouTube, and have
created their own channels, to enhance their prestige and communicate with different audiences,
thus making use of the technological advantages offered by these channels.
Open Culture (2008) points out that universities have been busy and setting up shop on YouTube.
This was enough to justify putting together a collection describing what is out there. Universities are
not always using YouTube just to distribute educational content to the world. It is sometimes about
that, but it is also often about “selling” the university, i.e. about PR.

15. 13
Proposed Model of YouTube EDU:
Multi & growing uses of YouTube reveals the need for wide establishment of specialized channels, as
we live in an age of specialization, & means that the channel will be more focused, and inclusive of
visual materials, videos and films that the public wants to see.
According to experts, YouTube will be the TV of the future, for several reasons, including:
 YouTube and social networks are based on effective reciprocity, and participation, enabling
the viewer to receive and send watches and upload.
 YouTube has the ability to satisfy the needs of viewers, at cognitive, emotional and
recreational levels.
 Trends among the public today are increasingly towards electronic visual media, because of
the advantages mentioned above.
Today, YouTube has become the most important choice for the public, according to the statistics
mentioned.
The idea of creating a specialised university channel could be of great interest to the public, as they
will benefit from the services provided, especially in the framework of training.
We draw all the elements together, and highlight the importance of those elements and the channel
as a whole in achieving the goals.
The following elements are vital and important in the proposed university channel:
 Courses.
 Training.
 Events and News.
 Films.
 Exclusive.
 Share.
 LIVE.
 Advertisement.
 Linked to Social Network.
These elements, which depend on visual materials, can achieve special objectives which we can put
it. They can also create learning support and training environments, as well as cultural and
recreational amenities.

16. 14
REFERENCES
International Telecommunication Union (2010) Measuring the Information Society. Geneva,
Switzerland.
F. Terry (2002) New Media: an introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Media (An EU Program) (2010) Training and Networks in Europe. 2nd edition, Europe Union.
Jeffery A. (2011) Social Media Directory. USA Que Publishing.
UNESCO (2011) Creative Content: Radio, TV, New Media. *Internet+ Available from: <
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=4033&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html>*Access on 22 July 2011+.
FestoonMedia (2010) New Media Branding- A Comprehensive Study. *Internet+ Available from: <
http://www.festoonmedia.com/whitepapers/images/New_Media_Branding.pdf>
ICrossing. (2008) what is Social Media? An e-book from ICrossing –California, USA.
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online/>*Access on 24 July 2011+.
Searchenginewatch (2011) New YouTube Statistics. *Internet+ Available from: <
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Uploaded-Per-Minute-3-Billion-Views-Per-Day>*Access on 24 July 2011+.
YouTube (2011) About YouTube. *Internet+ Available from: <
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