Amrut krushi science

Translated into English from the Hindi original with the generous support of the TATA GROUP

AMRUT KRUSHI SCIENCE

Lifestyle based on NATUECO science

Compiled by

Deepak Suchde

Publisher

Malpani Trust

Village - Bajwada, Post - Nemavar

Taluka - Khategaon, District - Devas (M.P) 455339

Inspiration

Shri S. A. Dabholkar

First edition 2011

10,000 copies

Contact

Deepak Suchde

Malpani Trust, Village - Bajwada, Post - Nemavar

Taluka - Khategaon, District - Devas (M.P) 455339

Phone no. - 9329570960, 9826054388

Email : deepaksuchde@gmail.com

Website: www.natuecofarmingscience.com

www.beyondorganicfarming.in

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Message

Despite rapid developments in the area of research, agriculture in our country,
especially for 80% o f a l l t h e small and marginal farmers of t h e agricultural
community, has scarcely been a business to live on. Apart from the environmental
concerns, rising prices of essential productive materials such as fertilizers and
pesticides has been making agriculture less cost effective and also less sustainable.
This is why it is time to focus on alternative agricultural processes that demand less
investment, remain sustainable even on small-scale farming, and are
environmentally/ecologically friendly.

The "Amrut Agricultural Science" i.e. Natueco farming developed by Prof.
Dabholkar and practiced by t h e Malpani Trust is a sustainable agricultural process.
This type of farming recommends the utilization of locally available resources by using
less external investment, and it works on benefitting from sunlight with canopy
management. This, in turn, converts the biomass into enriched soil, thus ensuring a
high quality produce at less production costs.

Keeping in mind the need to promote such technology, NABARD has decided to ensure
accessibility to the people, especially small and marginal farmers with limited access to
resources. Publications about Natueco farming are translated into different languages
with the aim of popularizing it amongst the agricultural community. NABARD, with the
help of the Malpani Trust, has decided to further the s kil l s e t s of farmers by running
training programmes and organizing visits to areas where Natueco farming is being
carried out.

We hope that a large number of farmers are able to reap the benefits of Natueco
farming and make farming a sustainable and profitable business. We s i n c e r e l y
wish that this j o i n t endeavour of NABARD and the Malpani Trust inspires a large
number of farmers to start Natueco farming.

Dr. Rajendra Singh Chief

General Manager Development

Policy Department

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

Mumbai

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MESSAGE FOR THE READER
In our country, farming was considered a matter of joy and celebration. All festivities
revolved around farming, and it was among the primary occupations in the country.
However, today, farming is considered as simply a means of sustenance for a family
a n d a r o u t i n e business. Farming is becoming a very critical and serious question
full of ironies. Farming has turned into a means of livelihood as a compulsion and also
a matter of suicide. Can you imagine why this has happened? Do you feel that you
should be concerned about these changing situations? If yes, then read further.

According to Indian philosophy, farming r e f e r s t o the worshipping of the five
elements (earth, water, fire, air, and sky). You can attain a higher state of the five
elements (ultimate consciousness) by worshipping them. We all have an ultimate goal
– acquiring ultimate consciousness, understanding the self, or merging with the ultimate
energy.

We all know that happiness and sorrow are the two aspects of life. There is sorrow
attached to every kind of material happiness. There cannot be realization of joy in such
happiness. This is because happiness is a state of 'being', which is beyond the five
elements. Farming could be an easy, simple, and accessible way of realizing this
happiness. Farming is the creative phenomenon of transforming a single seed into
multiple seeds and t h e e v o l u t i o n f r o m a small form t o a larger one. Agriculture
and creation is the only ultimate consciousness, which our Upanishads have shown to
the world by 'Oum purnamidam'. By providing a scientific basis to this truth, even
modern science has proved that energy cannot be destroyed; it simply changes form.

Today's science has been making farming completely market based or dependent on
other external means, due to which farming has become a problem for both the
producer and the consumer. Traders and processors have been getting rich by
grossly exploiting natural resources and human beings. If we have to avoid all this,
then we will have to embrace nature-based remedies and science. Let us understand
this kind of agriculture.

The name of this agriculture is Amrut Krushi. The basis of this is a process that is in
harmony with nature and the environment, in which we consider nature/plants as
indispensable and do yajna-work for its comprehensive healthy development, which we
refer to as the worshipping of t h e five elements. Worship means service. Worship
means yajna. Worship means interaction with mute plants, which is called a ‘ thought-
free’ state. When we attain such a thought-free state, we become one with nature. This
is how Ayurveda wa s c re a t e d ; the plants themselves made the sages aware about
their virtues. This is why Ayurveda is eternal; no changes have been made to it. Nature
understands us and fulfils our dream of prosperity in abundance. Every natural
dimension wants to develop i t s e l f in plenty and this is the law of nature, this is the
theory, the goal.

Farming embodies the message of living in coexistence. From micro-organisms to
macro-organisms, our life becomes complete in the existence of all life forms.
Completeness is consciousness. Thus, ultimate happiness cannot be gained by killing
any life, hurting it, or misleading it in any form or through any means. Hurting,
misleading, or killing somebody, is an act of going far away from the consciousness.

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Since all this is His creation, i t is our duty to create beneficial conditions and fertile
soil. This helps in developing complete immunity among plants, and even the eater
(consumer), will benefit from such immunity.

Modern agricultural science diagnoses plants on the basis of symptoms and compels
the farmer to incur heavy expenses. However, no one cares about the mother of all
plants (the soil). Our mother is given medicine if the baby in her womb falls ill and
with the right medication, the baby becomes healthy. In the same way, by making
fertile soil with immunity power, we, the farmers, could extend proper service to both
the consumer and the environment.

A plant understands your emotions deeply and manifests its emotions accordingly. The
relationship of man with plants is closer than the relationship with his mother. A
mother keeps her child attached to her umbilical cord for 9 months, but our relation with
plants is life-long. Both require each other even for the simple act of breathing
(exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen). In order to maintain such a close
relationship, it becomes our ultimate duty to cultivate disease-free, healthy plants.
How can we fulfil this duty? Read further — about the Amrut Krushi science, which is
a lifestyle influenced by Natueco-based spirituality.

May you all get enriched and become one with the ultimate consciousness by adopting
such a lifestyle. With heartfelt wishes —

Deepak Suchde

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PREFACE

Natueco farming science has been continuously used in farming for about 20 years
with the inspiration of Sri. Dabholkarji. The people's demand was to make this
accessible to all, so an effort has been made to write it down. We welcome any
suggestions that you may have after reading this.

Deepak Suchde

7

INTRODUCTION

Modern agricultural techniques are on an unsustainable path today and are taking us
towards an abyss:

• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides consume a lot of natural resources in their
production and pollute ground water through runoff. They tend to cause harmful
diseases like cancer and leukemia in rural communities. They destroy
biodiversity in rural areas by killing of birds, bees, small animals, and microbial
life in the soil. By adding salts to the soil, they also reduce the fertility of soil over
time.

• Tilling of soil and burning of fields tend to release organic carbon from the soil
and plants into the atmosphere causing more global warming. They also result in
the loss of productive top soil.

• Hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides all increase the costs and risks
associated with farming. Farmers need to invest a lot more in their fields to
prepare for a harvest and a failure of rains frequently results in the bankrupting
of small farmers.

We need to seriously rethink how we can make agriculture much more sustainable. I
believe that AMRUT KRUSHI needs to be considered as a potential technique for
agriculture of the future.

Dr. N. Malpani
Founder Trustee, Malpani Trust.

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GREETINGS

Enrichment of farming is very necessary for the enrichment of human society and
adequate water is imperative for the enrichment of farming. People willing to increase
output without harming the environment will get help from this book based on the
experiments and experiences of the Malpani Trust. Due to their efforts, the process of
this method of farming has progressed in hundreds of villages and keeps on growing.
Using excess water in farming is not only a waste of water but also a gross waste
of fertile soil. This turns an otherwise fertile land into a salty, swamp, and barren one.
So it is necessary to develop methods of farming that stop the wastage of water and
fertile soil and make the land fertile and enriched through better utilization of resources.

It is heartening that students and teachers of t h e Malpani Trust have found such
methods and have already started working on it. People willing to gain prosperity
along with the environment will get help from this book based on their experiments
and experiences. With these good wishes, I congratulate all the students and
teachers of t h e Malpani Trust who have resolved to learn, teach, and adapt the
methods of eternal life and employment by practicing it themselves.

Dinesh Kothari

C. A., Indore

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BACKGROUND OF THE EXPERIMENTS

Till date, ma n y government officials, vice chancellors of agricultural universities,
and several youths associated with agricultural service have visited this pilgrimage of
agriculture (Krushi Teerth). They have practiced this method and moved ahead in the
direction of experiments. The only demand they had is to put this science in writing so
that it could be beneficial for reference. This book is appearing before you as a
fulfilment of the same.

Looking at the increasing inequality in society and steady growth of poverty and
disease, the Malpani Trust started this experiment of farming based on natural and
scientific methods, inspired by Sri.Dabholkarji in Krushi Teerth in March 2006. Several
farmers have got the inspiration of farming in a new way from this.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The former Sarsangh chalak (chief) of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangha Sri. Kup.C.
Sudarshan has obliged us by helping to make the language of this book more
comprehensible. The advisor of 'Micro Farming and Low External Input Sustainable
Agriculture' project of Watershed Organization Trust, Ahmednagar Mr. Himanshu Khale
has given valuable contributions in the writing, editing and designing of this book. This
book is based on the e-booklet 'Khud Karke Seekhe' available on the website of
Watershed Organization, Ahmednagar. Mr. Rajneesh Kahar has provided valuable
cooperation in the editing of this book. Mrs. Malti Johri has contributed as well.

Mrs. Preeti Patil (9819197071) of Mumbai has given valuable contribution in increasing
the quality of Amrut Mitti. Along with this, contribution from the following farmers,
farming in the method based on natural science resources is received as well -

Mr. Jeetubhai, Malegaon, Nasik (9420692645)

Mr. Sushil Vajpayee, (9423790527)

Mr. Rajinder Raina, Charoli Pune (9822068382)

Mr. Vasant and Mrs. Karuna Phutane, Ravala Amravati (957229-238171)

Subhash Sharma, Yavtamal (9422869620)

Vasudev Kathe, KasbeSukene Nasik (02550-79265)

We are grateful to these people from the core of our heart.

Deepak Suchde
Malpani Trust, Bajvada, Dewas
Madhya Pradesh

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CONTENTS

Introduction to Amrut Krushi .........................................................................................17

Amrut Mitti: Creation and Care .....................................................................................22

Plant Management .......................................................................................................44

More agriculture related information............................................................................58

Appendix ......................................................................................................................83

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INTRODUCTION TO AMRUT KRUSHI
A common criticism of organic farming techniques is that their yields just can’t compare
with inorganic methods and there is no way that they can feed the rapidly growing world
population. In this chapter, we introduce the reader to Amrut Krushi, a way of doing
organic farming with yields that are higher than those that chemical farming produces,
and at lower costs.

What is Amrut Krushi?

Amrut Krushi is a way to do intensive agriculture in an organic, sustainable and
inexpensive way. It attempts to replicate the behaviour of nature, but in a human-
assisted way to increase yields.

Amrut Krushi uses scientific methods (Natueco Farming Science) to figure out the
maximum possible yield in a particular area (based on the sunlight available). It also
reduces the water requirements for farming by increasing the organic carbon in the soil,
which allows the soil to absorb water vapour from the air. It helps reduce the cost of
farming by not requiring any external inputs in the farm by recycling farming by-products.

Problems with Chemical Farming
There is a lot of literature available today about the downsides of chemical farming. In this
section, we will highlight a few of those issues.

Cost of farming

Conventional Farming is based on the use of chemicals. Farmers depend on others for
everything from manpower, fertilizer, pesticides, manure, seeds, culture, hormones, plant
growth promoting bacteria, enzymes etc.

When selling produce in the market, farmers depend on the government or middlemen;
they have no right to determine their own price. This has been a political issue ever since
India’s first 5-year plan was initiated under its first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. The
scheme was implemented in order to deprive farmers of justice.

Water pollution

Rainwater passes through all farms and fields before entering the river. Unfortunately, the
vast majority of farms are chemical and thus the river is polluted.

Health effects

A farm is a living entity and all plants have consciousness. Unconscious farming – killing
insects and weeds using herbicides and pesticides – creates negative energy in the
plants. Plants receive 98% of their dry weight from the atmosphere and thus their health
is severely affected. Man or beast consuming these plants will in turn be negatively
affected.

Topsoil loss

10 – 80 tons / hectare of top activated fertile soil is washed away every year in India
depending on slope, altitude, temperature, rainfall, flooding etc. Nature takes 100 – 500
years to make one inch of fertile soil. It is a crime to destroy it, and it is our primary
responsibility to protect it as the soils life is our life.

Water requirement for farming

80 – 90 times more water is required for chemical farming compared to NATUECO
farming, which utilizes even less than conventional organic farming. Water is going to be
the greatest issue in the planet’s near future, a fact we are only beginning to wake up to.
It is said that the next world war will be fought not over politics or oil, but water.

Bio-diversity

The planet is a complex balance of many life forms living in complementary symbiosis.
Man-made climate change causes the destruction of natural ecosystems, leading to the
extinction of 30,000 - 130,000 species a year, an average of 8,000 times the normal rate.
Considering the chaotic and unpredictable nature of the climate in recent times,
monocultures are especially doomed to death as a monsoon may arrive a few months
early, wiping out all of a cash crop. Humanity is equally doomed unless something is done
to preserve the bio-diversity of the planet, ensuring that even if some crops fail, others will
survive.

Sustainability

An unsustainable system will eventually run out of resources and thus collapse.
Sustainability is the natural way of all life on the planet. Mankind’s greed has pushed us
into a precarious situation that threatens not only our species but the very life of the
planet. Simply observing and re-integrating with nature guarantees us a comfortable and
prosperous life with minimum effort and maximum grace.

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Benefits of Amrut Krushi

This method of farming enriches the environment along with the human society and
provides an individual with financial and social equality, prosperity and independence.

Following are its benefits -

Air, water and land remain free from chemical pollution.

Reduce the loss of organic carbon in the soil to the atmosphere as CO 2.

Increase the ability of the soil to absorb and retain moisture from the air.

Recycling of 'waste' materials (leaves, shells, wasted food, dead animals, cow
dung etc.) to ease the problem of waste disposal

Reduce the costs of labour needed for farming.

Reduce unhealthy artificial chemicals in and on food.

Reduce the amount of water required in fields.

Increase beauty and vitality of farms by encouraging both plant and animal
biodiverssity.

Who can practice Amrut Krushi?

Anyone who has a small piece of land can start using Amrut Krushi. All you need is at
least 1 Guntha (1/40th acre) and access to a reliable and assured source of 100 lit. of
water.

Where to start Amrut Krushi?

The easiest way to experience the benefits of Amrut Krushi is to start practicing it. Start
with a small piece of your farm – we recommend ¼-1 acre. Follow the techniques
described in the next few chapters. Get some experience. Then decide if Amrut Krushi
works for you.

Amrut Mitti: Creation and Care

Why is it called Amrut Mitti?

Where in nature is the most fertile soil found? How is it prepared? Nature prepares the
most fertile soil in the rain forests. In these forests, stones and rocks transform into fine
soil through water and wind. This soil gathers over the leaves shed by trees. The
animals in the forest discharge their stool and urine on this mixture of soil and leaves.
Rain water and the shade provided by trees keep this mixture moist. This process
continues over a period of 100 to 500 years, post which a one-inch layer of fertile soil
called humus is prepared. We can, by mimicking nature, replicate this process within 5
months by human intellect and labour. Since this soil is replete with micro organisms
which are perpetual in nature and which provide all the qualities necessary for
development of plants, it is called Amrut Mitti. This technique of preparing Amrut Mitti in
5 months is developed in several places on the basis of experiments and practice.
Looking at the qualities of this man-made soil, Dr. O. P. Rupela (Ex senior micro-
biologist - ICRISAT) has named this as Amrut Mitti. The components that are found in
this are the following:

Hundreds of micro-organisms (fungi and bacteria) and insects (earthworms, ants
etc.) keep the soil loose.

Minerals that naturally increase the quality of produce.

Humus or manure that develops the plants.

Various chemicals made up of humus, minerals and micro-organisms such as
culture, humic acid, amino acid, hormones protect the produce from malefic
worms.

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Process of preparing Amrut Mitti

The four steps of preparing Amrut Mitti are:-

Preparing Amrut Jal.

Preparing of heap.

Greening of heap - making the soil more fertile by planting t h e seeds of
various plants in it, along with the energy of sunlight, air, atmosphere etc.

Looking after the heap.

Amrut Jal

This is a solution in which the number and diversity of anaerobic micro-organisms is
very high. The chemical elements present in it make the soil fertile and the micro-
organisms increase the chemical and physical qualities of the soil. Micro-organisms
present in it perform the following actions:

Convert the nutritious elements in the soil to a form that can be taken in by the
feeder roots
Prepare humus (manure) from organic materials (leaves, bark etc.).
Make the soil fertile

Items needed to make Amrut Jal

Following items are needed to prepare about 111 liters of Amrut Jal:

One litre of cow urine (preferably of a native/local breed)

One kilo fresh cow dung.

Hundred (100) litres of water.

50 gms of black jaggary or country molasses of 12 overripe bananas or 6 apples
or 500g grape or 6 guavas or 12 fruits of jackfruit or 500 ml of sugarcane juice or
12 cashew fruits, whichever is available amongst these.

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Points to note:

Quality of urine and cow dung of local breed cows is better.

The older the cow urine, the better the quality.

The cow dung should be fresh, since a large number of micro-organisms are present in
fresh cow dung.

Preference should be given to the use of country/black molasses because chemicals
are not used in it.

In order to prepare Amrut Jal according to the need, quantity can be changed while
keeping the ratio of the items constant.

10 litres of water 1 kg fresh cow dung

50 gm jaggary or country molasses 1 litre cow urine

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Process of making Amrut Jal

Mix one litre of cow urine into ten litres of water. Mix one kg of fresh cow dung into it by
stirring it well. After this, melt 50 grams of jaggary molasses into this solution until it is
properly mixed. In lieu of molasses, use 12 overripe bananas or 6 guavas or 12
jackfruits or 500 ml of sugarcane juice or pulp of 12 cashew fruits or any of these,
whichever is available. Now leave this mixture covered. Rotate this mixture clockwise
and anticlockwise 12 times each, 3 times a day which will help aerate the solution.
Mix 100 litres of water in this after 72 hours of making the solution. About 111 litres of
this solution is called Amrut Jal.

Important

Don't let any plastic, stone or metal mix in the solution.

Always keep it covered.

What is a heap?
By duplicating nature's process of making fertile soil in the rain forests, the process of
preparing a heap by mounting thin layers of organic waste and fine soil is called
heaping. Standard size of the heap is set at 10 ft. long, 3 ft. wide and 1 ft. high.
Though the length for convenience has been set at 10 ft., it could vary. However, the
width and the height should be as per standards as this helps in ensuring the entire
heap is aerated. On an average, 400 to 600 litres of Amrut Mitti is prepared from a
single dump. This huge difference in average occurs due to the fluctuation of moisture
levels in the heap and rate of change of different types of organic wastes into humus
(manure).

Organic waste

Organic materials necessary to prepare Amrut soil such as leaves, straw of crops,
grass, fodder etc. are called biomass or organic waste. This material is made up of an
organic (micro bacterias) process which has its own weight. That is why this name is
given to them. Fruit and vegetable peel, cow dung and wasted food can also be used as
organic waste. Dead animals and their stools are also a kind of organic waste.

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Items needed to prepare a heap

The items needed for a heap depends upon its size, structure and kind of organic
waste available as ready resources. Necessary items to prepare a standard heap (10
ft. long, 3 ft. wide and 1 ft. high) are as follows -

Bio weight

Item Quantity

Amrut Jal about 500 litres.

Dry organic waste about 80 kg.

Fine soil about 60 litres (and 10% fine sand)

Various seeds 300 gm.

Source of fine soil

Fine dust found in household wastes is the best fine soil. It is also found in the half inch
of t h e upper layers of soil in villages and fields. It could be collected by sweeping.
This fine soil is stored in huge amounts by the banks of rivers or streams. If the soil is
smooth, then mix about 10% of fine sand into it.

How is the heap prepared?

There are four steps to prepare the
heap:

• Preparing about 100 litres of Amrut Jal.

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• Cutting organic waste into pieces of 3-4 inches or making fodder and soaking it
into Amrut Jal for 24 hours.

• Mounting layers of organic wastes and soil.

• Planting seeds on the heap and covering it with grass.

Important

About 500 litres of Amrut Jal remains in the tank (tub or large tank) after removing the
organic waste soaked for the heap at the beginning. Add another 500 litres of Amrut Jal
to the existing solution and use it to prepare the second heap.

First step: Preparing about 1000 litres of Amrut Jal

Mix 10 kilos of fresh cow dung into 100 litres of water. Now pour 10 litres of cow urine
into it. The older the cow urine, the better. The level of chemicals is comparatively
higher in the urine of a local breed cow, hence more beneficial. In the end, mix 500
grams of molasses properly in this mixture and leave it covered. Now stir it well 12
times clockwise and anticlockwise respectively, thrice a day and mix this solution into
900 litres of water after three days. About 1000 litres of Amrut Jal will be prepared. Use
this on the same day.

Second step :Making fodder or small pieces of the organic wastes and soaking it
into Amrut Jal:

Make 3-4 inch fine pieces of about 80 kilos properly dried organic waste. Put these
pieces into an empty tank, not in the garbage made on the floor because it would soak
the water fast. Now pour the Amrut Jal on this. Put a heavy stone or log on the organic
waste to ensure they are completely submerged in Amrut Jal. The organic waste
should be allowed to soak in Amrut Jal for 24 hours.

Third step :Layering of the organic wastes and soil

10 ft long, 3 ft wide and 1 ft high heap is considered as the standard. Mark a patch on
the field as per the standard dimensions. This patch should be cleared of any green
growth as that would increase the acid levels in the heap. Sprinkle the patch with Amrut
Jal. Remove the organic waste from the Amrut Jal and spread a thin layer of organic
waste on the patch. Then add a thin layer of soil on top. This keeps the entire surface
area of the organic waste in contact with the soil. This ensures that when the acids

21

released from the decomposing organic waste come in contact with the soil, the
minerals in soil are converted into compounds which can be taken in by the roots.
About 5 kilos of wet organic waste is needed for a single layer. Note that the weight of
organic wastes increases after soaking in the Amrut Jal. About two to three litres of fine
soil is spread at a time. (The amount of soil should be one-fourth of the volume of
organic wastes as organic waste reduces more than soil). Continue the process of
layering organic wastes and spreading fine soil on it until the height of the heap
becomes 1 foot. After every 5 layers of organic waste, it should be pressed properly by
walking over it. Generally, after spreading 25 layers of organic waste and soil one after
another and pressing it well, the total height of it becomes about 1 foot. Often, the total
number of these layers reaches up to 70.

Fourth step :Transforming of heap into manure and covering (mulching)

Turn the heap over every 7 days for a month (4 times a month). Sprinkle the heap
regularly with Amrut Jal to keep it moist. After the first month, add 2 inches of fertile
soil (preferably dry cow dung) to the heap.

Fifth step :Greening of the heap

300 grams of various kinds of seeds are planted on the heap. These seeds should be
kept in the Amrut Jal for 4 hours before seeding. This speeds up the sprouting process.
Please note that at least 6 varieties of seeds should be planted to ensure bio-
diversity and provision of all essential nutrients to the soil.

Following seeds should be planted for live cover -

Grains: Maize, oat, millet, wheat, rice etc.

Pulses : Green gram, Urad, bengal gram,toor, moth etc.

Oilseeds: groundnuts, sesame, kardi, mustard etc.

Spices: Chillies, fenugreek, cumin, black mustard etc.

Vegetables: Spinach, tomatoes, brinjal, gwarphali, beans etc.

Creepers: Cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd, bitter gourd etc.

Tubers: Potato, sweet potato, turmeric, ginger etc.

Fibrous : Okra, cotton, ambadietc.

Flowering: Marigold, mogra, baramasi etc.

Medicinal: Tulsi, Shatavari, Adulsaw, etc.

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Long life: Babool, neem, munga, karanj, glyricidea etc.

Following types of seeds should be planted on the heap according to the six
rasas (shatras) of Ayurveda:

The six rasas of shatras are as follows:

Sweet Fennel seeds

Pungent Chillies

Bitter Fenugreek, bitter gourd

Tangy Ambadi, tomatoes

Acerbic Gwarphali

Salty Spinach

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Trim 25% of the plants on the 21st day after the seeds sprout. Keep the stem as it is.
Leave the trimmed portion on the heap. The elements found in these soft leaves
such as zinc, phosphate, boron, molybdenum are transferred into the heap in edible
form. Twenty-one days after the first trim (42 days after seeding), another 25%
should be trimmed and left on the heap. Due to this, the heap is enriched by the
elements found in mature leaves such as nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium. On
the 63rd day (after seeding) when there will be flowers in some plants, cut all the
plants from half a n inch above the ground, chop it into 3-4 inch pieces and lay it over
the heap. These chopped plants will turn yellow in 3-4 days. Then soak this biomass
into Amrut Jal for 4-6 hours. Mix this soaked biomass into the heap and turn it over.
Sprinkle Amrut Jal and leave it for 30 days. During this period, keep on turning over
the heap every seven days and keep it moist.

In this way, a good fertile soil will be prepared in your field in 140 days, which is called
the Amrut Mitti. Apply this method only once. The whole soil of the field will turn into
Amrut Mitti. After harvesting the produce, keep applying the left over biomass on the
field as a cover. This will increase Amrut Mitti.

Refer to Appendix 1 for chronology of steps to prepare the heap.

Refer to Appendix 2 for annual calendar for preparation of the heap

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Benefit of planting seeds on the heap

• The plants growing out of these seeds cover the heap and maintain moisture in
the heap. This process of covering the heap by live plants is called live cover
(live mulching).

• By planting different types and flavours of seeds, plants store various nutritional
elements and various types of culture from the ground.

• Different kinds of nutritional elements are found in the leaves of plants of
different ages. The fertility of the heap increases from putting these leaves into it.

• Roots of these plants make the soil soft and smooth.

• Leaves of these plants store energy from sunlight and carbon from the air.

• Various types of micro-organisms develop around the roots which is called culture.

Dheeg of the 21st day after sprouting of seeds

Why is heat felt while putting hands inside the heap?

Millions of micro-organisms are actively turning the organic waste into Amrut Mitti
inside the heap. The body temperature of these micro-organisms creates this heat.
This heat is felt when micro-organisms work actively in the heap. Its temperature could
gradually increase from 30 to 50 degrees Celsius at the most.

What are the steps to take care of the heap?

Following points should be remembered while taking care of the heap

• In order to maintain moisture in the heap, water should be supplied according to the
need. In case the seeds do not germinate, the cover of dry grass should be
removed.

• In order to expedite the process of preparing Amrut Mitti, the heap should be
irrigated with Amrut Jal at a suitable rate every 7 days.

• After 21 days of plants coming out of the seeds, the upper 25% portion should be
cut and kept over the heap. By doing this, the elements present in it such as zinc,
phosphate, boron, and molybdenum mixes up in the heap.

• As the plants become 42 days old, the upper 25% portion of it should be cut and
placed over the heap. Due to this, the heap receives nitrogen, magnesium and
potassium elements.

• As the plants become 63 days old, leave ½ inch plant above soil and cut the rest
and place on the heap. T h i s e n s u r e s t h a t t h e heap also receives the
elements present in it such as calcium, silica, iron and manganese. Its roots have
useful organic chemicals in it, which is called culture.

• On completing 140 days of preparing the heap, turn the heap over once and start
using it.

Dheeg of the 42nd day after sprouting of seeds

Dheeg of the 63rd day after sprouting of seeds

27

Chopped green biomass

Why do sugarcane leaves and wheat stalks take more time to turn into Amrut
Mitti?

Organic waste such as sugarcane leaves and wheat stalks take more time to
decompose, since they are covered with a layer of wax. This layer obstructs Amrut
Jal from permeating. Due to a lack of moisture, micro-organisms cannot decompose it
faster. If Amrut Mitti has to be made quickly from such leaves/stalks, they need to be
cut into small pieces and kept in Amrut Jal until it turns black. After this it should be
used as an organic waste to prepare Amrut Mitti. Also in case of organic waste with
strong fibres, the same would take more time to turn into Amrut Mitti. High carbon-
nitrogen ratio is also a reason for slow decomposition.

How is the moisture in the heap examined?

Take out a handful of organic waste from about 6-inches deep inside the heap. Now
press it hard inside your grip. If a few drops of water drip from it, that means the level
of moisture in the heap is alright. If it doesn't drip, it shows that there is a lack of
moisture in the organic waste. If your hand gets sticky or wet as soon as you hold it in
your hands then it means there is more moisture in the heap than needed. Due to
excess moisture, micro-organisms do not get enough air and the decomposing of
organic waste slows down. Repeat this process in different parts of the heap.

What is the process of maintaining moisture in the heap?

When organic waste like sugarcane leaves are used, often what happens is that the
water poured for the heap flows over it, due to which there isn't enough moisture inside
the heap. In order to get rid of this problem, 6-inch deep and 1-inch wide pits should be
made at every 1 ft interval on the heap. By pouring water on these pits, it is possible
to maintain moisture inside the heap.

What should be done if the heap hardens:

If the heap becomes hard, it should be mixed properly by turning it over with a
spade. Once sufficient Amrut Jal is mixed in, it should be gathered again into a heap
and kept covered with dry grass.

What could be the reasons behind heap converting into Amrut Mitti in 140 days?

There could be several reasons for this. Following are a few amongst them:

• If the organic waste is not chopped properly into fine pieces of 3-4 inches.

• Enough moisture is not maintained in the heap.

• Excess or less layers of organic waste are laid on the heap.

• Micro-organisms also die due to lack of mulching (cover) on the heap.

• Micro-organisms living in the presence of oxygen die due to obstacles in the flow
of air in the heap.

• Pouring excess water makes the heap sticky which is not conducive to the
survival of micro-organisms.

• Lack of nitrogen could also be the reason for slowing down of the decomposition
process. Amrut Jal helps in providing the necessary nitrogen levels.

• Excess amount of fibre in the biomass/organic waste can also slow down the
decomposition process.
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What should be done to keep the Amrut Mitti fertile:

• After taking out the yield produced in this soil, all the left over biomass should be
used to cover it.

• After every three months, ashes of the organic waste should be mixed in it at the
rate of 30 grams per square foot.

• It should always be kept covered with the live cover. If there is a lack of water, a
heap of Amrut Mitti should be made in the shade and kept covered with dry
grass, polythene, paper or stones, so that less water evaporates.

• Amrut Jal should be given to Amrut Mitti as follows:

First year once in 7 days

Second year once in 15 days Third

year once in a month

Fourth year once in three months

Fifth year once in six months.

There is no need to give Amrut Jal after this.

How much Amrut Mitti is required per square foot for the development of plants?

A minimum of 4 litres of Amrut Mitti per square foot is required for this.

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What is carbon-nitrogen ratio?

Carbon and nitrogen elements are present in every organic matter. The ratio of their
quantity is called carbon-nitrogen ratio. The time taken by any organic matter to prepare
Amrut Mitti also depends on its carbon-nitrogen ratio. Micro-organisms gather energy
from carbonic compounds and obtain protein from the compounds made up of nitrogen.
It is found that micro-organisms turn the 30:1 (one part nitrogen in proportion to 30 parts
carbon) organic waste into Amrut Mitti faster. In organic waste, if this ratio is higher
than the standard ratio mentioned, the heap would remain cold from t h e inside and
take a longer time to change into Amrut Mitti. If it is less, then the heap smells like
ammonia gas (urine). In order to bring this ratio closer to the determined one, the
mixture of half green and half dried organic waste is used after drying it. The process
of preparing Amrut Mitti becomes faster because of this.

How many nutritional elements are needed for the development of plants?
Where do the plants collect this from?

The plants require more than 30 nutritional elements. It takes 4 elements among
these from the air.

Collects nitrogen from both soil and air.

Collects hydrogen and oxygen from water.

Collects carbon from carbon dioxide.

Modern science is advocating for 110 nutritional
elements.

What is the ratio of chemical minerals and organic manure in Amrut Mitti?

A volume of Amrut Mitti made in a systematic method should comprise of half portion
of the upper soil of the field and half portion of black humus (manure) made up of
organic matter completely changed into manure.

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What is humus?

The light, black, moist and aromatic substance with fine fibres, prepared from
the decomposition of organic waste or organic materials by live micro-organisms (also
dead micro-organisms, leaves, shells etc) is called humus. Amrut Mitti of the same
biomass, which takes a longer time to change into humus, also remains fertile for a
longer time. A one-litre bottle of humus weighs around 400 grams.

How do we identify Amrut Mitti?

Amrut Mitti is light, soft, granular, and black. The scent is the same as that which
comes from soil after the first rain of the season. It leaves no mark of soil in your
hand. The shape of the heap decreases about three times after Amrut Mitti is prepared.
It is known from experiments that the weight of Amrut Mitti decreases on t h e
formation of more humus and increases on forming of less humus.

How is the level of humus and minerals present in the soil determined?

Put one handful of soil into a glass full of water and leave it for 5 minutes. After five
minutes, the substance resting at the bottom of water will be the chemical minerals and
the one floating above will be humus.

How do the ashes of organic materials and humus affect Amrut Mitti?

PH standard is used to examine if the soil is acidic, alkaline or neutral. Amrut Mitti is
generally neutral. Its PH ranges between 6.5 a n d 7.5. If the PH of Amrut Mitti
exceeds beyond this limit, it is brought down to the neutral limit by using alkali and
humus. PH of Amrut Mitti increases if ashes of organic matters are given and humus
lowers the PH of Amrut Mitti.

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PLANT MANAGEMENT

What are plants?

Plants have life, take birth, physically develop and die, they also have consciousness,
emotions, they breathe, they prepare their own food, and they purify air, water and
the atmosphere. Similar to animals, plants too have special organs to perform
special duties. So production can be increased by knowing their important organs. A
notable point is that plants cannot move, but they prepare their own food, without
moving, with the help of sunlight, air, soil and water. Not only that, even human
beings, birds, animals and micro-organisms (bacteria, fungus) utilize the food
prepared by them.

What are the main organs of plants?

Main organs of plants are:

• Roots
• Stem
• Branches
• Leaves
• Flowers
• Seeds
• Fruits

What is a seed?

It is a magical thing. A small seed has the capacity and genetic information in it to
develop into a big tree and million other seeds like it. If it is provided with proper
conditions to germinate and flourish, then it becomes a wonderful plant or tree. It is
necessary for seeds to receive moisture and temperature as per their specific needs in
order to germinate. Tender leaves coming out from such seeds need sunlight to
grow. Their delicate roots need soft moist soil. A seed contains a small storage of food.
This storage is used in the development of roots in the initial stage and buds of the
plants. And then th e buds growing out of it start cooking their own food with the help
of sunlight, air, and water. Roots help to draw necessary elements from the soil. As
these initial leaves and roots start working, the plant becomes self-sufficient.

Seeds are of two types -

1. Monocodile - wheat, corn, rice.

2. Dicodile - green gram, urad, bengal gram.

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What is special about indigenous seeds?

The experiences of users say that indigenous seeds are adapted to the local
weather. They germinate even in adverse conditions. They provide food security by
yielding enough produce even in hostile conditions. They have high resistance to
diseases and pests. They understand the need of the local ecosystem and provide
vital energy to its users – both microbes and human beings. The taste of vegetables
and grains from indigenous seeds is better, wi t h g r e a t e r n u t ri e n t v a lu e as well.
These seeds do not require any chemicals or fertilizers or pesticides for their growth.
T h e y develop quite well even in the normal fertile soil. Farmers need not buy their
seeds from the market as these seeds can b e stored in local conditions and can be
planted repeatedly for a longer life, thereby maintaining bio-diversity. But in a
competition and greed to receive faster and more yields, the existence and use of
these indigenous seeds has almost withered away. In a place where indigenous
seeds are available, there is a need to use them in order to conserve them;
otherwise, this genetic treasure acquired d u r i n g thousands of years will be extinct.
In order to protect the seeds from damage, they are kept with ash or neem leaves. The
chance of damage by pests also reduces if different types of particular seeds are
mixed and kept together.

How many types of roots are there? What are their functions?

There are mainly two types of roots in the plants. One is the 'feeder root' and the
second one is the 'anchor root'. Feeder roots draw water and nutritious elements
from the soil. Anchor roots go deep into the soil and provide a strong foundation to
the trees. If required, they supply water and nutritional elements to leaves through
stems and branches by drawing them from the bottom of the ground. Anchor roots are
strong and thick, while feeder roots are comparatively soft and thin. Feeder roots prefer
to spread around up to 9 inches in the fertile soil instead of going deep into the ground.

What are the stages of leaves and their functions?

There are mainly three stages of leaves.

• Bud - new tender leaves
• Mature - fully developed leaves
• Yellow leaves

Their main function is to prepare food for the plants/trees. A green coloured
substance called chlorophyll i s present in these leaves. The leaves appear green
due to it. This substance prepares food by utilizing sunlight, air (carbon dioxide) and
water. Food prepared in the plants is stored in the stem and branches. After
germination, two leaves appear in several seeds at the beginning. These two leaves
soon decompose. A few tender leaves keep coming out after this. These leaves
become mature later. Leaves can completely turn the sunlight into food only after they
are matured.

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In the leaves of the initial stage of plants, each new leaf comes bigger in size than
the previous one. This is the sign of proper growth of the plants. Leaves of every plant
have a certain life period. On finishing this life period, they die by turning yellow and
later on decompose after drying. Buds and yellow leaves cannot grasp sunlight
properly. That is why mature leaves are necessary to harvest sunlight.

There is zinc, phosphate, molybdenum and boron elements present in tender
leaves. T hese elements help to build the cells of the leaves. Nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorus, magnesium sulphur, zinc, copper, iron and manganese elements are found
in mature and aged leaves. These elements help to increase the size of leaves and
produce chlorophyll. The leaves return the non-constitutional elements -
nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, potassium, sulphur and copper - to the
mother plant or to mother earth before falling down. That is why only calcium, silica,
boron, iron and manganese elements are found in the dried leaves. By preparing
manure from this, we do not get the full nutrition required for the balanced growth of the
plant.

How many stages of physical development of plants/trees are there? How are
these stages identified?

There are 5 stages of physical development of short-lived and medium-lived
plants/trees. The equal 5 stages obtained by dividing the average age by 5 represent
an approximate period of each stage. For example, the crop of green gram is ready in
100 days, so each period would be of 20 days.

In order to identify each stage, the changes supposed to occur during that period are
as follows:

Infant stage - During this stage, plants grow tender leaves from their seeds and a
few buds. At this stage, each new leaf becomes bigger than the previous
one. Growth of feeder roots takes place at this stage.

Adolescent stage - Rapid development of branches occurs in this period. Number of
mature leaves increases faster. Size of the stem also keeps on
increasing.

Youth stage – Canopy develops faster than the feeder roots of the plants during this
stage. Along with this, some special types of chemicals i.e. hormone
prepares in its body.

Mature stage - The main sign of this is the appearing of flowers in plants and then
growing of fruits.

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Old stage - The whole fruit would have come out at this stage. The branches and
leaves of plants die and dry out in spite of favourable conditions, since
their life period ends.

What is canopy?

Canopy is made of all the leaves and branches of the plants. According to a simple
rule, the growth of canopy is directly proportionate to the growth of its feeder roots. A
plant harvests more sunlight since its canopy spreads and stores more nutritional
elements.

How can the balanced development of canopy and the network of feeder roots
be achieved?

Plants are trimmed for the development of canopy. Root treatments are done for the
development of feeder roots. The balanced development of roots and canopy of plants
can be done by trimming and treating the roots.

What is leaf index?

The canopy required to harvest optimum sunlight of the area of the plant occupied is
called the index of the plant. For example, the leaf index of a banana tree is 5. T h is
m e an s t ha t th e area covering it should have 5 times more canopy than the area
occupied by the plant.

A full grown banana tree spreads across 25 square feet of space. In order to collect the
total sunlight falling in this area, it would require 5 times of that area i.e., 125 square
feet of leaves according to the leaf index. That is, if the total area of all the mature
leaves of a banana tree is 125 square feet, then it would be able to harvest the
whole day's sunlight.

If the space (square foot) required by a completely developed plant is multiplied by the
leaf index, it is known that how much the total area should be of all its leaves in order to
collect the whole day's sunlight. Generally, the leaf index of plants ranges between 3
and 10.

What are the functions of stem?

Its function is to store the food made by leaves. It also works as a medium to supply the
nutritious elements collected by roots from the soil, to the leaves and to the fruits. It also
provides a basis to the branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. Each year, a new circle is
made in this which indicates the age of that plant. There are different impressions of the
barks of stem for different species of trees. A tree could be identified and correct
scientific information about the environment during the life span of the tree can be
obtained. We can say it is a black box of that area.

36

What are the main functions of flowers?

It is the reproductive organ of a plant. It is of two types - male and female. In most of the
species, male and female flowers both appear in the same plant, such as green gourd.
In some species, male and female flowers blossom in different trees, such as Date
Palm. Butterflies, birds, bees and other animals and wind help the male pollen particles
reach the pollen particles of female flowers. This act is called cross pollination. If
human a s s i s t a n c e i s i n v o l v e d , it is called artificial pollination. The process of
preparing fruit starts after the male pollen particle enters into the female flowers.

What are the functions of fruit?

It stores the seeds in order to keep its own species alive. Animals (cattle, bird, human)
eat its pulp and throw away the seeds. The seeds that get favourable conditions grow
after germinating and become trees.

What is a node?

The branch between the two closest leaves in the plants and creepers, in which
leaves grow one after another, is called a node, such as bottle gourd and cucumber.
The branch between the two close bunch of leaves in the plants in which a bunch of
leaves grows is called a node, such as mango.

37

What is pruning? What are its benefits?

The act of systematic cutting of tree parts is called pruning. Every tree has a special
shape that works as an antenna to harvest the full cosmic energy, so a proper shape
of the tree is essential to harvest the same, and this only happens by pruning. New
branches and leaves reappear after they are cut. This quality is used to make the
plant look beautiful, give it a suitable shape, and to receive greater yields. The
canopy grows by pruning and it helps the plants to harvest more sunlight. Remember
that the possibility of increase in the number of fruits depends on the development of
newer branches. It also helps in removing unproductive and deceased branches. We
can control the harvesting of fruits according to our requirement.

What are the precautions related to pruning?

• Pruning should be done after the harvest fruits.

• Usage of proper sickle, saw, etc. are essential to prevent harm due to pruning.

• Immediately after cutting the branches, a plaster of cow dung and ash should be
applied on the trimmed part. This helps to retain the moisture and avoid
infections/diseases due to insects and pests.

• The place from where 5 to 7 branches have come out together should be
trimmed and the number of branches should be brought down to 3 to 4. The
strong branches should be spared and weak branches should be trimmed.

• The branches whose length exceeds 3 feet but have no new branches coming
in should be cut short to 2 feet, so that new branches could grow from it.
Generally, in the trees which produce fruits like Guava, Custard Apple, etc., the
branch longer than 10 nodes is cut at the tenth node. A simple rule of this is also
that it should be cut from the node from which the colour of the long branch is
turning its shade from green to brown.

• Most importantly, it should be done in a calm and concerned manner.

• After pruning, the branches and leaves should be laid away from the stem but
under canopy to recycle all the nutrition taken by the plant.

38

How is the pruning of bushy vegetables done?

The method of pruning for bushy vegetables:

Trimming of new leaves above the bunch of flowers in tomato, chilli and brinjal
increases the size and number of fruits growing from below.

How is the pruning of creepers done?

The method of pruning for creepers class vegetables -

After the germination of the seeds of creeper class vegetables such as pumpkin,
cucumber, gourds, a bunch of leaves grow in the first 21 days of its infant stage and 7
leaves come in after this. Its adolescent stage then begins. A new leaf appears every
day in this stage. After coming out of 13 leaves on 13 nodes, the thickness of the stem
is grown so much by its 8th node that new branches could come around it. But it has to
be cut by counting 5 nodes from the top end of the creeper to grow secondary
branches. On the secondary branch, once y o u reach the 13 nodes from there, cut it
by counting 5 nodes from its top. New branches will appear on the 8th node, which is
known as tertiary branch (third). New branches develop earlier by doing this. From the
tertiary branch, all leaves will have female flowers which will b e converted into fruits.
The mature stage of the creeper begins after 63 days. If the pruning is done
continuously, several new branches would have come. The chances of growing fruits
and flowers are in abundance.

How is pinching done?

Scratching the top of the new flesh which comes before the flowering of the trees,
particularly in Mango trees, new flesh should be pinched before flowering flesh to
harvest the assured fruits of Mangoes. By pinching, we are converting vegetative
growth into t h e storage of fruit branches. The science says that energy cannot be
destroyed, but can be converted into any form.

What is root treatment? Why and how is it done?

Root treatment is a treatment which enhances the growth of stagnant big trees. When a
tree’s fruits fall down before maturing, when the growth of branches are stopped, a n d
when new flesh stops developing, root treatments are carried out. Often, the
development of feeder roots stops from lack of nutritional elements in the soil, or due
to obstacles from wall, stones or other reasons. New feeder roots could grow if Amrut
Mitti is spread around the feeder roots of these trees and ailing feeder roots are cut.
The tree could provide better yield from doing this.

39

• Divide the ground under the circle of canopy of the tree into 4 equal parts.

• Select one part among it.

• Dig the ground one foot deep under the branch ends of the tree in this part. If
feeder roots are not found here then dig one foot deep towards the direction of
the stem until the network of feeder roots are found.

• Slowly and very carefully bring out the thin bunches of feeder roots from that
place once they are found.

• Cut the top end of these roots with siketior or a particular gardening scissor.

• Pour Amrut Jal on their trimmed ends.

• Now put ash on these. Ash would protect them from diseases by fighting germs
and help them grow as well.

• Fill Amrut Mitti in the place from where soil is dug. From doing this, the roots
would get its required nutritional elements in available condition.

• Now make a cover of 3 to 4 inches properly. Moisture will be maintained from
doing this and the development of new feeder roots will be faster. It curtails
weeds growth.

• In the rainy season, repeat this process every 15 days and in summer and
winter season in every two months repeat this process in all the remaining three
parts.

40

Out of pruning and treating the roots, which one should be done first?

It should be decided by considering the condition of the plants. If the canopy of the tree
has developed, but it is not producing any fruit, then treatment of its roots should be
done first and pruning should be done along with this. On the other hand, if the canopy
of the tree has not developed then pruning should be tried first. If new branches are not
appearing then treatment of the roots should be done. Remember that pruning should
be done regularly after a certain interval (as told earlier).

How do you measure the energy/nutrition taken from sunlight, air, water and
weight from soil by plants?

Weigh a green plant by plucking it from its roots. This weight is called 'fresh weight' of
the plant. All the elements present in it is the sum of nutrition taken from the soil. Now,
dry this plant. It would approximately lose the portion which it has obtained from water.
Now, weight it once again. It is called the 'dry mass' of this plant. The amount of water it
absorbed could be known from the difference between the wet and dry mass. Now burn
it properly. The energy and heat emitting from it is the portion which it has obtained as
energy from the sunlight. The smoke emitted while burning is the portion which it has
obtained from the air. And the remaining ash is the part which it has obtained from the
soil. By weighing this ash, the weight obtained by the plant from the soil could be
measured.

What are the portions of each element in the dry biomass for plants?

The 98% of dry biomass for plants consists mainly of four elements. Details of their
portion are as follows - Carbon - 44%, Oxygen - 44%, Hydrogen - 6% and Nitrogen – 2-
4%. Plant obtains these four elements from air and water. The rest of about 2% weight
consists of more than 30 elements. Plants obtain these elements from the soil.

41

MORE AGRICULTURE RELATED INFORMATION

What is mulching?

Covering the upper layer of soil is called mulching.

How many types of mulching are there?

It is mainly of four types -

• live mulching
• dry mulching
• stone mulching
• plastic mulching

What are the benefits of mulching?

Following are the benefits of mulching:

• It maintains the moisture of Amrut Mitti.
• It stops Amrut Mitti from draining out.
• It reduces the quantity of wild grass weeds.
• Humus prepared in-situ from the decomposition of live and dry mulching.
• Protects micro-organisms from the damages occured due to sunlight.
• Makes it useful for the worms to work around the clock.

What are the precautions one should follow while mulching?

Precautions to be taken while mulching-

• Dry or green organic waste used in mulching should not touch the stem of the
plants. Stems could be damaged from the moisture stored in it.

• Dry mulching should be protected from the fire.

• The mulching thickness should be kept between 3 to 4 inches in tropics. From 6
to 9 inches, mulches are advisable in cold countries to maintain heat for the
microbes to survive.

• Semi-decomposed material’s mulching is preferable as it helps in harvesting the
dew from the atmosphere.
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• Green biomass should not be used in direct mulching.

What seeds should be planted for live mulching?

Leguminous seeds that are shorter in height than the main plant can be planted for
live mulching.

Which seeds should be planted on the heap as per Ayurveda?

According to Ayurveda, following are the Shadras (extracts) which could be obtained
from plants -

• Sweet Fennel

• Pungent Chilies, Black pepper

• Bitter Fenugreek, Bitter gourd

• Sour Ambadi, Tomato

• Acerbic Gwarphali

• Salty Spinach, Urine

What is visual productivity, primary productivity and secondary productivity?

The dry biomass produced per hector in the soil is called visual productivity of that soil.
This dry bio mass is measured in / (per) hector.

Primary productivity of the soil is that which is obtained without using any external
resources. This dry bio mass is measured in hector/kilo liter water.

The productivity obtained by supplying water from external sources, putting fertilizers
and using pesticides in the soil is called secondary productivity.

Visual productivity is the summation of primary productivity and secondary productivity.
i.e., it is prepared by combining these two.

It is known from researches that visual productivity and secondary productivity of the
soil increases for a while if irrigation resources, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are
applied but primary productivity ends for a long time.

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Honorable Sri. Sudarshanji thinks that visual and secondary productivity has increased
due to green revolution, whereas primary productivity is highly reduced. The reason
behind this is that more than 30 elements are required for the development of plants,
whereas the chemical fertilizer consists of just 7 to 8 elements. So the requirement of
those elements is satisfied while obtaining the remaining elements from soil. The
production of crops increases till these elements are present in the soil of the farm, and
when these elements are exhausted the production of crops starts falling. Farmers put
more chemical fertilizers believing that there would be more yields by the next time and
thus they would return the bank loan but the production of crops keep reducing while
the burden of loan becomes heavy. In the end, the farmers opt for suicide to save their
dignity. This is the reason behind the suicide of over 2 lakhs farmers in our country, till
date.

What is the mathematical relationship between sunlight and productivity of
plants?

According to estimation, each day 1250 kilo calories of energy per square foot comes
as light and heat from the sun, in Tropics. According to the leaf index, the mature
leaves of plants could only use just 1 to 1.5% (12 to 16 kcal) of this energy. It prepares
about 3 to 4 grams of dry food-glucose from this energy. One gram out of this is spent
regularly in the physical activities of the plant, which is for metabolism. One gram is
spent on developing the different parts of the plant, like stem, leaves, branches, roots,
etc. And the remaining 1-2 gram is stored for the food, which converts into fruits,
seeds, root crops, gum, fiber, medicine, etc.

How to water the plants? How much to water the plants? When to water?

Plants do not require water, it only needs moist conditions in order to obtain nutritious
elements from Amrut Mitti. The notion that roots absorb more nutritional elements if
more water is supplied is incorrect. Due to t h e supply of more water in the absence
of air, the effect of Amrut Mitti reduces and damages the roots as well. That is why the
plants grown in Amrut Mitti should be watered through the garden pipe. It should
always be kept covered (mulching) in order to save water and stop the draining of
Amrut Mitti. Water should not be poured around the stem. Water should be given under
the canopy where the network of active feeder roots is present. Water requirement is
one liter/sq. ft. for ten days on Amrut Mitti and having proper micro climate preparing
through live fencing done with the principle of Natueco Science. Water should
preferably be given at sunset or early in the morning to avoid vaporization of the
water due to the heat generated by the Sun during the Day.

44

Water from garden hose

Bamboo structure for the Humidity Chamber

45

Ready structure for the Humidity Chamber

Mint in the Humidity Chamber

46

Nutritious roots developed in the stem in 30 days

What is Humidity Chamber?

Humidity Chamber is a place where nurseries can be made with very little water and
develops maximum feeder roots during the sprouting time (10 feet long, 4 feet wide, 3
feet height). We can accelerate the growth of Roots and Canopy of the saplings in it
due to recycling of carbon-dioxide in chamber itself. Aromatic plants and the plants
which favor shade such as coriander, mint grows faster in it and can be produced
around the year. Saplings (plants fit to sow) could be made from the seeds in it faster.

What are the materials required to build Humidity Chamber?

The materials required to build a Humidity Chamber are as follows -

• 10 feet long and 4 feet wide black polythene of 200 gauge.

• 80 bricks.

• About 500 liters of Amrut Mitti (approximately one Heap).

• 5 pieces of 7 feet long bamboo sticks.

• 3 pieces of 10 feet long bamboo split to use in the middle and side support.

• 14 feet long and 8 feet wide transparent polythene of 150 gauge.

47

How to build a Humidity Chamber?

Method of building -

• First, 10 feet long and 4 feet wide black polythene of 200 gauge is laid on the
leveled ground. The black polythene sheet will prevent leaching the water in the
soil.

• 6 inches (two bricks) height brick wall is built on the polythene borders. It stops
the Amrut Mitti to drain out. About 80 bricks are required for this.

• Now about 500 liters of Amrut Mitti is spread over the polythene.

• In order to build the Humidity Chamber on it, five 10 feet long bamboo sticks are
bent in a bow shape and both the ends are stuck in the soil in the horizontal
direction, around the bricks. The gap between these sticks is of 2 feet.

• In order to bind these sticks strongly, 10 feet long bamboo, split in the middle is
placed and they are tied to each other in three places.

• 12 feet long and 8 feet wide transparent polythene of 150 gauge is laid on this
structure of bamboo sticks. The pavilion is sealed by placing bricks along its
border. As the polythene is transparent, sunlight keeps on entering into it. Along
with this, internal moisture turns into vapor due to day-time heat and gathers on
it, also falling back in the same dew once the external temperature dips. That is
why very less water is needed to be poured in it. Plants can be sowed in this
pavilion covered by polythene from all the sides and roots of the saplings could
also be grown faster. Aroma and freshness of aromatic plants remains longer in
it. It can be used as a small nursery.

48

What precautions should be taken while building the Humidity Chamber?

These precautions should be taken while building the Humidity Chamber -

• It should be built in a place where its transparent polythene won't be torn due to
strong wind.

• Build it in a place with less exposure to sunlight. Polythene melts faster in bright
sun and plant dies due to increase in internal heat inside the pavilion. A
chamber should be covered with shed net in areas where the temperature goes
over 35 degrees Celsius.

• It should be kept open from the two vertical ends for an hour every day for air
ventilation in tropics.

What is 'Ganga Maa Mandal'?

This structure is made in order to obtain all the nutritional elements necessary for
a family of 5 members from vegetables and fruits. It does not need a space more
than
750 square feet. Herbs to maintain health can also be grown in it. Its aim is to provide
complete nutrition to a family without depending on market. This also provides
opportunity for female members of the family to live with dignity as it provides marginal
income sufficient vegetable and fruits of the family. It provides raw food for children
when the parents are away from home for work, which provides enough nutrition to
growing children. With this we avoid child mortality rates due to malnutrition.

What are the materials needed to build the 'Ganga Ma Mandal'?

The materials needed to build it are as follows –

1. Land of 30 ft diameter i.e. 706 sq. ft.
2. Seeds / seedlings
3. Amrut Mitti’s heaps – 8
4. 5 kilo Ash or lime
5. Biomass for mulching – 200 kg
6. Amrut Jal @ 1 L / sq.ft. i.e. 706 L
7. A stone of about 4 sq. ft.
8. About 8 feet high 50 nos. poles or bamboos
9. Spades
10. Crow bars

49

11. Labour at the time of requirement
12. Coir ropes and measuring tape
13. Water.

What is the process to build 'Ganga Ma Mandal'?

The process to build it is as follows -

• Plant a peg just in the center of the 1000 square feet area and tie a rope fit
enough to measure 15 feet in length to it. Now draw a circle 15 feet away from
the peg, with the help of the rope. Put ash on its border so that it can be noticed.
• Now draw successive circles, each respectively 10.5, 9, 6, 4.5, and 3 feet away
from the peg, and put ash on its border.
• Hold tape on the perimeter of the outer most circle and divide it in 7 equal parts
of 13.5 feet each. Keep on marking by putting ash.
• Draw a straight line up to the 4.5 feet circle, considering the place as the center
point where such two parts meet. Measure 9 inch each from both the two ends of
this line and draw two straight lines up to the 4.5 feet circle. In this way, a 1.5 feet
road would be built in between these two lines. This road would extend up to the
4.5 feet circle from the outer most circle.
• Make 7 roads of 1.5 feet each like this between all the 7 parts built on the outer
circle.
• Now dig 2 feet deep in the shape of a funnel in the inner most circle of 3 feet. Put
such dry organic materials in this pit which would take more than 6 months of
time to decompose. Such as coconut choirs, branches of toor plant and cotton,
sugarcane waste etc.
• Put the materials which would take time to decompose at the bottom and mount
the materials which would decompose faster on top of it. Such as dry leaves of
plants.
• After filling the pit in the inner most circle, a stone is kept on it which is big
enough to sit and take bath or to wash clothes and utensils.
• A platform is made by erecting poles and bamboos on both the sides of all the
roads. A network of rope is made over this platform.
• The heap can be made straight away on the remaining spaces, except the roads
or Amrut Mitti prepared in some other places can also be brought and heaped
here. The first process is more beneficial. Amrut Mitti never falls short in this
process and the roots of plants keep getting all the organic chemicals produced
by micro-organisms as well.

50

What are the precautions to be taken while building 'Ganga Maa Mandal'?

Precautions are as follows -

• 'Ganga Maa Mandal' should be made in a place where creeper class plants
would not be broken due to strong winds.
• Where sunlight is available for a longer duration.
• Where it can be protected from the animals.
• Where most of the water used in house hold works (bathing, washing clothes,
cleaning utensils etc.) could enter it.
• Creeper class plants should only be allowed to spread on the platform by
stopping it to spread over the heap or the roads. Rope should be tied in order to
reach it up to 6 to 8 feet.
• ‘Ganga Maa Mandal’ should be made near the kitchen. It would be easy and
convenient for the organic waste and water from kitchen to reach the 'Ganga
Maa Mandal'. Moreover it is easily accessible from the kitchen to bring the
vegetables and fruits.

How do you plant plants and trees in the 'Ganga Maa
Mandal'?

It does not have any definite method but suggestions regarding it are as follows -

• Creeper plants are planted on the heap, on both sides of all the roads
approaching towards the center of the ‘Ganga Maa Mandal’. These creeper
plants should be mounted over the platform by tying it with a rope.
• Tuber vegetables such as onion, garlic, radish, sweet potato and potato, fruited
vegetables such as tomato, brinjal and ladies finger, medicinal plants such as
tulsi, mint, and curry leaf should be planted on the external 7 large heaps.
• Spices such as fenugreek, tea leaves, chilli, coriander, protenious plants such as
barbarti, gwarphali, toor, green gram, urad and beans should be planted on the 7
small inner heaps situated inside.
• Banana, papaya plants could be planted in the inner most circle as enough
moisture is present in it.

What is quarter acre Ten Guntha Farming?

This is a concept of farming which manages the food, housing and fuel for a small
family 5 members on a quarter of an acre i.e. 10000 square feet area. It is also called
the ten guntha(dusguntha) farming. 'Guntha' is a unit to measure land. One guntha
consists of about 1000 square feet.

53

Its important points are as follows -

• Vegetables, grains, pulses, spices, fruits, oil seeds, herbs, fire woods, fodder,
cotton, etc. useful to a family are produced by 'Self'.
• There is no need to plough the field because all the crops are planted in Amrut
Mitti.
• Own seeds are used for year after year which reduces the expenses on seeds.
• This farming is done with less water.
• Its yield is comparatively much more beneficial and nutritious.
• It provides 5 L to the family: Living, Livelihood, Learning, Laughter and Love.
• It reduces the food miles of the family.

What are the divisions of Ten Gunthas Farming(10000 square foot)?

The divisions are as follows -

• 1000 square feet of area is kept for housing in this method of farming.
• 500 square feet of area is kept for open yard.
• One thousand square feet of area is kept to build a reservoir or a well in order to
collect rain water.
• 500 square feet area is kept for the store room.
• Farming on Amrut Mitti is done in the remaining seven thousand square feet
area. As under
2000 sq. ft. – Cereals
1000 sq. ft. - Pulses
1000 sq. ft – Vegetables
1000 sq. ft – Horticulture
500 sq. ft – Cotton
500 sq. ft. – Spices
500 sq. ft. – Herbs
500 sq. ft. – Fodder and Fire Wood

What is food mile?

Whatever we eat is something produced elsewhere. The distance between us and that
place is called food mile. Suppose you are having a mango in a village of Madhya
Pradesh. This mango is supplied to you by collecting it from a tree in Andhra Pradesh.
Now the distance between you and that tree will be called food mile for you. Generally it
is measured in mile. The longer the food mile, the more the energy spent to supply
the food to you. This energy is acquired by using fossil fuel. The increasing use of this is
getting harmful for the environment. The food supplied from far away places is generally
more expensive. So, the lesser the food mile, the better it is for you and the
environment as
well. In simple words, the more you consume grains, fruits, vegetables, spices and other
things produced in your farm and village, the more the benefits for you and the
environment.
54

What is foot print?

Some people live with very minimal means while some require a lot of things to live.
The raw materials of these are grown in farms, forests, gardens, mines and water
streams and they are prepared in huge buildings built on the earth. If people use these
more, then more field and raw materials are required in order to grow and produce
these. The amount of area needed to grow the required amount of things for an ordinary
human being of any certain village or area to live, is called the ecological foot print of
that person. It is measured in hector. Now, if a person is living in the city, then he
would require more. Therefore, he would also require more fields to grow or produce
those things. The people of some region in the world survive with very little. That is why
their ecological foot print is generally very less. Whereas, ecological foot prints for the
people living a lavish life in huge expensive cities in the world is very high. If the food
mile of the people of a certain area is less, more population could be accommodated
there. If their ecological footprint would be high, only a tiny population could live there.

What is multitier farming?

Generally it is considered that, any other plants should not be planted under the big
trees as they cannot develop. But in the natural dense forests, several creepers are
found on the big trees. There are various kinds of bushes, plants, grass and creepers
under the trees as well. The most important fact is that even their growth is also
substantial.

Some scientists studying forests believe that, all kind of plants, bushes-trees and
different types of grasses live together as a family. They live in harmony by sharing,
providing Sun light, shading, giving nutrition and water to each other without exploiting
the other. Short-term plants provide the nutrition to mid-term plants and mid-term to
long- term plants. And long-term provide shelter, nutrition, protection to ALL.

For example, under Coconut tree’s canopy if we plant Banana, under that Pineapple
along with Ginger and Turmeric and Black Pepper with the support of Coconut Stem
and some herbs like Mint, Lindy Pepper, we call this 7 tier farming, where every plant is
helping each other in many folds. All plants do not require all the sunlight to harvest,
they need filtered sunlight and only with this principle in Natural Dense Forest do we
see such a multi-tier growth.

What is called live productive fencing?

The fencing which is made in order to protect the field from animals is generally made
up from dry thorny bushes. But, this can be replaced with eco friendly plants, which is
consumable and provides income to the farmer like Drum stick, Castor, Glyricidia,
Shetu, Hatga, Turmeric, Ginger, Lemon Grass, Vettiver Grass, Awla, Soapnut, Zhendu,
Karonde, Chironjee, Curry Leaves, shatawari, Tulsi, Hadjod, Ketki, Aloevera, Ardusa,
etc. Bougainvillea and green thorny bushes.

What are the benefits of live productive fencing?

It has several benefits. Such as -

• Soil becomes fertile from the shredded leaves of Drum Sticks, Glyricidia, Shevri,
etc.
• We get market value produce from Drum Stick, turmeric, lemongrass, ginger,
Curry Leaves, etc.
• Aesthetics in agriculture is maintained from colorful flowers.
• Birds nesting on these trees control insects.
• It acts as a Wind Breaker by reducing the velocity of wind leading to increasing
photosynthesis.
• Fire wood for fuel from the trees.
• Bamboos can be used to build house with aesthetic sense.
• Dissolved Toxins in water coming from outside the fencing during rain can be
purified by Vetiver roots, cuscus, etc.
• Medicinal plants can also be planted.
• We get nutritious fodder for cattle.
• Reduces temperature of the field by 3 degree Celsius during summer and thus
provide coolness.
• And most importantly it extracts nutrition from as deep as 100 to 150 feet depth
and brings it to its leaves and the leaves falling on earth becomes biomass and
in turn enriching the top soil.

How to plant seasonal crops?

There are two types of seeds – Leguminous (pulses) and non-leguminous (Cereals). If
you plant alternately leguminous and non-leguminous in farms, there will be no
deficiency of nitrogen and other micro nutrients. By this system we provide throughout
the season shade in the farm and with minimum water farming can be done in-situ
nutrition management. Example: planting the following in sequence Cotton, Moong,
Juwar, Chowli, Bajra, Guwar, Maize, Toor.

What are supporting plants?

The plants protecting each other from pests or helping in availability of
nutritional elements are called supporting plants. Following are some among them -

Brinjal marigold, sabza, sesame

Tomato cabbage, marigold, arandi, shevanti, carrot

Okra marigold

Cauliflower black mustard, potato, garlic, onion

Cucumber maize

Peas carrot, turnip, radish, maize

Potato maize, cauliflower, marigold

Ginger toor dal

Turmeric castor, chillies

Oat green gram, barbati

Wheat bengal gram

Turnip onion

Pumpkin maize

Radish peas

Carrot onion, radish, tomato

Sesame maize, oat

Cotton barbati, ambadi, marigold, toor, maize, okra

58

Which are the plants that keep pests at bay?

There are some plants whose smell is not favorable to insects. Insects prefer to stay
away from it. Crops can be protected from insects by applying the benefit of this
behavior of them. Such plants are - castor, dicamali, sabza and ashta.

Which are the plants that attract pests?

The smell of some plants attract pests. The damage occuring from pests can be
reduced by planting these trees in between the crops. Such plants are - barbati, rye or
mustard, marigold, castor, etc. Mava pests gather on barbati and rye. Thus the main
crop is saved.

How does the plant that creates illusion for the pests work?

Some plants create an illusion for the pests. Due to this, their numbers do not
increase or most of them die. For example, from planting some corn plants along with
cotton, the caterpillar grown on the bond becomes illusioned and lay eggs on the
plumes of corn instead of cotton flowers. There, ultimately the babies of caterpillars
die due to lack of food of cotton flowers.

Which are the birds that eat the insects harmful to crops?

A few such birds found in our country are - Neelkanth, Bhardwaj, Sewing bird, Bulbul,
Woodpecker, Robin, Kotwal, Owl, Falcon, Ghoobad.

What is seed treatment?

In Ayurveda, dosage is mentioned along with the medicine so that the effect of
medicine increases. Similarly sprouted from such treated seeds, the life span of plants
is longer and remains healthy throughout. A farmer could plant better potential plants
with higher immunity power by applying this science. First select the seed, soak it in
Amrut Jal, and take out the seeds which are floating. Seeds with more germination
capacity will be found from this. Decide the quantity of seeds. Choose 4 to 6 such
seeds which must include leguminous plant seeds. For example, if you have to take a
crop of oats, then take the seeds of fenugreek, green gram, coriander, mustard etc. In
proportion of these two take ash, fresh cow dung, soil gathered from different parts of
the field in which it is to be sown, and termite soil. Mix all these properly and make
small balls after making dough with cow urine. Dry it in the shade and place it just on
the ground at proper interval where it is to be sown, cover it and provide water. Life
enters along with the germination of seed from this method. Life figures out the pH of
the soil around its seed and the lack of elements in the soil and informs the micro-
organisms of cow dung around it. Then bacteria informs the worms and it gathers the
lacking elements by going 6 to 8 feet deep under the soil, turn it into a dissolved state
and delivers it around the roots. Potash and other essential micro nutritious elements
which become helpful for the growth of roots are provided by the ash spread around the
roots. Cow urine provides essential alkali and acid and termite soil binds all of them.

59

Around such germinated plants, green gram provides nitrogen, coriander
provides micro nutritious elements; fenugreek provides iron elements while
mustard provides nutritional immunity power. In this way, provision of
preparing nutritious elements around the main crops can be made. The
farmers succeed in reaping better quality crops from this. The total benefit of
this method is achieved only when the farming is done without ploughing and
without using chemicals and pesticides. But with full awareness.

How the calendar of vegetables and crops is prepared?

See appendix-three.

Appendix - 1

This calendar is prepared in order to remember the daily work schedule for preparing a
heap. Remember that, the day mentioned earlier about the trimming and over turning of
plants is calculated from the day of germination of the plants, whereas here it is started
from the day of preparing Amrut Jal. There is a difference of few days in two
descriptions due to this. Calendar is as follows -

Day Work

1st day Preparing of Amrut Jal.

2nd day Chopping of organic wastes into fine pieces of 3 to 4 inches.

4th day Soaking of organic wastes into Amrut Jal.

5th day Preparing the heap.

12th day Overturning the heap and irrigating it with Amrut Jal.



33rd day Soaking 300 grams of seeds in Amrut Jal for 4 hours. Planting of
various seeds on the heap.

34th day Irrigating the heap with Amrut Jal.

40th day Removing of cover from the germinated seeds.

47th day Pouring Amrut Jal to maintain moisture.

61st day Trimming of 25% from the top of all the plants, 21 days after the
germination of seed. Chopping the green portion of the
trimmed plants into small pieces and putting it on the heap.

82nd day Trimming of 25% from the top of the mature plants. Putting the
green portion of the trimmed plants on the heap after chopping it
into small pieces.

103rd day Flower will appear in some plants. Cut all the plants from one inch
above the ground at that time. Chop its green portion into
pieces of 3-4 inches and put it on the heap for drying.

107th day Soak the pieces of the plants that turned yellow in Amrut Jal for 6
hours and mix it completely in the heap. Sprinkle Amrut Jal. In

63

next 30 days overturn the heap and irrigate with Amrut
Jal for every 7 days.

137th day Now the heap of Amrut Mitti is ready.

65

Appendix - 2

Considering the farming work done in our country throughout the year, following works
are furnished below in the form of a calendar in order to make the process of preparing
the heap more convenient.

Month Work

January Surveying of organic waste, soil, cow dung, cow urine, black
molasses, local seed, instrument to cut organic waste and the
availability of laborers. If you have your own dairy, start collecting
cow urine by building a concrete tub.

February Selecting the site. Building of tanks to store water and soak organic
waste as per the need.

March Cutting and collecting organic waste of crops. It will decompose
faster from rain water if kept dispersed.

April Collecting of fine fertile soil from ponds and checkdams. Store it in
such a way so that it does not get wet from rain and drain out as
well.

May Mark the spot. Store the fine soil to prepare the heap.

June Start preparing the heap with the rain water. If it does not rain for
several days then arrange to irrigate the heap. Remember to prune
the plants. Pour Amrut Jal to each heap in every 7 days.

July Continue preparing the heap. If there is no moisture inside and
above the heap then arrange for the irrigation. Take care of the
pruning of plants. Pour Amrut Jal on each heap in every 7 days.

August Build a new heap. Overturn the heaps of 70 days old. Cover the
heaps after overturning. Take care of the moisture in the heaps. Do
the pruning of plants in time. Pour Amrut Jal on each heap in every
7 days.

September Start overturning the heaps of 70 days old. Cover the heaps after
overturning. Take care of the moisture in the heaps. Do the pruning
of plants in time. Pour Amrut Jal on each heap in every 7 days.

October Plant vegetables and crops in the already prepared Amrut Mitti.
Spread 30gms of ash in the soil. Pour Amrut Jal on each heap in
every 7 days.

66

November Collecting organic waste of crops and cutting. Continue preparing
heaps, pruning of plants, pouring water and Amrut Jal and the
process of overturning the heaps.

December Continue preparing heaps, pruning of plants, pouring water and
Amrut Jal and the process of overturning the heap. Cutting of
grass, storing it and using it for the cover.

67

Appendix - 3

You can also prepare this calendar according to the sample shown below by asking
your elders and knowledgeable persons. It is possible to change the time of sowing due
to the availability of water and temperature.

Month Sowing of crops

January Groundnut, sunflower, soya bean, tomato, brinjal, okra, fenugreek, bitter
gourd, kakdi, cucumber, gourd, watermelon.

February Groundnut, sunflower, brinjal, okra, bitter gourd, kakdi, cucumber, gourd,
watermelon.

March Brinjal, ladies finger, bitter gourd, kakdi, cucumber, gourd, water melon.

April Cauliflower

May Chili, brinjal, cauliflower, ginger, turmeric.

June Rice, oat, millet, toor dal, green gram, barbati, cotton, ground nut, sesame,
chilli, tomato, brinjal, okra, cauliflower, cabbage, fenugreek, spinach,
onion, ginger, turmeric, potato, bitter gourd, cucumber, gourd.

July Oat, maize, toor dal, green gram, urad, barbati, ground nut, sunflower,
soya bean, sesame, tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, cauliflower, cabbage,
fenugreek, spinach, onion, potato, bitter gourd, cucumber, gourd.

August Chili, tomato, onion.

September Kardai, tomato, brinjal, okra, cauliflower, cabbage, fenugreek, spinach,
garlic, radish.

October Wheat, bengal gram, sun flower, brinjal, tomato, cauliflower, cabbage,
fenugreek, spinach, onion, garlic, rye, carrot, radish.

November Bengal gram, wheat, groundnut, chilli, fenugreek, spinach, onion, rye,
carrot, radish, potato.

December Chili, tomato, brinjal, fenugreek, spinach, radish.

69

Reference books

Vipulachi Srushti – S.A. Dabholkar

Aple Haath Jagannath – S.A.Dabholkar

Sendriy sheti kashi karavi – Vasant Phutane, Karuna Phutane

Kisaan diary - 2009, published by Ecological society, Pune

Happy beginning ... and your success

fulfills the duty to take this campaign

to several other people.

.... All well wishers

70

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