The Changing Collections Context: trends in library resource management and some reflections on the Asian Ascendance

Kuala Lumpur | 3 September 2012

OCLC Asia Pacific Regional Council

The Changing Collections
Context: trends in library
resource management and some
reflections on Asian Ascendance
Constance Malpas
Program Officer
OCLC Research

Follow me @ConstanceM

The world’s libraries. Connected.

Trading Places

San Francisco = Thailand?

Source: “If US Cities Were Countries, How Would They Rank?”
The world’s libraries. Connected. www.theatlantic.com (July, 2011)

Thesis: Place matters

In a world where the information environment is
increasingly flat
Academic collections are increasingly alike
Discovery is increasingly dis-intermediated
Global supply chains provide frictionless fulfillment
libraries are increasingly challenged to demonstrate
distinctive value, need to leverage shared capacity to
Reduce investment in redundant operations
Redirect resources toward renovated library service portfolio
Library place less about collections, more about creative capital

Speaking of place…

Asian ascendance

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: A.T. Kearney. 2012 Global Cities Index

Asian cities
poised to gain
global influence

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: AT Kearney. 2012 Global Cities Index

Factors in „Asian ascendance‟

• Regional investment in higher education, ICT
infrastructure, logistics and transportation
• Renewed attention to global reputation of
research institutions, improved ability to attract
human capital
• Vibrant, culturally diverse urban agglomerations
that foster innovation and entrepreneurship


Role of Libraries

• Libraries represent critical infrastructure in the
knowledge economy
• Research, innovation and cultural influence rely
on efficient information flows
• Increased adoption of shared library services
enables a redirection of institutional
resources toward distinctive, value generating
activities


Implications

• Increased attention to research reputation –
international rankings, ability to recruit/retain
global talent – places new stresses on library
organization
• Emphasis shifts from acquiring, managing
comprehensive local collections to maximizing
visibility of locally distinctive assets
• Renewed focus on „customer‟ engagement,
alignment with academic mission

Operationally, this means:

• Local management of retrospective print
collections is no longer a „value driver‟ for
most institutions
• Increased reliance on just-in-time fulfillment,
demand-driven acquisitions, „managing up‟ e-
resources
• New attention to revealing library capacity –
expertise, distinctive resources, service profile –
in global network

20th Century 21st Century
Library Organization
defined by

Local Collections Shared Collections
Local Stewardship Cooperative Governance
Local Discovery Network Disclosure
supported by
Infrastructure
Warehouse of books Collaboration spaces
Preservation of what is „mine‟ Joint stewardship of what is „ours‟
Local ILS „Cloud-based‟ management svcs
assessed with
Metrics
Collection size Support for research processes
Gate count Management of institutional IP
Satisfaction Impact


21st Century Collections

http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/21stctfreport_11may12.pdf


Areas where OCLC has
made significant
investments in primary
research and service
development

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: W. Lougee “Content & Collections: Rubrics and Rubiks”

Key Findings
ARL institutions are the
primary stewards of non-
North American books in
WorldCat; 69% held by at
least one ARL

On average, non North-
American imprints are held
by fewer than 5 ARL
libraries

East Asian imprints among
the least widely held global
resources in US academic
research libraries, with
fewer than 3 holding libraries
per title on average


Scope of ARL East Asian collections is growing

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: D. Jakubs (2010)

WorldCat library holdings for Asian imprints

East Asia
South Asia 2004: 61% ARL
Southeast Asia 2004: 77% ARL 2010: 42% ARL
2004: 60% ARL 2010: 57% ARL
2010: 35% ARL

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: D. Jakubs (2010)

Implications

• Greater diversity of holding institutions increases
uncertainty about stewardship and supply
• Ongoing pressures on ARL institutions further
erode (US) confidence in long-term
preservation of global resources, including
Asian imprints
• Heightened interest to digital supply chain and
trusted repositories


Asian regional presence in mass-digitized corpus

Some rough figures, based on analysis of
WorldCat and HathiTrust in August 2012:
• Of the ~20M Asian imprints in WorldCat, only
about 756K (4%) are present in the HathiTrust
Digital Library
• Asian imprints account for less than 20% of the
~5.4M titles digitized by HathiTrust partners


Number of Asian imprints, by region, represented in HathiTrust (July 2012)

756K
Titles

Asian presence in mass-digitized corpus is growing
247K

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: C. Malpas, OCLC Research 2012.

Asian regional presence in HathiTrust as percent of all titles

2.1M 3.7M 4.9M 5.4M

While Asian publications increasingly well represented in WorldCat
the region‟s „digital book presence‟ (in WorldCat) has hit a plateau

13% 16% 17% 16%


Percent of Asian regional imprints in WorldCat duplicated in HathiTrust

Median = 9% Median = 4% Median = 4%

… a small fraction of Asian imprints in WorldCat have been digitized

South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia


Implications

• Network presence of Asian imprints is “spiky”
– publication records of some countries are more
visible than others; digitization accentuates this
trend
• Potential impact on global reach of research,
scholarship produced in Asia
• Asian libraries can help correct this imbalance by
registering print and digital/digitized holdings
in WorldCat

Key Findings
Significant and growing
overlap between academic
print collections and mass-
digitized corpus

As much as 75% of the
mass-digitized resource
already managed in shared
print repositories

Opportunity for large-scale
transformation in academic
2011 print management; space
recovery and cost-avoidance


HathiTrust Digital Library Growth Trajectory

As of July 2012, HathiTrust is equal in size (volumes)
and scope (titles) to top US ARL libraries


The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: C. Malpas. OCLC Research, 2011.

Represents at least 16,693
linear feet or >5 kilometers
of shelf space

Potential cost avoidance?:
USD 900K/yr
NTU library collection: ~900K titles in WorldCat TWD 27M/yr
2.4M volumes

Among Asian research libraries, ~25% holdings overlap with HathiTrust

Median Overlap = 24%


Among North American peer libraries, 35% overlap with HathiTrust

Median Overlap = 35%


Implications

For US academic and research libraries:
• an opportunity to rethink local collection
management strategies, risk profile has
changed
For Asian academic and research libraries:
• an opportunity to increase visibility of regional
library assets in global network, participate in
reconfiguration of library supply chain

Implications (cont.)

For all libraries, an opportunity to:
• Reduce local investment in commodity collections
• Increase alignment with institutional mission by
rebalancing service portfolio
• Enhance library value proposition by renewing focus
on stewardship of distinctive institutional assets,
special collections, „global resources‟, teaching &
learning materials


Key Findings
90% of the print book collection in
North America is concentrated in 12
mega-regions
Access benefits and preservation
risk are highly concentrated

Regional collections are highly diffuse
 Risk assessment requires
system-wide view

>50% of regional print books managed by
academic libraries
Changes in global higher
education affect entire library
system

Despite high-levels of bi-lateral
2012 duplication, each mega region has
something unique to offer
 improving „flows‟ will benefit all
players

Monographic Publications and Library Holdings in North American Mega-regions

45M discrete publications
889M library holdings (avg. 20/title); 72% of all holdings in WorldCat
“Spiky” distribution


Asian mega-regions, 2010

Asia Pacific in the vanguard of shift …
APEC accounts for 9% of world population
>50% of global economic output
~75% of global innovation
Richard Florida, 2011

“… mega regions will
be the drivers of Asian
economies in 2050.”
Asian Development Bank, 2011

Sources: R. Florida. Cities & the Creative Class in Asia. AtlanticCities.com
Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century

“Where the World‟s Brains Are” (2010)

Research universities increasingly function as a
key hub institution of the knowledge economy.
Richard Florida

The world’s libraries. Connected. Source: R. Florida. Where the World‟s Brains Are. www.creativeclass.com

“Where the World‟s Brains Are” 2010 vs. 2012

2010/11: Asian universities account
for 7% of top 400 world universities

2011/2012: … 16% of top 400

Sources: www.creativeclass.com
The world’s libraries. Connected. THES Top Asian Universities 2012

Implications

• A (mega) regional strategy for library print
management could reduce redundant investment
in „low-value‟ operations
• Enabling academic libraries to refocus attention,
resources on distinctive service contributions
• Leveraging existing networks of cooperation and
exchange
• Raising the global profile of Asian library capacity


The Power of Place


Asia‟s Libraries 2050

• Increased reliance on shared service infrastructure:
discovery, delivery, resource management
• Shift to mega-regional scale in print management
• Improved network visibility of Asian library capacity,
collections and services
• Regional library infrastructure recognized -- and
funded -- as vital component of global knowledge
economy


Libraries are operating in a world where
information is increasingly flat

Knowledge is spiky
Innovation
Culture
the future


Thank you for your attention.

Questions?
Comments?

Constance Malpas
malpasc@oclc.org


Sources
• Association of Research Libraries. 21st-Century Collections: Calibration of Investment and
Collaborative Action. http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/21stctfreport_11may12.pdf
• ATKearney (2012). 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook
http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/2012_Global_Cities_Index_and_Emerging_Cities_Outlook_
1.pdf
• Florida, R. L., Gulden, T., Mellander, C., & Joseph L. Rotman School of Management. (2007). The rise of
the mega-region. Toronto, Ont.: Martin Prosperity Institute.
http://www.rotman.utoronto.ca/userfiles/prosperity/File/Rise.of.%20the.Mega-Regions.w.cover.pdf
• Jackson, M. E., & Association of Research Libraries , OCLC Research et al. (2006). Changing global
book collection patterns in ARL libraries. Washington, D.C: Association of Research Libraries.
http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/grn_global_book.shtml
• Jakubs, D. (2010) Are We There Yet? Trends in Global Collections and Services. ARL Membership
Meeting, April 2010 http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/mm10sp-jakubs.pdf
• Kohli, H. S., Sharma, A., & Sood, A. (2011). ASIA 2050: Realizing the Asian Century: Overview.
http://www.emergingmarketsforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Overview-0503E.pdf
• Lougee, W. (2012). Content & Collections: Rubrics and Rubiks. ARL Membership Meeting, April 2012
www.arl.org/bm~doc/mm12spring-lougee.pdf
• Lavoie, B. F., Malpas, C., Shipengrover, J. D., & OCLC Research. (2012). Print management at "Mega-
scale": A regional perspective on print book collections in North America. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC
Research. http://www.oclc.org/resources/research/publications/library/2012/2012-05.pdf
• Malpas, C., & OCLC Research (2011). Cloud-sourcing research collections: Managing print in the
mass-digitized library environment. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research.
http://www.oclc.org/resources/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf


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