International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013 “ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change” (Link: http://www.icsaforum.org/ICSA/index.php) and Srivanit, M., Hokao, K., Iamtrakul, P. (2014). Classifying Thermal Climate Zones to Support Urban Environmental Planning and Management in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS), 11(1), pp.73-92. (Link: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jars/article/view/23879)

1. November 28, 2013
Quantifying the Stability of Summer Temperatures
for Different Thermal Climate Zones: An Application
to the Bangkok Metropolitan Area
Manat Srivanit
Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Thailand
E-mail address: s.manat@gmail.com
1

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
 Most researchers agree on the fact that, the impact of climate in the urban
planning process in practice is usually low [Oke, 1984; Lindqvist and
Mattsson, 1989; Pressman, 1996].
Urban Climatology
Science / Theoretical
Climatologist
Multi-scale phenomena
Observational approaches;
Field measurement,
Thermal remote sensing,
 Small-scale modeling at
the canopy level
Focus on achieving
predictive power
Urban Planning
Climate
knowledge have
low impact on
the planning
process
Applied
Engineer/Artistic/Planner
Different urban scales
decisions
Outdoor environment
Urban forms & functions
Comfort & health
Landscape planning
The goal of creating more
sustainable settlements
Needed to Develop Tools and Systems Suitable
for Urban Planners
[Source: Author]
2

3. What is Comfort or Discomfort for Human?
 The Six Basic Factors determining thermal comfort
 4 Environmental factors
 2 Personal factors
These factors may be independent of each other, but together contribute to a
worker’s thermal comfort. The most commonly used indicator of thermal comfort
is air temperature, it is easy to use and most people can relate to it.
(HSE http://www.hse.gov.uk)

4.  Urban climate and urban planning responses
PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES
ANALYSIS OF
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS
URBAN PLANNING
ASSESSMENT OF
URBAN FORM AND
PHYSICAL
CONDITIONS
STAKEHOLDER
ENGAGEMENT AND
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
MESUREMENT AND
MODELING OF
URBAN CLIMATIC
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDIES
URBAN
CLIMATIC
ASSESSMENT
EVALUATION
OF
ADAPTATION
STRATEGIES
ADAPTATION
STRATEGIES
“Transferring scientific
research into tools
applicable for urban
planning ought to be a
great challenge for urban
climatologists.”
HEALTH CRISIS ALERT
AND RESPONSE
SYSTEMS
HEALTHY, WELL
ADAPTED
COMMUNITIES
HEALTH SCIENCES
Fig. A Schematic Representation of the Many Functions and Disciplines Essential for
Effective Urban Climate Adaptation [Source: Modified from Chee F.C. et al., 2007]
4

5.  Factors controlling urban climate
Time
Geographic Location
•Day
•Season
Climate
Topography
rural surrounds
Limits UHI, for
simplicity we’ll
assume ideal calm,
clear, i.e. ‘worst
case’
Synoptic Weather
v
•Cloud
•Wind
Urban Climate and
Environment
(Urban Heat Island-UHI)
City Form
City Size
•Materials
•Geometry
•Green space
Linked to form
and function
City Function
•energy use
•water use
•pollution
Modified from Oke, 2006
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Of potential use in
mitigation
5

6.  Climatic changes induced by settlements in the Asia cities
Source: Kataoka et al., 2009
b
a
Africa
Temperature ( C)
Percentage of population residing in urban areas
Source: United Nations, 2010
Asia
Europe
Latin America
& the Caribbean
North America
Oceania
Year
Year
Figs. (a) Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas by Continent 19502050 and (b) Variation in Yearly Mean Temperature in Large Asian Cities Using
Observational Temperature Data.
6

7. Problematic Urban Climate Aspects in Hot-humid Summer Climate of Bangkok
Fig. Urbanization and Changes of Settlement Patterns in Bangkok Metropolitan
since 1900 to 1981 (source: Sternstein, 1982)
7

8. Land use/cover patterns and changes in Bangkok city
Table:
Land use/cover statistics (area in sq.km, percentage
of the total study area) in Bangkok
LULC Types
Year
Changes
1994
2000
2009
1994-2009
Built-up area
233.33
(14.80%)
519.87
(32.98%)
657.29
(41.70%)
423.96
(26.90%)
Vegetated area
1,131.08
(71.76%)
777.52
(49.33%)
636.01
(40.35%)
-495.07
(-31.41%)
Water bodies
177.69
(11.27%)
207.36
(13.16%)
167.95
(10.66%)
-9.73
(-0.62%)
Other
(bare land)
34.00
(2.16%)
71.36
(4.53%)
114.84
(7.29%)
80.84
(5.13%)
 Agricultural land was converted to urban
uses as Bangkok expanded along three
major transport corridors to the southwest,
southeast and north of the city.
 The expansion of urban land use is
characterized by unplanned, sprawl and
ineffectively regulated.
Source: Srivanit, M. and Hokao, K., 2012
8

9. (2) Changing Urban Form in Bangkok
Fig.5.2 The Bangkok city’s Evaluation (Boonwong, 2006)
9

10.  Scale and layers relevant to urban climate
1.Urban Boundary Layer (UBL)
2.Urban
Canopy Layer
(UCL)
Source: modified from Tim Oke (1997)
Urban Surface/ Near-surface
Temperature
Fig. Schematic of climatic scales and vertical layers found in urban areas
10

11. Climatic conditions and the impacts of hot-humid tropical climatic of Bangkok
Urban climatic characteristic
Total electricity consumption by sectors
Average seasonal pattern of daily mortality
Electricity consumption pattern
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11

12. 2.) This study aims:
To construct a thermal climate zones (TCZs)
classification system, which is defined as an area of
thermally homogenous surface morphological
properties.
To assess the stability of summer temperatures for
different TCZs, and quantify the relationship
between regional land surface temperature (LST)
variations and the TCZ morphological features.
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12

13. 3.) Schematic presentation of thermal climate zones classification methodology
Derivation of Surface Morphological Parameters
(Spatial grid cells with a size of 300 m.)
LANDSAT TM
Satellite images
Acquired on April
25, 2009
Validation Data
Radiometric and
Geometric correction
Thermal Infrared
Band (10.4–12.5 m)
or Band 6
Conversion of digital
numbers to radiation
radiance value
Land surface
temperature (LST)
Spectral reflectance
in TM red (band3)
and near-infrared
(band4)
Calculate the normalized
difference vegetation
index (NDVI)
(i) Green coverage
ratio (GCR)
GIS Vector Data
Scale 1:4,000
Building layers were
taken in 2009
Calculation of surface
configuration parameters
(ii) Building coverage
ratio (BCR)
(iii) Floor area ratio
(FAR)
A GIS-Multivariate Analysis Approach to Delineate
Thermal Climate Zones (TCZs) : Cluster Analysis (CA)
Spatial Character Differentiation
of TCZ Classes
Quantifying the stability of summer temperatures for different thermal climate
zones (Spearman’s rank correlation to examine the relationship)
13

14. (a.) Surface composition [proportion of ground plan covered by impervious cover]
 Spatial variability of building and exposed ground coverage ratio (BCR)
BCR 
Where:
BCR
AC
AR
AI
AT
AC AR  AI

AT
AT
(a)
is building and exposed ground coverage ratio (%),
is the combined surface area of the buildings and exposed ground,
is the building roof area,
is the area of impervious surface at ground level, and
is the plan area of the study site
(b)
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14

15. (b.) Surface configuration [dimensions of the buildings roughness]
 Spatial variability of floor area ratio (FAR) distributed according to a uniform grid mesh
 A h 
N
FAR 
Where:
FAR
A fi
hi
N
AT
i 1
fi
i
AT
is floor area ratio (unitless values),
is the area of the building footprint i at ground level,
is the height of building i ,
is the total number of buildings in the plan area fraction,
is the total plan area of the region of interest
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16. (c.) Surface composition [proportion of ground plan covered by vegetated area]
 Spatial variability of green coverage ratio (GCR)
GCR 
Where:
GCR
AG
AAG
ABG
AT
(a)
AG AAG  ABG

AT
AT
is green and pervious surface coverage ratio (%),
is the combined surface area of the horizontal green cover,
is the trees canopy areas (or above green cover),
is the summation of grass, shrubs, cultivated plants and pervious
surface at ground level, and
is the plan area of the study site
(b)
 Distribution of Green Coverage Ratio in BMA
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16

17. (4.) A GIS-Multivariate Analysis Approach to Delineate Thermal Climate Zones
Characterization of Bangkok
 The Spatial Patterns of Surface Morphological Variables and
Variation of Land Surface Temperature in the Summer
 Calculating Fuzzy Membership of Each Urban and
Rural Landscape Class
(a)
(ii)Farness zone
Building Coverage Ratio (BCR)
(a.)
None building
Less than 0.1
0.1 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 -
Don Muan g
Estimating spatial
disaggregation of urban
thermal stress
Sa i M ai
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Class membership
(zones)
Don Muan g
Sa i M ai
The mean class centroid
(i)Nearest zone
Schemes of BMA’s TCZs
in 7 classes include:
 nearest zones
 farness zones
÷
ø
Lak Si
Kh long Sa m Wa
Non g C hok
Ba ng Khe n
Lak Si
Kh long Sa m Wa
1
Note: Grid size 500X500 meters
Non g C hok
Ba ng Khe n
30 4
1
5
0
Ka nna Ya o
Cha tuchak
÷
ø5
30 4
Lat Phra o
Ba ng Sue
5
0
Kilometers
Cha tuchak
÷
ø
304
Ka nna Ya o
Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.)
5
Bu ngku m
Minbu ri
Lat Phra o
Ba ng Sue
(b.)
None building
÷
Less ø
than 0.1
0.1 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
Kilometers
0.5 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.7
0.7 - 0.8
0.8 - 0.9
0.9 - 1.0
338
338
Dusit
Ba ngko k N oi
Note: Grid size 500X500 meters
Po m Prap
Sa ttru Phai
Kh long Sa m Wa
Pa th umw an
Wa ttha na
Sa pha n Sung
Non g C hok
3
Su an L uan g
Kh long Sa n
1
Kh long Toei
Sa th on
Thon buri
÷
ø
30 4
7
Wa ttha na
7
Latkra ban g
Ba ng Khe n
Ba ng R ak
Ph asi Ch aro en
Ba ng Kha e
Pa th umw an
Latkra ban g
Lak Si
Sa mph antha wo ng
Ba ngka pi
Sa pha n Sung
Ba ngka pi
Ratthe we e
Po m Prap
Sa ttru Phai
Hua i Kh wa ng
Sa mph antha wo ng
Sa i M ai
Hua i Kh wa ng
Ph ra
Nakh orn
Ba ngko k Yai
Ba ngko k Yai
Wa ng Th ong L ang
Din D an g
Ratthe we e
Ph ra
Nakh orn
Minbu ri
Don Muan g
Ph ayatha i
Dusit
Wa ng Th ong L ang
Din D an g
Taling C ha n
Bu ngku m
Ba ngko k N oi
Ph ayatha i
Thaw ee W attan a
304
Taling C ha n
Thaw ee W attan a
Ba ngp hlat
÷
ø
÷
ø
Ba ngp hlat
4
3
Ba ng R ak
Ph asi Ch aro en
Su an L uan g
Kh long Sa n
Ba ng Kha e
5
0
Ph ra Kh ano ng
Ba ngkh o Lae m
Lat Phra o
Cho m Thon g
Kilometers
Ya nna wa
Ba ng Sue
÷
ø
304
÷
ø
3242
Bu ngku m
Praw et
(c.)
Cho m Thon g
÷
ø
Minbu ri
Ba ng N a
Ph ra Kh ano ng
Ba ngkh o Lae m
Non gkha m
Praw et
Ka nna Ya o
Cha tuchak
5
Kh long Toei
Sa gkha
Nonth on m
Thon buri
4
Ratb ura na
Green Coverage Ratio (GCR)
÷
ø
Ba ngp hlat
Ya nna wa
338
3242
Ph ayatha i
Ba ng Bon
Less than 0.1
0.1 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
Ba ng Bon
Thun g Kru
35
ô
ó
0.5 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.7
0.7 - 0.8
0.8 - 0.9
0.9 - 1.0
(b)
Don Muan g
Hua i Kh wa ng
Dusit
Thun g Kru
Ba ngko k N oi
35
ô
ó
Wa ng Th ong L ang
Din D an g
Ba ng N a
Taling C ha n
Thaw ee W attan a
Ratb ura na
Po m Prap
Sa ttru Phai
Sa mph antha wo ng
Ba ngko k Yai
Bangphlat
1.00
Pa th umw an
Bangphlat
3
Lak Si
Ba ng R ak
Phayathai
7
Wa ttha na
Ba ng Khu n Thia n
Ph asi Ch aro en
Latkra ban g
Sa pha n Sung
Sa i M Ba ngka pi
ai
Ratthe we e
Ph ra
Nakh orn
Su an L uan g
Kh long Sa n
4
1
Note: Grid size 500X500 meters
Ba ngkh o Lae m
Ba ng Khu n Thia n
Non gkha m
Ya nna wa
Cho m Thon g
÷
ø
3242
5
0
Cha tuchak
5
Bangkok Noi
Ratb ura na
Thermal Stress (centigrade)
Kilometers
(Result)
29.299 - 29.622
29.622 - 29.944
ô
ó
÷
ø
29.944 - 30.267
30.267 - 30.589
30.589 - 30.912
30.912 - 31.234
31.234 - 31.557
31.557 - 31.879
31.879 - 32.202
32.202 - 34.049
Minimum : 29.527
Maximum : 34.049
÷
ø
Mean : 30.267
Std.Deviation : 0.645
35
Ph ayatha i
Dusit
Ba ngko k N oi
Ba ng Khu n Thia n
Ratthe we e
Po m Prap
Sa ttru Phai
Pa th umw an
3
Ba ng R ak
Ph asi Ch aro en
※ All surf ace properties are unitless and normalize values (between 0 and 1)
Bangkok Yai
Sa mph antha wo ng
Wa ttha na
Kh long Sa n
Ba ng Kha e
A simple statistical hypothesized of
near-surf ace air temperature
Hua i Kh wa ng
Ph ra
Nakh orn
Ba ngko k Yai
Sa th on
Thon buri
Kh long Toei
4
Ba ngkh o Lae m
Ya nna wa
Cho m Thon g
Dusit
Bangkok Noi Phayathai
Praw et
Ph ra Kh ano ng
Nearest cases
÷
ø
30 4
0.80
Din Dang
Ratthewee
Phra
Nakhorn
Ka nna Ya o
Ba ng N a
Dusit
0.70
÷
ø
304
Bu ngku m
Pom Prap
Sattru Phai
Minbu ri
Ratthewee
Bangphlat
Bangkok Yai
Pom Prap
0.50 Sattru Phai
Samphanthawong
Pathumwan
Thonburi
3242
Ratb ura na
Phayathai
Latkra ban g
Sa pha n Sung
Ba ngka pi
Samphanthawong
Bang Rak
Pathumwan
0.40 Bangkok Noi
Bang Rak
Praw et
2
Ratthewee
Phra
Nakhorn
Ph ra Kh ano ng
0.20
Sathon
Thonburi
Su an L uan g
0.30
Sathon
0
2
Pom Prap
Sattru Phai 4 Kilometers
Ba ng N a
Samphanthawong
Bangkok Yai
0.10
Din Dang
Khlong San
Dusit
7
Khlong San
Non gkha m
Non g C hok
Wa ng Th ong L ang
Din D an g
Taling C ha n
Thaw ee W attan a
Farness cases
Ba ng Khe n
Phra
0.60
Nakhorn
Thun g Kru
Ba ngp hlat
0.90
Lat Phra o
Ba ng Sue
Ba ng Bon
338
Din Dang
Kh long Sa m Wa
Kh long Toei
Sa th on
Thon buri
Distance of zone from class centroid
Ba ng Kha e
Pathumwan
Ba ng Bon
2
Thun g Kru
0
2
35
ô
ó
4 Kilometers
0.00
0
1
2
Ba ng Khu n Thia n
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013
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3
0
4
5
Sathon
Phayathai
Class membership
2
7
8
Din Dang
4 Kilometers
Ratthewee
Phra
Nakhorn
Pom Prap
Sattru Phai
Bangkok Yai
6
Dusit
Bangkok Noi
2
Bang Rak
Bangphlat
Khlong San
Thonburi
Samphanthawong
Pathumwan
17

18. Combination of Multivariate Statistical Techniques with a Geostatistical
Approach such as Cluster Analysis (CA)
(b.)Farness the final cluster center
Bangkok area
consists of 7 different
categories of the
thermal climate zones
(TCZs) characterization
schemes
The final cluster center
(a.)Nearest the final cluster center
18
* Thermal responsiveness is considered here as the summer diurnal range of the urban canopy layer (UCL) air temperature.

19. (5.) Distribution of Climate-based Urban and Rural Landform classes in the Bangkok
(i) Distribution of thermal climate zone (TCZ) classes
(ii) Mean value of the surface morphological variables of TCZs
(a) Class 1
Class 1 (n=3,794)
Class 2 2
(b) Class (n=1,305)
Building Coverage Ratio (%)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Floor Area Ratio (unitless)
(d) Class (n=483)
Class 4 4
(c) Class(n=871)
Class 3 3
ELD
VLD
LD
MD
HD
VHD
EHD
ELD
8.0
VLD
LD
MD
HD
VHD
EHD
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
(e) Class 5
Class 5 (n=91)
(f) Class(n=63)
Class 6 6
Where:
(g) Class 7
Class 7 (n=13)
Class 1—Extremely Low Density (ELD)
Class 2—Very Low Density (VLD)
Class 3—Low Density (LD)
Class 4—Medium Density (MD)
Class 5—High Density (HD)
Class 6—Very High Density (VHD)
Class 7—Extremely High Density (EHD)
Green Coverage Ratio (%)
120
100
80
60
40
20
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0
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7
Thermal Climate Zone (TCZ)
19

20. (6.) A bridged definitions and values of geometric and surface cover properties for thermal climate zones (TCZs)
Urban Site Description
The BMA’s TCZs* for each class
Num. of Cases
1. Extremely low density (ELD)
%
3,794
57.31
Close to the edge of the city, this area is bordered
by farmland and has Chaophraya river and canal
running through it. Building type is a single dwelling
unit, cottage housing, or with one single-family
structure.
2. Very low density (VLD)
(a) Nearest the mean class centroid for all seven classes
2A
1A
1,305
3A
4A
19.71
Detached single family structures, horizontal
skyline of low-rise buildings (one- or two-story) and
well separated by open, paved spaces. Including
warehouses, wholesale, research and
development, and manufacturing uses.
3. Low density (LD)
Typical for nearest and farness the mean class centriod
of seven urban and rural classes
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
(Mean class centroid)
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
(Nearest the mean class centroid)
6A
5A
871
7.30
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .340, BCR=1.152, GCR=0.040
7A
13.16
483
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR=0.
FAR= .218, BCR=0.783, GCR=0.113
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .107, BCR=0.444, GCR=0.220
Two stories, Smaller detached homes. Buildings
separated by yards, and set along medium-width
streets. Small commercial structures, multi-story
mixed use and residential structures.
4. Medium density (MD)
5. High density (HD)
1B
91
63
Buildings are often large and dense, attached or
close-set , and homogeneous in character with
narrow streets. Heavy traffic flow.
0.95
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
(Mean class centriod)
FAR=0.059, BCR=0.070, GCR=0.020
(Farness the class centroid)
FAR= .
FAR= .
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .066, BCR=0.341, GCR=0.332
, BCR= .
, BCR= .
FAR=0.
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .338, BCR=1.448, GCR=0.032
, GCR=0.
, GCR= .
6B
5B
13
4B
3B
2B
1.37
High-rise apartment buildings (e.g., modern city
core, tall apartment, major institution),
Office/Midrise apartment building three-story large
or closely spaced, semidetached and row houses.
7. Extremely high density (EHD)
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR=1.654, BCR=1.412, GCR=0.042
(b) Farness the mean class centroid for all seven classes
Scattered tall towers, residential-closely spaced
less than four-story row and block buildings or
major facilities, town center, narrow street canyons,
e.g., old town centers, dense row, and
semidetached housing.
6. Very high density (VHD)
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .795, BCR=1.124, GCR=0.040
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .603, BCR=1.623, GCR=0.012
Low-rise apartment building or townhouses,
gardens, small trees (two- or three-story). Mixed
houses and small shop. Warehouse, light industrial
area or shopping mall with large paved or open
space.
7B
0.20
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR= .653, BCR=2.214, GCR=0.008
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR=1.174, BCR=1.565, GCR=0.018
FAR= .
, BCR= .
, GCR= .
FAR=2.266, BCR=1.683, GCR=0.016
20

21. (7.) Assessing the stability of local temperatures for different thermal climate
zones (TCZs) in the summer using surface temperatures
 The land surface temperature (LST) has been shown to be highly
correlated with the near-surface air temperature [Srivanit M., et al,
2012;Weng Q. et al., 2009; Nichol J.E. et al., 2008].
L 
( Lmax  Lmin )
 ( DN  QCALmin )  Lmin
QCALmax  QCALmin
Tk 
Where:
Tk
K1
K2
K1
K2
 Derivation of LST from LANDSAT Imageries
[Eqn.1]
K2
[Eqn.2]
 K1 
In
 L  1

 

is the temperature in Kelvin (K)
is the prelaunch calibration of constant 1 in unit of W/(m2 sr·m) and
is the prelaunch calibration constant 2 in Kelvin. For LANDSAT TM,
is about 607.76 W/(m2 sr·m) and
is about 1260.56 W/(m2 sr·m)
N
b. Band2 (0.525-0.605 µm)
Pixel Res 30 m
Visible Green
c. Band3 (0.603-0.690 µm)
Pixel Res 30 m
Visible Red
d. Band4 (0.750-0.900 µm)
Pixel Res 30 m
Near Infrared
Number of Pixels
a. Band1 (0.450-0.515 µm)
Pixel Res 30 m
Visible Blue
Digital Numbers & Gray color scale
km
0
e. Band5 (1.550-1.750 µm)
Pixel Res 30 m
Middle Infrared
f. Band6 (10.400-12.500 µm)
Pixel Res 120 m
Thermal Infrared
g. Band7 (2.080-2.350 µm)
Pixel Res 30 m
Middle Infrared
128
h. Example the digital
structure of Band 5
255
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and
Climate 2013 “ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change”
21

22. (7.) Assessing the impacts of urbanization on urban thermal environment of Bangkok (cont.)
1) Surface urban heat island (SUHI) changes in the city core of Bangkok
(a.)
Mar5,1994
(b.)
Feb18,2000
3) Surface temperature patterns related to urban landscape features
(c.)
Apr25, 2009
2) Changes on greenness
(a.)
Mar5,1994
(b.)
Feb18,2000
(c.)
Apr25, 2009
Source: M.Srivanit and K. Hokao, August 2012
22

23. (8.) A simplified classification of distinct the thermal climate zones arranged in
approximate decreasing order of their ability to impact local climate
(a) An urban thermal environmental map (UTEMap)
(b) The stability of surface temperature for different thermal
climate zones in the summer of Bangkok
Classifying thermal climate zone using K-means cluster analysis
Thermal Climate Zones
Area Sq.km.
Number of thermal
Cluster
46.0
Don Muang
Sai Mai
Lak Si
Khlong Sam W a
Nong C hok
Bang Khen
1
ø
÷
3 04
Kanna Yao
Chatuchak
Lat Phrao
Bang Sue
ø
÷
3 04
Bungkum
Minburi
Bangphlat
ø
÷
338
Phayathai
Wang Thong Lang
Din Dang
Taling Chan
Thawee W attana
Dusit
Bangkok Noi
Huai Khwang
Bangkapi
Ratthewee
Phra
Nakhorn
Latkrabang
Saphan Sung
Pom Prap
Sattru Phai
Sam phanthawong
Bangkok Yai
Pathum wan
7
Watthana
3
Bang Rak
Phasi Charoen
Suan Luang
Khlong San
Bang Khae
Sathon
Thonburi
Khlong Toei
4
Prawet
Phra Khanong
Bangkho Laem
Nongkham
Yannawa
Chom Thong
ø
÷
3242
Bang Na
Ratburana
Bang Bon
Bangphlat
Thung Kru
35
ó
ô
Phayathai
Bang Khun Thian
Din Dang
Dusit
Huai Khwang
Ratthewee
Phra
Nakhorn
Pom Prap
Sattru Phai
Samphanthawong
Bangkok Yai
Pathumwan
Watthana
Sathon
0
2000
42.0
40.0
38.0
36.0
34.0
Khlong San
2000
44.0
3
Bang Rak
Thonburi
Land Surface Temperature (Celsius)
(percentage of study area)
climate zones
Extremely Low Density (ELD)
3,794
948.50 (57.31%)
Very 1,305 Density 326.25 (19.71%)
Low
(VLD)
3
871
217.75 (13.16%)
4 Low Density (LD) 120.75 (7.30%)
483
5
91
22.75 (1.37%)
6 Medium Density (MD)
63
15.75 (0.95%)
7 High 13
Density (HD)3.25 (0.20%)
Very High meters
Note: Grid size 300X300 Density (VHD)
5
0
5
10 (EHD)
Extremely High DensityKilometers
1
2
Khlong Toei
ELD
4000 Meters
VLD
LD
MD
HD
VHD
EHD
Thermal Climate Zone (TCZ)
The result found that the urban-rural temperature difference, or urban heat island
intensity (UHII), can often exceed ~ 4.23 ºC in the summer.
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013
“ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change”
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24. (9.) Major Factors Responsible for Thermal Climate Zone (TCZ)’s
Temperature Stability
Table : Correlation coefficients (the Spearman’s rho) between the variation of land surface temperature
and urban morphology descriptors of thermal climate zones.
Thermal Climate Zones (TCZs)
Urban
Surface Morphology Feature
Level
ELD
VLD
LD
MD
HD
VHD
EHD
1.Building coverage ratio (BCR)
.608**
.532**
.484**
.455**
.871**
.470**
.346
.885**
2.Floor area ratio (FAR)
.606**
.424**
.187**
.106**
.307**
.176
.313
.876**
3.Green coverage ratio (GCR)
-.134**
-.306**
-.225**
-.207**
-.278**
-.369**
-.468
-.577**
Note: Significance level at **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
The similarity in the highest LST variations (with a mean LST of ~41.72 ºC) of High
Density (HD) areas can be explained relating to a high proportion of built-up surface
covers and a lowest amount of green space.
While the lowest LST variations were observed for low density residential,
agricultural and natural cultivation zones (with a mean LST of ~37.49 ºC).
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013
“ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change”
24

25. 10.) CONCLUSIONS
The Bangkok area consists of 7 different categories of
the thermal climate zones (TCZs) characterization
schemes, each distinguished by its surface configuration
and composition properties that have a roughly similar
propensity (homogeneous) to modify the local climate.
The local thermal stability is significantly different among
the TCZ types. The large thermal variations caused by
the intra-urban morphological heterogeneity are
consistent with the findings in other areas. It is possible
to attain a low regional thermal variation by planning
different TCZs in a reasonable configuration.
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013
“ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change”
25

26. 11.) Conceptual Framework of Integrated the Multi-scale Urban Climatic Assessment
LOCAL/MICROSCALE
MESOSCALE
Local/Micro Climatic Data
Climate observational
Micro-climate numerical
modeling assessment
Regional Metadata-sets
Geographical database
Remote sensing
Official surveys
Local Authority Information
Meteorological stations
Building typologies and
configurations
An Urban Thermal
Environment Map (UTEMap)
for Spatial Planning
Spatial-temporal dynamics in
response to urbanization
Urban thermal remote sensing
& vegetation distribution
Quantify the surface properties
of the thermal source area
Mapping on GIS and analysis
using methods including SPSS
Settlement/City-wide Level
Climatic Mapping
Settlement Climatic
Information Decision Making
A City-wide
Develop A Climate-based Classification System
In
Between
Urban
Rural
Select the thermal climate zones (TCZs)
“METUTOPIA”
Measuring the Local Climatic
Character of Their Sites
Quantify Benefit of Local
Climate Improvement
Optimum Greening Design
And Management Method
Development of greening
modifications
Greening benefits derived
from solving problematic
Etc.
Guidelines for Using Climate
Zones Classification
Updating Site Designations
More Objective Guiding the
Spatial Planning Decision
Process
Multi-scale Climatic Information
Planning and Management
Planning with Local Climate in
Different Climatic Zones
Guidelines for Local
Environment Improvement
“METUTOPIA” is a meteorogically optimized urban planning and design
[Source: Author]
26

27. Integrated suite of tools for multi-scalar assessment should have levels of observation in
urban climate studies and parameters of pleasant outdoor environment analysis
Levels of Observation
Objective
 Building
(Individual building, Parcel)
Building Form
Design
 Building Groups
(Block, or Thermal Climate Zone-TCZ,
Neighborhood, District)
 A City Settlement
(Climate-based Landforms
Classification System)
Parameters of Analysis
Location
Materials
Type of building
Design (e.g. shape, orientation, etc.)
Occupant behavior
Building placement
Outdoor landscaping (open
spaces and greening)
Materials and surfaces
Street dimensions & orientation
Shadow areas
Outdoor Comfort and Health
(The Optimum Planning and
Design System)
Zoning
Overall extent, shape and pattern
Guidelines on (densities; heights;
land uses; and green-spaces)
Green infrastructure planning
Transport policy
A Climate-based Urban Development Pattern Approach (CUDPA)
[Source: Author]
27

28. Thanks you for your attention.
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013
“ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change”
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